Bulgarian lev

For the 2014 Elisa Lindström album, see Leva (album).
Bulgarian lev
български лев  (Bulgarian)

20 leva gold coin (1894)
ISO 4217 code BGN
Central bank Bulgarian National Bank
 Website www.bnb.bg
User(s)  Bulgaria
Pegged with euro = 1.95583 leva
Subunit
 1/100 stotinka
Symbol лв.
Nickname

lev – kint ; 1,000 leva – bon

[1]
Plural levove, numeric: leva
 stotinka stotinki
Coins 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50 stotinki, 1, 2 leva
Banknotes 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100 leva
Mint Bulgarian Mint
 Website www.mint.bg

The lev (Bulgarian: лев, plural: лева, левове / leva,[2] levove) is the currency of Bulgaria. It is divided in 100 stotinki (стотинки, singular: stotinka, стотинка). In archaic Bulgarian the word "lev" meant "lion", a word which in the modern language became lăv (IPA: /lɤv/) (in Bulgarian: лъв).

History

First lev (1881–1952)

The lev was introduced as Bulgaria's currency in 1881 with a value equal to the French franc. The gold standard was suspended between 1899 and 1906 and suspended again in 1912. Until 1916, Bulgaria's silver and gold coins were issued to the same specifications as those of the Latin Monetary Union. Banknotes issued until 1928 were backed by gold ("leva zlato" or "zlatni", "лева злато" or "златни") or silver ("leva srebro" or "srebarni", "лева сребро" or "сребърни").

In 1928, a new gold standard of 1 lev = 10.86956 mg gold was established.

During World War II, in 1940, the lev was pegged to the German Reichsmark at a rate of 32.75 leva = 1 Reichsmark. With the Soviet occupation in September 1944, the lev was pegged to the Soviet ruble at 15 leva = 1 ruble. A series of pegs to the U.S. dollar followed: 120 leva = 1 dollar in October 1945, 286.50 leva in December 1945 and 143.25 leva in March 1947. No coins were issued after 1943; only banknotes were issued until the currency reform of 1952.

Coins

1883, 50 stotinki
1912 20 stotinki
1884 5 leva

Between 1881 and 1884, bronze 2, 5 and 20 stotinki, and silver 50 stotinki, 1, 2 and 5 leva were introduced, followed, in 1888, by cupro-nickel 2 1⁄2, 5, 10 and 20 stotinki. Gold 10 and 20 leva were issued in 1894. Bronze 1 stotinka were introduced in 1901.

Production of silver coins ceased in 1916, with zinc replacing cupro-nickel in the 5, 10 and 20 stotinki in 1917. In 1923, aluminum 1 and 2 leva coins were introduced, followed by cupro-nickel pieces in 1925. In 1930, cupro-nickel 5 and 10 leva and silver 20, 50 and 100 leva were introduced, with silver coins issued until 1937, in which year aluminium-bronze 50 stotinki were issued.

In 1940, cupro-nickel 20 and 50 leva were issued, followed, in 1941, by iron 1, 2, 5 and 10 leva. In 1943, nickel-clad-steel 5, 10 and 50 leva were struck. These were the last coins issued for this version of the lev.

Banknotes

500 Leva banknote of 1942, Tsar Boris III

In 1885, the Bulgarian National Bank introduced notes for 20 and 50 gold leva, followed in 1887 by 100 gold leva and, in 1890, by 5 and 10 gold leva notes. In 1899, 5, 10 and 50 silver leva notes were issued, followed by 100 and 500 silver leva in 1906 and 1907, respectively. 500 gold leva notes were also introduced in 1907.

In 1916, 1 and 2 silver leva and 1000 gold leva notes were introduced, followed by 2500 and 10,000 gold leva notes in 1919. In 1924, 5000 leva notes were issued, the first to lack a metal designation. In 1928, a new series of notes (dated 1922 and 1925) was introduced which gave the denominations solely in leva. Denominations introduced were 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 500, 1000 and 5000 leva. These were followed in 1929 by 200 and 250 leva.

In 1930, coins up to 100 leva replaced notes, although 20-lev notes were issued between 1943 and 1950. Between 1943 and 1945, State Treasury Bills for 1000 and 5000 leva were issued.

