Washington and Lee University

Washington and Lee University

The Washington and Lee University Coat of Arms
Former names
 Augusta Academy
(1749–1776)
Liberty Hall Academy
(1776–1796)
Washington Academy
(1796–1813)
Washington College
(1813–1870)
Motto Latin: Nōn Incautus Futūrī
Motto in English
 Not Unmindful of the Future
Type Private
Established 1749
Endowment $1.477 billion[1]
President Kenneth Patrick Ruscio
Provost Marc Conner (Interim)[2]
Academic staff
 361 (Fall 2014)
Students 2,264 (Fall 2014)
Undergraduates 1,890 (Fall 2014)
Postgraduates 374 (Fall 2014)
Location Lexington, Virginia, U.S.
Campus National Historic Landmark, Rural, 325 acres (1.32 km2)
Colors Blue and White[3]
         
Athletics NCAA Division III, ODAC
Nickname The Generals
Website www.wlu.edu

Washington and Lee University (Washington and Lee or W&L) is a private liberal arts university in Lexington, Virginia, United States.

Washington and Lee's 325 acre campus sits at the heart of Lexington and abuts the Virginia Military Institute in the Shenandoah Valley region of Virginia between the Blue Ridge Mountains and the Allegheny Mountains. The rural campus is approximately 50 miles from Roanoke, Virginia, 140 miles from Richmond, Virginia, and 180 miles from Washington, D.C.

Washington and Lee was founded in 1749 as a small classical school named Augusta Academy (later Liberty Hall Academy) by Scots-Irish Presbyterian pioneers, though the University has never claimed any sectarian affiliation. In 1796, George Washington endowed the struggling academy with a gift of stock. In gratitude, the school was renamed for the first United States President. In 1865, after his surrender at Appomattox Court House, General Robert E. Lee served as president of the college until his death in 1870, prompting the college to be renamed as Washington and Lee University. Washington and Lee is the ninth oldest institution of higher learning in the United States and the second oldest in Virginia.

The University consists of three academic units: The College; the Williams School of Commerce, Economics, and Politics; and the School of Law. The University hosts 24 intercollegiate athletic teams which compete as part of the Old Dominion Athletic Conference of the NCAA Division III.

History

George Washington, the university's first major benefactor

The classical school from which Washington and Lee descended was established in 1749 and soon named Augusta Academy,[4] about 20 miles (32 km) north of its present location.[4] In 1776, it was renamed Liberty Hall in a burst of revolutionary fervor.[4] The academy moved to Lexington in 1780, when it was chartered as Liberty Hall Academy, and built its first facility near town in 1782. The academy granted its first bachelor's degree in 1785,.[4][5]

Liberty Hall is said to have admitted its first African-American student when John Chavis, a free black, enrolled in 1795.[6] Chavis accomplished much in his life including fighting in the American Revolution, studying at both Liberty Hall and the College of New Jersey (now Princeton University), becoming an ordained Presbyterian minister, and opening a school that instructed white and poor black students in North Carolina. He is believed to be the first black student to enroll in higher education in the United States, although he did not receive a degree.[7] Washington and Lee enrolled its next African-American student in 1966 in the law school.

In 1796, George Washington endowed the academy with $20,000 in James River Canal stock, at the time the largest gift ever given to an educational institution in the United States. Washington's gift continues to provide nearly $1.87 a year toward every student's tuition.[4] The gift rescued Liberty Hall from near-certain insolvency. In gratitude, the trustees changed the school's name to Washington Academy; in 1813 it was chartered as Washington College.[4] An 8-foot tall statue of George Washington, carved by Matthew Kahle and known as Old George, was placed atop Washington Hall on the historic Colonnade in 1844 in memory of Washington's gift. The current statue is made of bronze; the original wooden statue was restored and now resides in the university's library.[8]

