Ley Reservada del Cobre
The Chilean Law N° 13.196 known as Ley Reservada del Cobre (Spanish for "Restricted Law on Copper") or Ley de Cruceros (Spanish for "Cruciers Law") is a highly controversial secret law ("restricted" in this context refers to the law not being freely available) issued on 29 October 1958 under the administration of Carlos Ibáñez del Campo in order to allocate revenues from the copper mining corporations for the purchase and maintenance of Materiel of the Chilean armed forces.
History
Automatic military funding from natural resources revenues can be traced in Chile to the 1880s[1](p211)
On 7 January 1938, law N°6.152 was issued to transfer 90% of the leasing receipts of South Patagonian territories to arms purchases.
Later, in 1942, the Chilean Government, worried about the ongoing Pacific War and the defense, created the CONSUDENA, Consejo Superior de la Defensa Nacional, and allowed them to allocate revenues from currency dealings, alcohol tax, cigarettes tax and income from big copper companies for the purchase of weapons[2] without parliamentary oversight.
The Ley de Cruceros or Ley Reservada del Cobre was issued in 1958 after a serious military incident on the Snipe islet by the administration of President Ibáñez in order to deviate funds from tax revenues from big copper mining corporations directly to the armed forces.
The Chilean nationalization of copper transferred in 1971 the properties of the big copper mining corporations Anaconda Copper Company and Kennecott Utah Copper Corporation to the Chilean state and in 1976 CODELCO was created in order to manage the development and production.
The law has been modified in 1973, 1975, 1986 and 1987.
| History of the Law[1](p230) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Law or Decree | floor | % tax or receipts | Changes |
| Ley de Arrendamiento de Magallanes, Ley del CONSUDENA | |||
| Ley 6.152 amongst others (7 January 1938) | unknown | 90% of the state leasing receipts in South Patagonia | |
| Ley 7.144 (5 January 1942) | 4.000.000 CLP | as above, plus currency dealings and alcohol and cigarettes tax | Creation of CONSUDENA |
| Ley Reservada del Cobre | |||
| Ley 13.196 (19 November 1958) | 8,5 Mio. US$ | 15% of the tax revenue from the copper big corporations (tax was 50%) | Introduction of compensation payment if a lowest amount can't be reached; changeover to US$ |
| Amendments 1973-1990 under A. Pinochet | |||
| Decreto ley 239 (31 December 1973) | 90 Mio. US$ | 10% of the total receipts of the copper big corporations from abroad | division in equals parts for army, navy and air force |
| D.L. 1.530 (21 Juli 1976) | 90 Mio. US$ | 10% from gross receipts of CODELCO coming from copper sales abroad plus 10% of deposits of CODELCO abroad | implementation of secret accounts for navy, army, air force and COSUDENA; CONSUDENA get upon request 10% of the incomes |
| Ley 18.445 (17 October 1985) | 180 Mio. US$ | as D.L. 1530 plus 10% of gross receipts from abroad sales of CODELCO's byproducts | annually inflation-adjustment for the basic allowance according to the USA-inflation effective from 1 January 1987; Implementation of a reassignment plan for surpluses |
| Ley 18.628 (23 Juni 1987) | unmodified | unmodified | The assignation of the revenues is under approbation of the chiefs of army, air force and navy. |
| Amendments 1990-2006 under the Concertación | |||
| Official expertise of Contraloría General de la República de Chile (December 2002) | unmodified | unmodified | Distribution between navy, army and air force doesn't affect the right of the CONSUDENA to decide about the total of the revenues; Implementation of a fond for surpluses. |
The Law
The Ley Reservada del Cobre stipulates that 10 per cent of Codelco’s export sales are to be transferred to the armed forces. Each year Codelco deposits the earmarked resources in dollars in three secret accounts (army, air force and navy) at the Central Bank of Chile. These accounts are maintained outside the treasury single account and the parliamentary oversight, fragmenting it and impeding obtaining the benefits of managing all government cash in a centralized way.