Second lev (1952–1962)

In 1952, following wartime inflation, a new lev replaced the original lev at a rate of 1 "new" lev = 100 "old" leva. However the rate for banking accounts was different, ranging from 100:3 to 200:1. Prices for goods were replaced at a rate of 25:1.[3] The new lev was pegged to the U.S. dollar at a rate of 6.8 leva = 1 dollar, falling to 9.52 leva on July 29, 1957.

Coins

In 1952, coins (dated 1951) were introduced in denominations of 1, 3, 5, 10 and 25 stotinki, with the lower three denominations in brass and the higher three in cupro-nickel. Shortly after, cupro-nickel 20 stotinki coins dated 1952 were also issued, followed by 50 stotinki in 1959 and 1 lev in 1960 which replaced the 1 lev note (both also in cupro-nickel). All stotinki coins feature a head of wheat around denomination on the reverse and state emblem on the obverse, while the lev coin depicts an olive branch wreath around the denomination.

Banknotes

In 1952, state notes (dated 1951)[4] were issued in 1, 3 and 5 leva, together with notes of the National Bank for 10, 25, 50, 100 and 200 leva. 500-lev notes were printed but not issued. 1 lev notes were withdrawn after the introduction of a coin in 1960. 1, 3, and 5 leva depict the state emblem, while all denominations 10 leva and up depict Georgi Dimitrov, who had a postmortem cult of personality built up around him by that time period. The reverse side of 1, 3, and 5 lev notes depict hands holding up the hammer and sickle, while higher denominations each depict workers at various trades.


Third lev (1962–1999)

In 1962, another redenomination took place at the rate of 10 to 1, setting the exchange rate at 1.17 leva = 1 U. S. dollar, with the tourist rate falling to 2 leva on February 1, 1964. The ISO 4217 code was BGL. After this, the lev remained fairly stable for almost three decades. However, like other Communist countries' currencies, it was not freely convertible for Western funds. Consequently, black market rates were five to ten times higher than the official rate. During the period, until 1989 the lev was backed by gold, and the banknotes have the text stating: "The bank note is backed by gold and all assets of the bank" (Bulgarian: "Банкнотата е обезпечена със злато и всички активи на банката").

After the fall of communism, Bulgaria experienced several episodes of drastic inflation and currency devaluation. In order to change this, in 1997, the lev was pegged to the Deutsche Mark, with 1000 lev equal to 1 DM (one lev equal to 0.1 pfennig).

Since 1997, Bulgaria has been in a system of currency board, and all Bulgarian currency in circulation has been backed 100% by the foreign exchange reserves of the Bulgarian National Bank (BNB).

Coins

Comparison between Soviet (left) and Bulgarian (right) coins

In 1962, aluminum-bronze 1, 2, and 5 stotinki, and nickel-brass 10, 20 and 50 stotinki and 1 lev were introduced. The coin series strongly resembles coinage from the Soviet Union during the same period, particularly in design and size.

The state emblem is depicted on the obverse of all coins, which went through several changes. The first change in 1962 with the introduction of the new coinage, and the second change in 1974, with the ribbons being the most noticeable change.

A number of commemorative 2 lev coins also circulated during this period, often released into circulation as they had relatively high production numbers and little collector's value. Higher denomination lev coins have also been introduced into circulation at an irregular basis with varying sizes and metallic compositions, including silver. Mostly due to an overstock of numismatic coins not getting sold to collectors. Similar occurrences to this can be seen with high denomination coins from East Germany and Poland during the same period.

Communist era coins
Image Denomination Diameter Weight Composition Obverse Reverse Minted Year
1 stotinka 15.2 mm 1 g Brass Coat of Arms Denomination and date 1962-90
2 stotinki 18.1 mm 2 g
5 stotinki 22.35 mm 3.1 g
10 stotinki 17.1 mm 1.8 g Nickel-brass
20 stotinki 21.2 mm 2.9 g
50 stotinki 23.3 mm 4.2 g
1 lev 24 mm 4.8 g
Post-communist coins
10 leva (1997)

In 1992, after the communist era, older coins were withdrawn and a new coinage was introduced in denominations of 10, 20 and 50 stotinki, 1, 2, 5 and 10 leva. All were struck in nickel-brass except for the cupro-nickel 10 leva. In 1997, nickel-brass 10, 20 and 50 leva were introduced.

