Lethbridge

This article is about the city in Alberta, Canada. For other uses, see Lethbridge (disambiguation).
Lethbridge
City
City of Lethbridge

Downtown Lethbridge as seen on 4 Avenue south facing west

Flag
Coat of arms

Motto: Ad occasionis januam

"Gateway to Opportunity"[1]
Lethbridge

Location of Lethbridge in Alberta

Coordinates: 49°41′39″N 112°49′58″W / 49.69417°N 112.83278°W / 49.69417; -112.83278Coordinates: 49°41′39″N 112°49′58″W / 49.69417°N 112.83278°W / 49.69417; -112.83278
Country Canada
Province Alberta
Region Southern Alberta
Census division 2
Incorporated [2]
 - Town 
November 29, 1890
 - City May 9, 1906
Government
 • Mayor Chris Spearman
(Past mayors)
 • Governing body Lethbridge City Council
 • MP Rachael Harder (Cons.)
 • MLAs Shannon Phillips (NDP),
Maria Fitzpatrick (NDP)
 • City Manager Garth Sherwin
Area (2011)[3][4]
 • City 122.36 km2 (47.24 sq mi)
 • Agglomeration 2,975.62 km2 (1,148.89 sq mi)
Elevation[5] 910 m (2,990 ft)
Population (2011)[3][6][4]
 • City 83,517
 • Rank 64th
 • Density 682.6/km2 (1,768/sq mi)
 • Urban 83,679
 • Agglomeration 105,999
 • Agglomeration density 35.6/km2 (92/sq mi)
 • Municipal census (2015) 94,804[7]
Time zone MST (UTC−7)
 • Summer (DST) MDT (UTC−6)
Postal code span T1H to T1K
Area code(s) 403 587
Highways Hwy 3
Hwy 4
Hwy 5
Hwy 25
Waterways Oldman River
Website Official website

Lethbridge /ˈlɛθbrɪdʒ/ is a city in the province of Alberta, Canada, and the largest city in southern Alberta. It is Alberta's fourth-largest city by population after Calgary, Edmonton and Red Deer, and the third-largest by area after Calgary and Edmonton. The nearby Canadian Rockies contribute to the city's warm summers, mild winters, and windy climate. Lethbridge lies southeast of Calgary on the Oldman River.

Lethbridge is the commercial, financial, transportation and industrial centre of southern Alberta. The city's economy developed from drift mining for coal in the late 19th century and agriculture in the early 20th century. Half of the workforce is employed in the health, education, retail and hospitality sectors, and the top five employers are government-based. The only university in Alberta south of Calgary is in Lethbridge, and two of the three colleges in southern Alberta have campuses in the city. Cultural venues in the city include performing art theatres, museums and sports centres.

History

Main article: History of Lethbridge
Round Street in 1911

Before the 19th century, the Lethbridge area was populated by several First Nations at various times. The Blackfoot referred to the area as Aksaysim ("steep banks"), Mek-kio-towaghs ("painted rock"), Assini-etomochi ("where we slaughtered the Cree") and Sik-ooh-kotok ("coal"). The Sarcee referred to it as Chadish-kashi ("black/rocks"), the Cree as Kuskusukisay-guni ("black/rocks"), and the Nakoda (Stoney) as Ipubin-saba-akabin ("digging coal").[8] The Kutenai people referred to it as ʔa•kwum.[9]

After the US Army stopped alcohol trading with the Blackfeet Nation in Montana in 1869, traders John J. Healy and Alfred B. Hamilton started a whiskey trading post at Fort Hamilton, near the future site of Lethbridge. The post's nickname became Fort Whoop-Up.[8] The whiskey trade led to the Cypress Hills Massacre of many native Assiniboine in 1873. The North-West Mounted Police, sent to stop the trade and establish order,[8] arrived at Fort Whoop-Up on 9 October 1874. They managed the post for the next 12 years.[8]