The campus took its current architectural form in the 1820s when a local merchant, "Jockey" John Robinson, an uneducated Irish immigrant, donated funds to build a central building. For the dedication celebration in 1824, Robinson supplied a huge barrel of whiskey, which he intended for the dignitaries in attendance. But according to a contemporary history, the rabble broke through the barriers and created pandemonium, which ended only when college officials demolished the whiskey barrel with an axe. A justice of the Virginia State Supreme Court, Alex. M. Harman, Jr. ('44 Law), re-created the episode in 1976 for the dedication of the new law school building by having several barrels of Scotch imported (without the unfortunate dénouement). Robinson also left his estate to Washington College. The estate included between 70 and 80 slaves. Until 1852, the institution benefited from their enslaved labor and, in some cases, from their sale.[9] In 2014, Washington and Lee University joined such colleges as Harvard University, Brown University, the University of Virginia, and The College of William & Mary in researching, acknowledging, and publicly apologizing for participating in the institution of slavery.[10][11]

During the Civil War, the students of Washington College raised the Confederate flag in support of Virginia's secession. The students formed the Liberty Hall Volunteers, as part of the Stonewall Brigade under General Stonewall Jackson and marched from Lexington. Later in the war, during Hunter's Raid, Union Captain Henry A. du Pont refused to destroy the Colonnade due to its support of the statue of George Washington, Old George.

Lee years

President's House, begun in 1868 as a residence for General Robert E. Lee and his wife.

After the Civil War, General Robert E. Lee turned down several financially tantalizing offers of employment that would merely have traded on his name,[12] and instead accepted the post of college president for three reasons. First, he had been superintendent of the United States Military Academy, so supervising higher education was in his background. Second, and more important, he believed that it was a position in which he could actually make a contribution to the reconciliation of the nation. Third, the Washington family were his in-laws: his wife was the great-granddaughter of Martha Washington, and Lee had long looked on George Washington as a hero and role model, so it is hardly surprising that he welcomed the challenge of leading a college endowed by and named after the first president.

Arguably Lee's finest achievement was transforming a small, not particularly distinguished Latin academy into a forward-looking institution of higher education. He established the first journalism courses (which were limited and only lasted several years),[13] and he added both engineering courses and a business school and a law school to the college curriculum, under the conviction that those occupations should be intimately and inextricably linked with the liberal arts. That was a radical idea: engineering, journalism, and law had always been considered technical crafts, not intellectual endeavors, and the study of business was viewed with skepticism.

Lee was also the father of an honor system and a speaking tradition at Washington College that continue to the present time. And, ardent about restoring national unity, he successfully recruited students from throughout the reunited nation, North and South.

Lee died on October 12, 1870, after just five years as Washington College president.[14] The college's name was almost immediately changed to Washington and Lee University, linking Lee's name with Washington's. The university's motto, Nōn Incautus Futūrī', meaning "Not unmindful of the future", is an adaptation of the Lee family motto. Lee's son, George Washington Custis Lee, followed his father as the university's president. General Lee and much of his family—including his wife, his seven children, and his father, the Revolutionary War hero "Light Horse Harry" Lee—are buried in the Lee Chapel on campus,[15] which faces the main row of antebellum college buildings. Robert E. Lee's beloved horse Traveller is buried outside, near the wall of the chapel.[16]

20th century and beyond

After Lee's death, the university continued his program of educational innovation, modernization, and expansion. In 1905, the Board of Trustees formally organized a School of Commerce in order to train students in business and finance alongside the college and the School of Law. In 1995, Ernest Williams II of the Class of 1938 endowed the School of Commerce which was renamed the Ernest Williams II School of Commerce, Economics, and Politics. The Williams School is one of the few accredited schools of business at a top liberal arts college and consists of departments of Business, Economics, Politics, and Accounting. Also in 1905, Andrew Carnegie donated $55,000 to the university for the erection of a new library.

Omicron Delta Kappa or ODK, a national honor society, was founded at Washington and Lee on December 3, 1914. Chapters, known as Circles, are located on over 300 college campuses. The society recognizes achievement in the five areas of scholarship; athletics; campus/community service, social/religious activities, and campus government; journalism, speech and the mass media; and creative and performing arts. ODK is a quasi-secret society in regards to the way its members are selected and kept secret for a period of time. Membership in the Omicron Delta Kappa Society is regarded as one of the highest collegiate honors that can be awarded to an individual, along with Phi Kappa Phi and Phi Beta Kappa. Some Circles limit membership to less than the top one quarter of one percent of students on their respective campuses. Omicron Delta Kappa continues to maintain its headquarters in Lexington and is a major presence at W&L.