Banknotes

In 1962, the National Bank issued notes for 1, 2, 5, 10 and 20 leva. A second series, in the same denominations, was issued in 1974. 50 leva notes were introduced in 1990. Again, denominations 10 leva and up featured Georgi Dimitrov, 1, 2, and 5 featured the state emblem. After the fall of the communist regime, new notes were introduced for 20, 50, 100 and 200 leva. These were followed by 500 leva notes in 1993, 1000 and 2000 leva in 1994, 5000 and 10,000 leva in 1996, and 50,000 leva in 1997.

Fourth lev (1999–present)

On 5 July 1999 the lev was redenominated at 1000:1 with 1 new lev equal to 1 Deutsche Mark.[5] The ISO 4217 currency code for the new Bulgarian lev is BGN. The currency was no longer backed by gold and silver; thus the banknotes lost the text stating the lev's backing by gold or bank assets.

Euro adoption

Main article: Bulgaria and the euro

Since Bulgaria gained EU membership in 2007 various dates have been suggested as the expected end of the lev: towards the end of that year 1 January 2012 was a possible date;[6] however, the global financial crisis of 2008 and the Eurozone crisis cooled the initial enthusiasm for the euro. Nevertheless, in 2009 The Economist noted suggestions to accelerate Bulgaria's path to the euro, or even let it be adopted immediately, despite the EU institutions' unwillingness to deviate from a policy of euro adoption only after five Euro convergence criteria have been met.[7] In 2011 the Bulgarian finance minister Simeon Djankov acknowledged his earlier eagerness for Bulgaria to join the euro, but considered 2015 as a more likely date.[8] If Bulgaria follows the standard path to euro adoption, it would use the euro two years after joining the European exchange rate mechanism (ERM II) (a formality given the lev's peg to the euro). In late 2010, given Bulgaria's improving economy, analysts thought that Bulgaria would join the ERM II the following year.[9] However, the continued postponement of joining the mechanism has prevented Bulgaria meeting all five convergence criteria: its rebounding economy later met the four other criteria.[10]

Coins

In 1999, coins in denominations of 1, 2, 5, 10, 20 and 50 stotinki were introduced.[11] A 1 lev coin in 2002 replaced the 1 lev banknote introduced in 1999. In November 2014 it was announced that coins of 2 leva to replace banknotes of the same value are to be introduced on December 7, 2015.[12]

Coins of the fourth lev (1999–present)[13]
Image Value Technical parameters Description Date of
Diameter Mass Composition Edge Obverse Reverse minting issue withdrawal lapse
1 stotinka 16 mm 1.8g CuAlNi Plain Value, year, twelve stars as symbol of Europe. Country name, Madara Rider 1999
2000		 5 July 1999[11] Current
2 stotinki 18 mm 2.5 g
5 stotinki 20 mm 3.5 g
10 stotinki 18.5 mm 3.0 g CuNiZn riffled Value, year, twelve stars as symbol of Europe. Country name, Madara Rider 1999 5 July 1999 Current
20 stotinki 20.5 mm 4.0 g
50 stotinki 22.5 mm 5.0 g
1 lev 24.5 mm 7.0 g outer circle: yellowish alloy
inner circle: white alloy 		serrated by sectors Value, year, graphical pattern of two crossing lines. Country name, saint Ivan Rilski 2002 2 September 2002[14] Current
These images are to scale at 2.5 pixels per millimetre. For table standards, see the coin specification table.
Commemorative coins

In 2004, 2005 and 2007 commemorative circulation issues were struck of the 50 stotinkas coin.[13] Also many commercial commemorative coins have been minted.

Banknotes

In 1999, banknotes were introduced in denominations of 1, 2, 5, 10, 20 and 50 leva. 100 leva notes were added in 2003. The 1 lev note has been nearly completely replaced in everyday use by the 1 lev coin. The 2 leva note was replaced in everyday use by a coin on December 7, 2015.