Downtown Lethbridge 1911

Lethbridge's economy developed from drift mines opened by Nicholas Sheran in 1874 and the North Western Coal and Navigation Company in 1882. North Western's president was William Lethbridge, from whom the city derives its name.[10] By the turn of the century, the mines employed about 150 men and producing 300 tonnes of coal each day.[8] In 1896, local collieries were the largest coal producers in the Northwest Territories,[11] with production peaking during World War I. An internment camp was set up at the Exhibition Building in Lethbridge from September 1914 to November 1916.[12] After the war, increasing oil and natural gas production gradually replaced coal production,[8] and the last mine in Lethbridge closed in 1957.

The first rail line in Lethbridge was opened on 28 August 1885 by the Alberta Railway and Coal Company,[8] which bought the North Western Coal and Navigation Company five years later.[13] The rail industry's dependence on coal and the Canadian Pacific Railway's efforts to settle southern Alberta with immigrants boosted Lethbridge's economy. After the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) moved the divisional point of its Crowsnest Line from Fort Macleod to Lethbridge in 1905, the city became the regional centre for Southern Alberta.[8] In the mid-1980s, the CPR moved its rail yards in downtown Lethbridge to nearby Kipp, and Lethbridge ceased being a rail hub.[14]

Between 1907 and 1913, a development boom occurred in Lethbridge, making it the main marketing, distribution and service centre in southern Alberta.[8] Such municipal projects as a water treatment plant, a power plant, a streetcar system, and exhibition buildings — as well as a construction boom and rising real estate prices — transformed the mining town into a significant city.[8] Between World War I and World War II, however, the city experienced an economic slump. Development slowed, drought drove farmers from their farms, and coal mining rapidly declined from its peak.[8] After World War II, irrigation of farmland near Lethbridge led to growth in the city's population and economy. Lethbridge College (previously Lethbridge Community College) opened in April 1957 and the University of Lethbridge in 1967.[8]

Geography

Map of southern Alberta
Map of Lethbridge

The city of Lethbridge is located at 49.7° north latitude and 112.833° west longitude and covers an area of 127.19 square kilometres (49.11 sq mi). The city is divided by the Oldman River; its valley has been turned into one of the largest urban park systems in North America at 16 square kilometres (4,000 acres) of protected land.[15] The city is Alberta's fourth largest by population after Calgary, Edmonton, and Red Deer. It is the third largest in area after Calgary and Edmonton and is near the Canadian Rockies, 210 kilometres (130 mi) southeast of Calgary.

Lethbridge is split into three geographical areas: north, south and west. The Oldman River separates West Lethbridge from the other two while the Crowsnest Highway and the Canadian Pacific Railway rail line separate North and South Lethbridge.[16] The newest of the three areas, West Lethbridge (pop. 36,716)[7] is home to the University of Lethbridge, opened at that site in 1971, but the first housing was not completed until 1974 and the prime Whoop-Up Drive access opened only in 1975.[17] Much of the city's recent growth has been on the west side, and it has the youngest median age of the three. The north side (pop. 26,751)[7] was originally populated by workers from local coal mines. It has the oldest population of the three areas, is home to multiple industrial parks and includes the former Hamlet of Hardieville, which was annexed by Lethbridge in 1978.[18][19] South Lethbridge (pop. 31,337)[7] is the commercial heart of the city. It contains the downtown core, the bulk of retail and hospitality establishments, and the Lethbridge College.