During the first half of the 20th century, the university began its traditions of the Fancy Dress Ball and Mock Convention. Both of these are still staples of the W&L experience.

The second half of the 20th century saw Washington and Lee move from being an all-men's college to a co-ed university. The School of Law enrolled its first women in 1972 and the undergraduate program enrolled its first woman in 1985. The university built new buildings to house its science departments as well as a new School of Law facility. Further, W&L successfully completed several multimillion-dollar capital campaigns.

Among many alumni who have followed in George Washington's footsteps by donating generously, Rupert Johnson, Jr., a 1962 graduate who is vice chairman of the $600-billion Franklin Templeton investment management firm, gave $100 million to Washington and Lee in June 2007, establishing a merit-based financial aid and curriculum enrichment program.[4][17][18]

Campus

Washington and Lee University Historic District
Washington College at Lexington, 1845
Location Washington and Lee University campus, Lexington, Virginia
Area 0 acres (0 ha)
Built 1824 (1824)
Architect Jordan, John
Architectural style Greek Revival, Neo-Classical
NRHP Reference # 71001047[19]
VLR # 117-0022
Significant dates
Added to NRHP November 11, 1971
Designated VLR October 6, 1970[20]

The row of brick buildings that form the Colonnade, which traces to 1824, is a U.S. National Historic Landmark.[21] Separately, the Lee Chapel is also a National Historic Landmark.[22]

The British writer John Cowper Powys once called W&L the "most beautiful college campus in America." The poet and dramatist John Drinkwater remarked, "If this scene were set down in the middle of Europe, the whole continent would flock to see it!"

In recent years the university has invested heavily in upgrading and expanding its academic, residential, athletic, research, arts and extracurricular facilities. The new facilities include an undergraduate library, gymnasium, art/music/theater complex, dorms, student center, student activities pavilion and tennis pavilion, as well as renovation of the journalism and commerce buildings and renovation of every fraternity house and construction of several sorority houses. Lewis Hall, the 30-year-old home of the law school, as well as athletic fields and the antebellum Historic Front Campus buildings, are all currently undergoing major renovation.

Constructed in 1991, the Lenfest Center for the Arts has presented both performances from students and presentations that are open to the community. The Reeves Center houses a notable ceramics collection which spans 4000 years and includes ceramics from Asia, Europe and America, and examples of Chinese export porcelain.

In 1977, The New Yorker published a cartoon showing a family in a car in front of the Washington and Lee campus. The caption was: "The College of Your Choice".

Organization and administration

The school is governed by a Board of Trustees that has a maximum of 34 members.[23]

The undergraduate calendar is an unusual three-term system with 12-week fall and winter terms followed by a four-week spring term. The spring-term courses include topical, often unique, seminars, faculty-supervised study abroad, and some domestic and international internships. The law calendar consists of the more traditional early-semester system.

Demographics

Washington and Lee was essentially all male until 1972, when women were admitted to the law school; the first female undergraduates enrolled in 1985.

As of 2006, the University's undergraduate population was equally divided between men and women.[24] In 2014–15, the number of women enrolled in the undergraduate programs is 49 percent women, 51 percent men. The law school population is currently 45 percent women, 55 percent men.

In 1795, the first known Black person was admitted to the school, John Chavis, who became a teacher and Presbyterian minister. Athletic exclusion was manifest in the early 20th century, when the school forced Rutgers to sit out star African American football player, Paul Robeson, for a 1916 football game and later forfeited a 1923 game when Washington and Jefferson refused to comply with a similar demand.[25] Walter Blake and Carl Linwood Smothers became the first African-American students to graduate from Washington and Lee University in 1972, the same year women were first admitted. The University has worked to increase the number of minority faculty and students.[26] As of 2014–15, minority students now comprise approximately 16 percent of the undergraduate student body and 24.4 percent of the law school student body. The undergraduate class of 2019 contains 10.5% domestic students of color.[27]

Honor system

Iconic buildings of Washington and Lee University. From left to right: Newcomb Hall, Payne Hall, Washington Hall (center), Robinson Hall, Tucker Hall.