Banknotes of the fourth leva (1999–present)[13]
Image Value Dimensions Watermark Description Date of
Obverse Reverse Obverse Reverse printing issue withdrawal lapse
1 lev 112 × 60 mm Rampant lion Ivan Rilski Rila Monastery 1999 5 July 1999 Current
2 leva 116 × 64 mm Paisiy Hilendarski Istoriya Slavyanobolgarskaya 1999
2005
5 leva 121 × 67 mm Ivan Milev Ivan Milev Paintings by Ivan Milev 1999
2009
10 leva 126 × 70 mm Petar Beron Petar Beron Astronomical instruments 1999
2008
20 leva 131 × 73 mm Stefan Stambolov Stefan Stambolov Orlov most, Lavov most 1999
2007
50 leva 136 × 76 mm Pencho Slaveykov Pencho Slaveykov Poems by Pencho Slaveykov 1999
2006
100 leva 141 × 79 mm Aleko Konstantinov Aleko Konstantinov Aleko Konstantinov; his work "Bay Ganyu" (Uncle Ganyu) 2003 8 December 2003[15]
These images are to scale at 0.7 pixels per millimetre. For table standards, see the banknote specification table.

Exchange rate

The fourth lev was pegged to the German mark at par from the start. With the replacement of the Deutsche Mark by the euro, the lev's peg effectively switched to the euro at the rate of 1.95583 leva = 1 euro (precisely equivalent to the Deutsche Mark's fixed exchange rate to euro). This rate is unlikely to change before the lev's eventual retirement. (Bulgaria committed to adopting the euro as part of its joining the EU.) On 25 April 2005, when the country's EU accession treaty was signed, the BNB issued a commemorative coin with the face value of 1.95583 leva.

Current BGN exchange rates
From Google Finance: AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD
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From XE: AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD
From OANDA: AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD
From fxtop.com: AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD
From Currency.Wiki: AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ The nickname for lev can be both kint (masc) and kinta (fem), inflected accordingly for plurals and numerical values (kinta, kinti); stotinka – which literally simply means hundredth (diminutive) – is usually shortened to stinka.
  2. ↑ "Lev - Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary". Merriam-webster.com. 2012-08-31. Retrieved 2014-07-22.
  3. ↑ "Нула = Нищо. А Три Нули?". Euro2001.net. Retrieved 2014-07-22.
  4. ↑ "BULGARIA 500 LEVA 1951". Banknotesinfo.com. 1952-05-12. Retrieved 2014-07-22.
  5. ↑ "Prof. Dr. Ivan Angelov: Bulgaria needs a managed floating exchange rate". Retrieved 2009-01-12.
  6. ↑ "Bulgaria's budget of reform". The Sofia Echo. 30 November 2007. Retrieved 2008-02-06.
  7. ↑ "The bill that could break up Europe". The Economist. 2009-02-26. Retrieved 2014-01-05.
  8. ↑ "Bulgaria puts off Eurozone membership for 2015". Radio Bulgaria. 2011-07-26. Retrieved 2014-01-05.
  9. ↑ "The world in figures: Countries: Bulgaria". The Economist. 2010-11-22. Retrieved 2014-01-05.
  10. ↑ "Convergence Report May 2012" (PDF). European Central Bank. 2012-05-25. Retrieved 5 January 2014.
  11. 1 2 National Bank of Bulgaria. Annual Report 1999. Available at: http://www.bnb.bg/bnbweb/groups/public/documents/bnb_publication/p_anualreports_1999_en.pdf
  12. ↑ National Bank of Bulgaria. Press release 19 November 2014. Available at:http://www.bnb.bg/PressOffice/POPressReleases/POPRDate/PR_20141119_1_EN
  13. 1 2 3 National Bank of Bulgaria. Available at: http://www.bnb.bg/NotesAndCoins/NACCoinsCurrency/index.htm
  14. ↑ National Bank of Bulgaria. Annual Report 2002. Available at: http://www.bnb.bg/bnbweb/groups/public/documents/bnb_publication/p_anualreports_2002_en.pdf
  15. ↑ National Bank of Bulgaria. Annual Report 2003. Available at: http://www.bnb.bg/bnbweb/groups/public/documents/bnb_publication/p_anualreports_2003_en.pdf

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