The expected minimum contribution is US$180 million annually, the floor, to be adjusted according to variations in the U.S. Producer Price Index. In case the revenues are less than the stated amount, as in 1986 and 1987 occurred, the Treasury must supply the difference (US$38 and US$25 million, respectively).
During the decade 1995-2005 the government managed to restrict the annual level of investment spending by the armed forces by imposing a ceiling on them in order to guarantee that their expenditures are consistent with the structural fiscal balance limit. However, the ceiling does not reduce the amounts received by the armed forces; any surpluses are accumulated in the bank accounts of the defense sector.
The Chilean armed forces have transformed into the region's most capable military forces, both in training, force composition, logistics as in the general quality of their materiel. Their technical capabilities as well as local industrial capacity to service the majority of its equipment is far superior to any other country in the region. Chile has been pushing its armed forces to reach NATO standards and is able to conduct domestic and external operations to a high degree.
In 2011, the Finance Ministry took over management of the military’s copper fund from the Defence Ministry.
Criticism
Funding the Chilean military with of-budget revenues from a stateowned company is controversial and not in line with practices in most developed countries because it is[3]
- outside democratic control,
- doesn' compete with other sectors for funds
- do not necessarily reflect the government priorities and sectoral strategies
- not under supervision or accountability on the use of the funds
In addition, the procurement process for military equipment is a closed process. As stated by SIPRI, “Chile’s arms procurement process is almost entirely under the armed forces’ control and takes place with little or no civilian political involvement”.
A January 7, 2007, article in The New York Times explained that “record prices for copper, Chile’s main export, have given the government a multibillion-dollar windfall, but it also has produced for Chile’s economy unexpected side effects and has set off a sharp political debate about how to use the money.”
Also the fact that Codelco serves the interests of the armed forces is viewed as a serious impediment for a firm that strives to be a worldclass mining company.
A new law
Legal initiatives modifying the financing scheme, establishing a four-year budget and replacing the current law, has been announced on September 8, 2009 by Michelle Bachelet and May 17, 2011 by President Sebastián Piñera.
Under Bachelet's project, allocations for arms procurement will be made on a yearly basis as part of the national budget; there will be a 12-year strategic plan for long-term procurement, revisable every four years by the president; and the unspent funds received under the 1958 law will be used to create a contingency fund for the replacement or refurbishment of equipment. The project was not approved.
Piñera's project considers multi-annual budgets approved during the first year in office of each government, a planning process with a horizon of twelve years, reincorporation of Congress into the debate on defense strategic capabilities, creation of a Strategic Contingency Fund, which will allow the Armed Forces to address unforeseen circumstances arising from external threats or national disasters.
See also
References
- 1 2 3 Michael Radseck, Rohstoffe und Rüstung. Hintergründe und Wirkungen ressourcenfinanzierter Waffenkäufe in Südamerika, in Lateinamerika Analysen N° 16, 1/2007, Page 203-241, Edited by Institut für Lateinamerika-Studien, Hamburg, Germany
- ↑ Julio E. Soto Silva, La conducción de la defensa en Chile 1960 al 2010: ¿Un problema de los militares o de todos los chilenos? in Chilean Magazine, Política y Estrategia, N ̊ 115, 2010, page 104
- ↑ Israel Fainboim, Changing the Financial Management of the Defense Sector in Chile: Leaving Expenditure Earmarks Behind, November 25, 2009, International Monetary Fund
External links
- Michael Radseck, Rohstoffe und Rüstung. Hintergründe und Wirkungen ressourcenfinanzierter Waffenkäufe in Südamerika, in Lateinamerika Analysen N° 16, 1/2007, Page 203-241, Edited by Institut für Lateinamerika-Studien, Hamburg, Germany, in German Language
- Israel Fainboim, Changing the Financial Management of the Defense Sector in Chile: Leaving Expenditure Earmarks Behind, November 25, 2009, International Monetary Fund