Washington and Lee maintains a rigorous honor system that traces directly to Robert E. Lee, who said, "We have but one rule here, and it is that every student must be a gentleman."[28] Students, upon entering the university, vow to act honorably in all academic and nonacademic endeavors.

The honor system is administered by students through the Executive Committee of the Student Body (and has been since 1905).[29] Any student found guilty of an Honor Violation by his or her peers is subject to a single sanction: expulsion.[30] The honor system is defined solely by students, and there is an appeal process. Appeals are heard by juries composed of students drawn randomly by the University Registrar. A formal assessment of the honor system's "White Book",[31] occasionally including referenda, is held every three years to review the tenets of the honor system. Overwhelmingly, students continue to support the honor system and its single sanction, and they and alumni point to the honor system as one of the distinctive marks they carry with them from their W&L experience.[32]

Washington and Lee's honor system does not have a list of rules that define punishable behavior—beyond the traditional guide of the offenses lying, cheating or stealing. Exams at W&L are ordinarily unproctored and self-scheduled. It is not unusual for professors to assign take-home, closed-book finals with an explicit trust in their students not to cheat.[33]

Robert E. Lee, President of Washington College from 1865–1870

The honor system is strongly enforced. In most years, only a few students withdraw in the face of an honor charge or after investigations and closed hearings conducted by the Executive Committee of the Student Body, the University's elected student government (with the accused counseled by Honor Advocates, often law students). In recent years, four or five students have left each year. Students found guilty in a closed hearing may appeal the verdict to an open hearing before the entire student body, although this option is rarely exercised. If found guilty at an open trial, the student is dismissed from the university permanently.[32]

Separately from the student-run honor system, the Student Judicial Council and the Student-Faculty Hearing Board hear allegations of student misconduct.[34]

Academics and reputation

Washington and Lee University, Lexington, Virginia
University rankings
National
Forbes[35] 29
Global
Liberal arts colleges
U.S. News & World Report[36] 14
Washington Monthly[37] 23

Today the university has about 2,000 undergraduate students and 315 in the School of Law. Both the undergraduate and law schools are in the first tier of the U.S. News & World Report rankings for national liberal arts colleges and law schools, respectively. In the 2016 guide, the undergraduate college is ranked number 14[38] amongst national liberal arts colleges and the law school is ranked number 42nd nationally amongst all law schools.[39] The 2015 Forbes magazine college rankings place W&L 29th.[40] Kiplinger's Personal Finance had the college atop its 2016 list of the 300 best college values,[41] one spot above its number two ranking in the 2015 list.[41] In 2015, The Economist ranked Washington and Lee first among all undergraduate institutions in the United States in terms of the positive gap between its students' actual median earnings ten years from graduation and what the publication's statistical model would suggest. Of its findings, the newspaper wrote that "No other college combines the intimate academic setting and broad curriculum of a LAC [liberal arts college] with a potent old-boy network."[42]

W&L reported that the selectivity rate for the class of 2016 was 18 percent. However, this figure included 1,000 incomplete applications, and a Washington Post article in 2013 questioned whether W&L's method for reporting this figure was in accordance with federal standards and how other schools report the selectivity rate. This controversy caused W&L to change its methodology for reporting this figure.[43] More recently, W&L reported a 24% selectivity rate for the Class of 2019.[27] The average combined score on the math and verbal sections of the SAT is 1,393 (of a possible 1,600). The average score on the ACT is 32.[27]

Washington and Lee is divided into three schools: (1) The College, where all undergraduates begin their studies, encompassing the liberal arts, humanities and hard sciences, with notable interest among students in pre-health and pre-law studies; (2) the Williams School of Commerce, Economics, and Politics, which offers majors in accounting, business administration, economics, politics, and public accounting; and (3) the School of Law, which offers Juris Doctor and Master of Laws degrees.