Climate

Lethbridge has a semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classification BSk) with an average maximum temperature of 12.3 °C (54.1 °F) and an average minimum temperature of −1.1 °C (30.0 °F). With precipitation averaging 365 mm (14.4 in)–386.3 mm (15.2 in), and 264 dry days on average, Lethbridge is the eleventh driest city in Canada.[20][21] Mean relative humidity hovers between 69–78% in the morning throughout the year, but afternoon mean relative humidity is more uneven, ranging from 38% in August to 58% in January.[22] On average, Lethbridge has 116 days with wind speed of 40 km/h (24.9 mph) or higher, ranking it as the second city in Canada for such weather.[20]

Its high elevation of 929 m (3,047.9 ft) and close proximity to the Rocky Mountains provides Lethbridge with cooler summers than other locations in the Canadian Prairies.[23] These factors protect the city from strong northwest and southwest winds and contribute to frequent chinook winds during the winter. Lethbridge winters have the highest temperatures in the prairies, reducing the severity and duration of winter cold periods and resulting in fewer days with snow cover.[24] The average daytime temperature peaks by the end of July/beginning of August, when it reaches 26.4 °C (79.5 °F).[25] The city's temperature reaches a maximum high of 35 °C (95 °F) or greater on average once or twice a year.[22]

Lethbridge seen from Halmrast Manor.

Demographics

Population history
YearPop.±%
19012,072—    
19062,313+11.6%
19118,050+248.0%
19169,436+17.2%
192111,097+17.6%
192610,735−3.3%
193113,489+25.7%
193613,523+0.3%
194114,612+8.1%
194616,522+13.1%
195122,947+38.9%
195629,462+28.4%
196135,454+20.3%
196637,186+4.9%
197141,217+10.8%
197646,752+13.4%
198154,072+15.7%
198658,841+8.8%
199160,974+3.6%
199663,053+3.4%
200167,374+6.9%
200674,637+10.8%
201183,517+11.9%
Source: Statistics Canada
[27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37]
[38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][3]

The population of the City of Lethbridge according to its 2015 municipal census is 94,804,[7] a 1.9% change from its 2014 municipal census population of 93,004.[48]

In the 2011 federal census, the City of Lethbridge had a population of 83,517 living in 34,140 of its 37,396 total dwellings, an 11.8% change from its 2006 adjusted population of 74,685. With a land area of 122.36 km2 (47.24 sq mi), it had a population density of 682.6/km2 (1,767.8/sq mi) in 2011.[3]

In 2006, the federal census reported a population of 74,637 in the city and 95,196 in its census agglomeration.[49] In 2006, Lethbridge had a predominantly white population; one out of eight people were non-European,[49] compared to one in ten in 2001.[50] Of those, 40 percent were aboriginal, most of whom came from the nearby Peigan and Kainai nations. Of the remaining 60 percent, Japanese, Chinese and Latin American made up the largest portion at over 1,200, 920 and 705 respectively.

The most commonly observed faith in Lethbridge is Christianity. According to the 2011 National Household Survey,[51] 52,595 residents, representing 65 percent of respondents, indicated they were Christian, down from 76% in 2001.[50] Over 32 percent of Lethbridgians reported no religious affiliation, a substantial increase from 22% in 2001.[50] The number of residents reporting other religions, including Buddhists, Muslims, Hindus, Jews and Sikhs amounted to 3 percent. For specific denominations, Statistics Canada reported 16,945 Roman Catholics who were 21 percent of the population, and 7,335 members of the United Church of Canada who were about 9 percent of the population.

According to the 2011 census, more than 87 percent of residents spoke English as a first language. Nearly 2 percent spoke German; just over 1 percent each spoke Spanish, Dutch, or French; and almost 1 percent each spoke Chinese (unspecified), Tagalog, Polish, or Hungarian their first language. The next most commonly spoken languages were Japanese, Italian, Ukrainian, Nepali, Cantonese, Vietnamese.[52]

Population by ethnic group, 2011
Ethnic group[53] Population Percent
White 69,825 85.8%
First Nations 3,150 3.9%
Métis 1,585 1.9%
Japanese 1,575 1.9%
Chinese 1,125 1.4%
South Asian 920 1.1%
Black 850 1%
Filipino 745 0.9%
Latin American 680 0.8%
Southeast Asian 380 0.5%
Korean 185 0.2%
Other visible minority 180 0.2%
Arab 160 0.2%
Mixed visible minority 155 0.2%
West Asian 75 0.1%
Inuit 60 0.1%
Total respondent population 81,390 100%

