Liangguang

The provinces of Guangdong and Guangxi, c. 1900. Note that a western part of Guangdong south of Guangxi in this map has since been given to Guangxi to give it access to the sea by the People's Republic of China in 1952 and 1965, although it is not recognized by the Republic of China.

Liangguang (traditional Chinese: 兩廣; simplified Chinese: 两广; pinyin: Liǎngguǎng; Cantonese Yale: Loeng-gwong; literally: "The Two Expanses"; Hakka: Lióng-kńg, postal: Liangkwang) is a Chinese term for the province of Guangdong and former province and present autonomous region of Guangxi, collectively. It particularly refers to the viceroyalty of Liangguang under the Qing dynasty, when the territory was considered to include Hainan and the leased territories of British Hong Kong, the French Kouang-Tchéou-Wan and Portuguese Macau. The Viceroy of Liangguang existed from 1735-1911.

Liang Guang is the name of an ancient Vietnamese land that now comprises the provinces of Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan province of China.

History

The area has been considered the southern expanse of China since the creation of Guangzhou in 226. Prior to that, the area was known as the Nanhai Commandery.

Liang Guang is a territory of Bachviet.

After defeating the army of Qin Shi Huang, the Au Lac was founded. Au Lac territory covers northern Vietnam and Guangxi.

In 207, Aulac perished, Nanyue was established. Nanyue territory includes northern Viet, Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan (China).

In 111 China invaded Nanyue. That was the Han Dynasty.

Han perish, China was divided into three nations. Nanyue belongs to the state of Wu. In 226, King Wu of administrative reform splits Hop Pho District (of Guangzhou, China), Jiaozhi, Cuu Chan, Nhat Nam to establish Jiaozhou.

In 263, La Hung - general of Eastern Wu staging a coup seized Jiaozhou West Offensive merged.

In 264, Wu Wang Ton administrative reforms. Jiaozhou be divided into Guangzhou (land Liang Guang) and Jiaozhou.

In 271, established Cuu Duc district (Nghe An and Ha Tinh of Vietnam today)

From the year 280, the kingdom of East Wu perish, Jiaozhou and Guangzhou land belongs to the West Offensive house. West Offensive house divided into 7 districts Jiaozhou: Hop pho, Vu Binh, Tan Xuong, Jiaozhou, Cuu Duc, Rinan.

After the destruction of water Xun, China divided into the South - North. South Viet was a colony of Southern Dynasties (Country Song, Qi, Liang Water)

In 470, District Hop pho separated from Jiaozhou

In 523, Emperor of China set Ai Chau (province of Thanh Hoa - Vietnam), renamed Cuu Duc district is Dezhou.

In 542, Ly Bi uprising against Chinese domination over Nanyue.

543, Ly Bi defeated Chinese forces in the Hop pho district.

In 544, Emperor Ly Bi throne arrived, took the title of South Vietnam Empire (Ly Nam De), named the country Van Xuan,the capital's Long Bien (Thuan Thanh, Bac Ninh today).

In 545, the Chinese invasion Van Xuan. In 548, Ly Nam De authorize Trieu Quang Phuc, Trieu Quang Phuc throne, named Trieu Viet Vuong.

In 550, Trieu Viet Vuong Vietnam gained independence, but has since weakened the Van Xuan.

In 589, Tran Dynasty in China destroyed, Sui dynasty was established.

In 598, Sui dynasty rename Hung Chau is Phong Chau, Hoang Chau was renamed Ngoc Chau, Hoan Chau is Duc Chau, Chau Loi is Tri Chau.

In 602, Sui dynasty invasion Van Xuan. Van Xuan destroyed.

In 618, the Sui extinct, replaced the Sui Tang Dynasty ruled China. 904 years since then, the territory of Nanyue was colonized Tang.

In 622, Tang renamed into Annam Jiaozhou Government General Management. In 679 the municipality renamed Annam Protectorate, including 12 Continental:

- 3 Continental is Jiaozhou, Phong Chau, Changzhou (North Vietnam);

- There are 4 Continental Elevator World, Chi Chau, Vu Nga Chau, Vu Chau (Guangdong, Guangxi);

- There are 4 Continental Ai Chau, Phuc Loc Chau, Dien Chau, Hoan Chau (north-central Vietnam);

- Lu Zhou (China and the land of Quang Ninh).

In 938, Ngo Quyen defeated Nam Han army on the Bach Dang River, freeing Jiaozhou, but Liang Guang still a colony of China.

After defeating the Qing army in 1789. In 1792, Quang Trung sending ambassadors go suitors Manchu princess. Emperor Qian Long agreed Liang Guang to return to Vietnam. The job failed because King Quang Trung died

Guangxi autonomy

In the 1920s and 1930s, the areas of Guangxi dominated by the Zhuang people greatly aided the Communist Party of China in the Chinese Civil War.[1] Soon after the Communist victory in 1949, in 1952 the People's Republic of China created a Zhuang autonomous prefecture in the western half of Guangxi.

However, most Western scholars of the Zhuang do not believe that this decision came out of genuine grassroots demands from that ethnic group,[2] who made up only 33% of the province's population and were thoroughly assimilated with the Han Chinese,[3][4] which is contradictory to reality of facts from Chinese scholars that the Zhuang people clearly maintain their distinct culture and lifestyle (i.e. language, religion, etc.).[5][6] Scholars like George Moseley and Diana Lary instead argue that the conversion of Guangxi to a Zhuang autonomous region was designed to foil local Han Chinese sentiment against the Communist Party as well as to smash pan-Lingnan sentiment from the Cantonese people.[2]

Shortly afterward, many Cantonese in the Guangxi government were replaced by Zhuangs and Guangxi annexed the Nanlu region of Guangdong in 1952, giving the formerly landlocked region access to the sea.[2]

In 1958, the entire province was redesignated the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region.[3]

Hainan separation

In 1988, Hainan was separated from Guangdong and established as a separate province.

Leased territories

Hong Kong

Hong Kong was leased to the British Empire in 1841 until the transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong in 1997, when it was converted into a special administrative region.

Kouang-Tchéou-Wan

Kouang-Tchéou-Wan, also known as Zhanjiang, was leased to the French Third Republic in 1898 until the end of World War II in 1946.

Macau

Macau was granted to the Portuguese Empire in 1557 until the transfer of sovereignty over Macau in 1999, when it was converted into a special administrative region.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Olson, James Stuart (1998). "Zhuang". An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of China. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 393.
  2. 1 2 3 Kaup, Katherine Palmer (2000). Creating the Zhuang: Ethnic Politics in China. Lynne Reinner Publishers. p. 52.
  3. 1 2 Hutchings, Graham (2003). "Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region". Modern China: A Guide to a Century of Change. Harvard University Press. p. 173.
  4. ↑ Ramsey, Samuel Robert (1987). "Minority Languages of China". The Languages of China. Princeton University Press. pp. 234–235.
  5. ↑ Li, Xulian; Huang, Quanxi (2004). "The Introduction and Development of the Zhuang Writing System". In Zhou, Minglang; Sun, Hongkai. Language Policy in the People's Republic of China: Theory and Practice Since 1949. Springer. p. 240.
  6. ↑ Cen Xianan (2003). On research to Zhuang's Mo Religion Belief. "Economic and Social Development",no.12. p.23-26.(Chinese)

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