More than 1,100 undergraduate courses are offered. There are no graduate or teaching assistants; every course is taught by a faculty member.[44] The university libraries contain more than 700,000 volumes (and a vast electronic network). The law library has an additional 400,000 volumes as well as extensive electronic resources.

Washington and Lee offers 42 undergraduate majors (including interdisciplinary majors in neuroscience, medieval and Renaissance studies, and Russian area studies) and 22 minors, including interdisciplinary programs in African-American studies, East Asian studies, environmental studies, Latin American and Caribbean studies, poverty and human capability studies (Shepherd Program), and women's and gender studies.

Though the university has refused since 2003 to submit data to Princeton Review, the 2006 edition of The Best 357 Colleges ranked W&L highly for "Best Overall Academic Experience," "Professors Get High Marks," and "Professor Accessibility". In the 2007 edition, Washington and Lee was ranked fourth in "Professors Get High Marks" and sixth in "Professor Accessibility". Combining academics with an active social culture, Washington and Lee ranked 14th in "Best Overall Academic Experience for Undergraduates".[45]

Washington and Lee University is accredited by the Commission on Colleges of the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools.[46]

Washington and Lee University serves as the host for the Virginia Governor's School for Foreign Language as part of the annual Summer Residential Governor's Schools.

Brick sign at entrance, Washington and Lee

Student life

Athletics

The school's teams are known as "The Generals" and compete in NCAA Division III in the Old Dominion Athletic Conference and the Centennial Conference for wrestling. Washington and Lee has 11 men's teams (baseball, basketball, cross country, football, golf, lacrosse, soccer, swimming, tennis, track & field, and wrestling) and 10 women's teams (basketball, cross country, field hockey, golf, lacrosse, riding, soccer, swimming, tennis, track & field, and volleyball). Washington and Lee holds two NCAA National Championship team titles. In 1988, the men's tennis team won the NCAA Division III National Championship title. In 2007, the women's tennis team claimed the NCAA Division III National Championship title. In 2006, 2010, 2011 and 2012, the Generals football team won the Old Dominion Athletic Conference championship. In 2009, the Generals baseball team won the ODAC championship.[47]

Student activities

Traditions

Every four years, the school sponsors the Washington and Lee Mock Convention for whichever political party (Democratic or Republican) does not hold the Presidency. The Convention has received gavel-to-gavel coverage on C-SPAN and attention from many other national media outlets. The convention has correctly picked the out-of-power nominee for 18 of the past 23 national elections. It has been wrong twice since 1948,[48] including its incorrect choice of Hillary Clinton in 2008. In 1984, the failure of the scoreboard significantly slowed the vote tally process and almost led to a wrong selection.[49] The Washington Post declared Washington and Lee's Mock Convention "one of the nation’s oldest and most prestigious mock conventions."[50]

The university hosts the Fancy Dress Ball, a 105-year-old formal black-tie event. Each year, the Fancy Dress Ball has a theme and has a rumored budget of over $80,000.[51]

W&L also follows the "speaking tradition" which traces its history to Robert E. Lee. Under this tradition, students are suggested to greet one another upon passing on campus. This tradition is not enforced.[51]

Washington and Lee University has several mysterious societies including the Cadaver Society, the Sigma Society, and the Mongolian Minks.

Fraternities and sororities

Greek letter organizations play a major role in Washington and Lee's social scene. The following is a list of active, recognized fraternities and sororities.

Fraternities

The Kappa Alpha Order, one of the Lexington Triad, was founded at W&L.[52] Alpha Tau Omega and Sigma Nu, the other two members of the Triad, were founded at neighboring VMI and instituted early chapters at W&L.

Dormant fraternity chapters at Washington and Lee also include Alpha Chi Rho, Alpha Tau Omega, Chi Phi, Delta Sigma Phi, Delta Tau Delta, Delta Upsilon, Theta Delta Chi. Phi Kappa Sigma, Psi Upsilon, Phi Epsilon Pi, Phi Kappa Psi, Sigma Alpha Epsilon, Sigma Phi Epsilon, Saint Anthony Hall, and Zeta Beta Tau.