Economy

Main article: Economy of Lethbridge
Downtown Lethbridge facing northwest from 8 St & 6 Av S

Lethbridge is southern Alberta's commercial, distribution, financial and industrial centre (although Medicine Hat plays a similar role in southeastern Alberta). It has a trading area population of 275,000, including parts of British Columbia and Montana,[23] and provides jobs for up to 86,000 people who commute to and within the city from a radius of 100 kilometres (62 mi).[23]

Lethbridge's economy has traditionally been agriculture-based; however, it has diversified in recent years. Half of the workforce is employed in the health, education, retail and hospitality sectors,[50] and the top five employers are government-based.[54] Several national companies are based in Lethbridge. From its founding in 1935, Canadian Freightways based its head office there until moving operations to Calgary in 1948, though its call centre remains in Lethbridge.[55] Taco Time Canada was based in the city from 1978–1995 before moving to Calgary.[56] Minute Muffler, which began in 1969, is based in Lethbridge.[57] International shipping company H & R Transport has been based in the city since 1955.[58] Braman Furniture, which has locations in Manitoba and Ontario, was headquartered in Lethbridge from 1991–2008.[59]

Lethbridge serves as a hub for commercial activity in the region by providing services and amenities. Many transport services, including Greyhound buses, four provincial highways, rail service and an airport, are concentrated in or near the city. In 2004, the police services of Lethbridge and Coaldale combined to form the Lethbridge Regional Police Service.[60] Lethbridge provides municipal water to Coaldale, Coalhurst, Diamond City, Iron Springs, Monarch, Shaughnessy and Turin.[61][62]

In 2002, the municipal government organized Economic Development Lethbridge, a body responsible for promoting and developing the city's commercial interests.[63] Two years later, the city joined in a partnership with 24 other local communities to create an economic development alliance called SouthGrow, representing a population of over 140,000.[64] In 2006, Economic Development Lethbridge partnered with SouthGrow Regional Initiative and Alberta SouthWest Regional Alliance to create the Southern Alberta Alternative Energy Partnership. This partnership promotes business related to alternative energy, including wind power, solar power and biofuel, in the region.[65]

Arts and culture

Galt Hospital 1910, now the Galt Museum
Skyline of downtown Lethbridge

Lethbridge was designated a Cultural Capital of Canada for the 2004–2005 season.[66] The Southern Alberta Ethnic Association (Multicultural Heritage Centre) promotes multiculturalism and ethnic heritage in the community.[67]

The city is home to venues and organizations promoting the arts. Founded in 1958, the Allied Arts Council of Lethbridge is the largest organization in the city dedicated to preserving and enhancing the local arts.[68] In the spring of 2007, the Allied Arts Council Facilities Steering Committee initiated the Arts Re:Building Together Campaign, a grass roots campaign initiative to raise awareness and support for improving arts facilities in Lethbridge. The campaign identified three arts buildings: the Yates Memorial Centre, the Bowman Arts Centre, and the Southern Alberta Art Gallery as cornerstone facilities in the community requiring care and attention. On 14 July 2007, the Finance Committee of City Council approved four arts capital projects for inclusion in the City’s Ten Year Capital Plan.[69] Under the campaign to 2010, the renovation and expansion of the Southern Alberta Art Gallery was completed,[70] a new Community Arts Centre will be built in downtown Lethbridge,[71] the City of Lethbridge has a Public Art Program,[72] and a committee was formed to research the possibility of a new Performing Arts Centre in Lethbridge.[73]

Lethbridge has a public library and three major museum/galleries. The Southern Alberta Art Gallery is a contemporary gallery; the community arts centre Casa, administered by the Allied Arts Council; and the University of Lethbridge Art Gallery produces contemporary exhibitions including works from its extensive collection of Canadian, American and European art.[67]