Sororities

Media and culture

The eminent photographer Sally Mann got her start at Washington and Lee, photographing the construction of the law school while a university employee. The photos eventually became the basis of a one-woman exhibition at the Corcoran Gallery in Washington, D.C.

Secretariat, who holds the record for the fastest time in the Kentucky Derby and winner of the Triple Crown in 1973, wore royal blue and white (as vividly shown in the 2010 Disney movie) because his owner, Christopher Chenery, was a graduate and trustee of Washington and Lee.

A Washington and Lee art history professor, Pamela Hemenway Simpson, in 1999 wrote the only scholarly book on linoleum, giving it the title Cheap, Quick and Easy.[54] The book also examines other home-design materials once used by the lower classes to emulate their betters. More recently, she has become an expert, perhaps the leading academic expert, on butter sculpture.

Washington and Lee is home to a collection of 18th- and 19th-century Chinese and European porcelain, the gift of Euchlin Dalcho Reeves, a 1927 graduate of the law school, and his wife, Louise Herreshoff. In 1967, Mr. Reeves contacted Washington and Lee about making "a small gift," which turned out to be a collection of porcelain so vast that it filled two entire houses which he and his wife owned in Providence, Rhode Island. A number of dirt-covered picture frames, found in the two houses, were put on the van along with the porcelain. Soon it was discovered that the frames actually contained Impressionist-like paintings created by Louise as a young woman in the early days of the century. Mrs. Reeves had, it turned out, been a painter of stupendous talent, certified when in 1976 the Corcoran Gallery in Washington mounted a posthumous one-woman exhibition of her works. Their story is helped by the fact that he ("Boy") was almost 30 years younger than she ("Dol").

The world's first recorded streaker — George William Crump — was a student at Washington College, in 1804. He later became a U.S. Congressman.

Music

Before it morphed into a swing, Dixieland and bluegrass standard, "The Washington and Lee Swing" was one of the most well known — and widely borrowed — football marches ever written, according to Robert Lissauer's Encyclopedia of Popular Music in America. Schools and colleges from Tulane to Slippery Rock copied it (sometimes with attribution). It was written in 1910 by Mark W. Sheafe, '06, Clarence A. (Tod) Robbins, '11, and Thornton W. Allen, '13. It has been recorded by virtually every important jazz and swing musician, including Glenn Miller (with Tex Beneke on vocals), Louis Armstrong, Kay Kyser, Hal Kemp and the Dukes of Dixieland. "The Swing" was a trademark of the New Orleans showman Pete Fountain. The trumpeter Red Nichols played it (and Danny Kaye pretended to play it) in the 1959 movie The Five Pennies. (Here[55] is an audio excerpt from a 1944 recording by Jan Garber, a prominent dance-band leader of the era. Here[56] is an exuberant instrumental version by a group called the Dixie Boys, which YouTube dates to 2006.)

The "Swing" was parodied in "The Dummy Song" by Ray Brown and Lew Henderson.[57] "Dummy" was recorded by NRBQ, Louis Armstrong, Louis Prima and Glenn Miller's vocal jazz group, the Modernaires, among many others, and was used in the movie You've Got Mail.

Notable alumni

Tom Wolfe, Class of 1951

Washington and Lee University is the alma mater of three United States Supreme Court Justices, a Nobel Prize laureate, winners of the Pulitzer Prize, the Tony Award, and the Emmy Award, as well as 27 U.S. Senators, 67 U.S. Representatives, 31 state governors, as well as numerous other government officials, judges, business leaders, entertainers, and athletes.

Several well-known alumni include Kentucky Governor Matt Bevin, United States Supreme Court Justice Lewis F. Powell, Jr.; United States Senator John Warner from Virginia; United States Solicitor General John W. Davis, Democratic Party nominee for President of the United States during the 1924 presidential election; author Tom Wolfe, founder of New Journalism; broadcast journalist Roger Mudd; artist Cy Twombly; voice actor Mike Henry, explorer Meriwether Lewis of the Lewis and Clark Expedition; Federal Judge and Civil Rights Champion John Minor Wisdom; and billionaire Rupert Johnson, Jr. of Franklin Templeton Investments.

Archives of the papers of notable alumni and other resources relating to the history of the university may be found in the manuscript collections at Washington and Lee's James Graham Leyburn Library. Publication of the 1995 guide to the collections was made possible by a grant from the Jessie Ball DuPont Fund.[58]

In literature

A fictionalized representation of the University appears in L'Étudiant étranger by Philippe Labro (1986, Editions Gallimard), translated into English two years later and published as The Foreign Student (Ballantine Books). In 1994 it was made into a movie, starring Robin Givens and Marco Hofschneider, but it grossed only $113,000 at the box office.[59]

Other novels about the university include Geese in the Forum (Knopf, 1940) by Lawrence Edward Watkin, a professor of English who went on to become a screenwriter for Disney (the college faculty were the titular geese); The Hero (Julian Messner, 1949), by Millard Lampell, filmed as Saturday's Hero, starring Donna Reed and John Derek (Columbia Studios, 1951), about a football player who struggles to balance athletics, academics and a social life; and A Sound of Voices Dying by Glenn Scott (E.P. Dutton, 1954), released in a paperback edition in 1955 under the new title Farewell My Young Lover (replete with a lurid illustration on the cover).

References

  1. ↑ As of 2015. "U.S. and Canadian Institutions Listed by Fiscal Year 2014 Endowment Market Value and Percentage Change in Endowment Market Value from FY 2013 to FY 2014" (PDF). 2013 NACUBO-Commonfund Study of Endowments. National Association of College and University Business Officers. Retrieved February 4, 2015.
  2. ↑ "Marc Conner biography".
  3. ↑ "Complementary Typeface and Color : Washington and Lee University". Wlu.edu. Retrieved 2015-11-12.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "A History :: Washington and Lee University". Wlu.edu. Retrieved 2011-02-28.
  5. ↑ "Washington And Lee University". Braintrack.com. Retrieved 2011-02-28.
  6. ↑ Archived February 26, 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  7. ↑ "Timeline of Affirmative Action". The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education. 2007. Archived from the original on November 9, 2012. Retrieved July 19, 2015.
  8. ↑ Eckert, Brian (April 22, 2014). "Copy of “Old George” Joins Museum of the Shenandoah Valley Exhibit". Washington and Lee University. Retrieved February 7, 2016.
  9. ↑ "Continuing the Community Conversation : Washington and Lee University". Wlu.edu. Retrieved 2015-11-12.
  10. ↑ T. Rees Shapiro (2014-07-08). "Washington and Lee University to remove Confederate flags following protests". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2015-11-12.
  11. ↑ Chen, Karen (2014-07-08). "U.S. colleges have worked to address ties to slavery, Confederacy". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2015-11-12.
  12. ↑ http://dsuka.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=14&Itemid=29
  13. ↑ Washington and Lee University website.
  14. ↑ "Robert Edward Lee (1807–1870) – Find A Grave Memorial". Findagrave.com. Retrieved 2011-02-28.
  15. ↑ http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gsr&GScid=641527
  16. ↑ "Traveller (1857–1870) – Find A Grave Memorial". Findagrave.com. Retrieved 2011-02-28.
  17. ↑ "W&L Concludes Outstanding Fund-Raising Year". W&L. August 12, 2008. Retrieved August 20, 2012.
  18. ↑ "Washington and Lee University Receives $100 Million Gift, One of the Largest Ever to a Liberal Arts College" (PDF). W&L. June 7, 2007. Retrieved August 20, 2012.
  19. ↑ Staff (2010-07-09). "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service.
  20. ↑ "Virginia Landmarks Register". Virginia Department of Historic Resources. Retrieved 19 March 2013.
  21. ↑ "About W&L :: Washington and Lee University". Wlu.edu. Retrieved 2011-02-28.
  22. ↑ "Washington and Lee University: Virginia Main Street Communities: A National Register of Historic Places Travel Itinerary". Nps.gov. Retrieved 2011-02-28.
  23. ↑ "Board of Trustees". Washington and Lee Univ. Retrieved 2010-09-20.
  24. ↑ "Institutional Effectiveness :: Washington and Lee University". ie.wlu.edu. 2010-11-30. Retrieved 2011-02-28.
  25. ↑ "African Americans at Washington and Lee :: Washington and Lee University". Wlu.edu. Retrieved 2015-10-14.
  26. ↑ "University Chronology :: Washington and Lee University". Wlu.edu. Retrieved 2011-02-28.
  27. 1 2 3 Year Class Profile
  28. ↑ "Student Judicial Council". Washington and Lee Univ. Retrieved 2010-09-20.
  29. ↑ "The Honor System". Retrieved 2015-05-20.
  30. ↑ "Enforcement Procedure". Retrieved 2012-02-07.
  31. ↑ "White Book". Washington and Lee Univ. Retrieved 2015-09-01.
  32. 1 2 "The Honor System". Washington and Lee Univ. Retrieved 2010-09-20.
  33. ↑ Anderson, Nick (2012-12-14). "Washington Post: Honor and Testing at Washington and Lee University". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2012-12-17.
  34. ↑ "Student-Faculty Hearing Board". Washington and Lee Univ. Retrieved 2010-09-20.
  35. ↑ "America's Top Colleges". Forbes. Retrieved August 15, 2015.
  36. ↑ "Liberal Arts Colleges Rankings". America's Best Colleges 2016. U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved January 31, 2016.
  37. ↑ "Washington Monthly's 2015 Liberal Arts College Rankings". Washington Monthly. August 24, 2015.
  38. ↑ "Washington and Lee University Overall Rankings Best Colleges US News". Colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com. 2015-09-09.
  39. ↑ "America's Graduate Schools 2016: Best Law Schools". Colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com. 2015-03-10.
  40. ↑ "America's Top Colleges". Forbes. July 29, 2015.
  41. 1 2 "Kiplinger's Best College Values". Kiplinger's Personal Finance. December 2015.
  42. ↑ "Where's Best". The Economist. October 31, 2015.
  43. ↑ "Washington and Lee Counts Incomplete Applications, Amid Debate Over College Data". September 16, 2013.
  44. ↑ "Departments and Programs:: Washington and Lee University". Wlu.edu. Retrieved 2011-02-28.
  45. ↑ "Washington and Lee University". Princetonreview.com. Retrieved 2011-02-28.
  46. ↑ "Accreditation :: Washington and Lee University". Washington and Lee University. Retrieved January 26, 2013.
  47. ↑ "Athletics at W&L :: Washington and Lee University". Wlu.edu. Retrieved 2011-02-28.
  48. ↑ U.S. News & World Report, "Campus Pundits' Winning Record," January 28, 2008
  49. ↑ W&L Mock Convention 2008 Official Site
  50. ↑ Washington Post, 1996
  51. 1 2
  52. ↑ "Welcome to Kappa Alpha Order, Zeta Zeta Chapter". Ka-zetazeta.com. Retrieved 2011-02-28.
  53. ↑ "Welcome to Pi Beta Phi!". Pibetaphi.org. Retrieved 2015-11-12.
  54. ↑ "Cheap, Quick and Easy". Amazon.com. Retrieved 2011-02-28.
  55. ↑ Archived June 15, 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  56. ↑ drh1589. "Dixie Boys – FIARTIL – Estoril 2006 (Washington and Lee Swing)". YouTube. Retrieved 2011-02-28.
  57. ↑ who also wrote "Birth of the Blues," "Bye Bye Blackbird," "Life Is Just a Bowl of Cherries." "You're the Cream in My Coffee" and "Keep Your Skirts Down, Mary Ann"
  58. ↑ Vaughan, Stanley (1995). A Guide to the Manuscripts Collection of the James Graham Leyburn Library (1995 ed.). Lexington, Virginia: Washington and Lee University.
  59. ↑ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0109828/business

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