The Lethbridge Symphony Orchestra has been performing in the city since 1961. It has produced spin-off music groups, the Lethbridge Musical Theatre and the Southern Alberta Chamber Orchestra.[74] Vox Musica, which traces its roots back to 1968, is a community choir based at the University of Lethbridge and has been performing since 1984. Theatrical productions are presented by the University of Lethbridge's theatre department and the New West Theatre, which produces seven shows annually. New West Theatre performs at the Genevieve E. Yates Memorial Centre using its two theatres: the 500-seat proscenium Yates Theatre and the 180-seat black box Sterndale Bennett Theatre.[75]

Attractions

High Level Bridge near downtown Lethbridge
Fort Whoop Up National Historic Site

The city, which began as a frontier town, has several historical attractions. The Lethbridge Viaduct, commonly known as the High Level Bridge, is the longest and highest steel trestle bridge in North America.[76] It was completed in 1909 on what was then the city's western edge.[77] Indian Battle Park, in the coulees of the Oldman River, commemorates the last battle between the Cree and the Blackfoot First Nations in 1870.[78]

Originally known as Fort Hamilton, Fort Whoop-Up was a centre of illegal activities during the late 19th century. It was first built in 1869 by J.J. Healy and A.B. Hamilton as a whiskey post and was destroyed by fire a year later. A second, sturdier structure later replaced the fort.[79]

As the cultural centre of southern Alberta, Lethbridge has notable cultural attractions. Nikka Yuko Japanese Garden in south Lethbridge was opened in 1967 as part of a Canadian centennial celebration attended by Japan’s Prince and Princess Takamatsu.[80] Galt Museum & Archives is the largest museum in the Lethbridge area; the building housing the museum served as the city's main hospital during the late 19th century and early 20th centuries.[81]

Several structures such as the post office are prominent on the skyline of Lethbridge. Less well-known than the High Level Bridge, the post office is one of the most distinctive buildings in Lethbridge. Built in 1912, the four-storey structure is crowned by a functioning clock tower.[82] Other prominent buildings include office towers; the water tower, which was originally built in 1958 and sold to a private developer who converted it into a restaurant;[83] and the Alberta Terminals grain elevators.

Sports and recreation

Henderson Lake

Lethbridge has designated 16 percent of the land within city boundaries as parkland, including the 755 hectares (1,870 acres) Oldman River valley parks system.[84] It has facilities for field sports and baseball, a disc golf course, 2 skate parks, a BMX track, a climbing wall, a dozen tennis courts, and seven pools. It is home to five golf courses, including the award-winning Paradise Canyon Golf Resort, and is within 30 kilometres (19 mi) of several others.[67]

Built for the 1975 Canada Games, the ENMAX Centre is Lethbridge's multipurpose arena. The 6,500-seat facility has hosted concerts, three-ring circuses, multicultural events, national curling championships, basketball events, banquets, skating events and the Lethbridge Hurricanes, a major Western Hockey League franchise. The arena has a running track, racquetball and squash courts, and a full-size ice rink.[85] An outdoor sports field with capacity for 2,000  people is adjacent to the centre. In 1997, the 58,000-square-foot (5,400 m2) Community Savings Place (formerly the Lethbridge Soccer Centre) was built directly south of the ENMAX Centre and added two regulation size indoor soccer pitches to the complex.[86]

Several winter sports venues are in or near Lethbridge. The city has six indoor ice arenas with a total ice area of 11,220 square metres (120,800 sq ft) and a total seating capacity of 8,149. Other than the ENMAX Centre, all ice surfaces are available from October to April only. Lethbridge is 150 kilometres (93 mi) east of the Castle Mountain ski resort.[67]

Current amateur teams
Team Sport League
Lethbridge Bulls Baseball Western Major Baseball League
Lethbridge Hurricanes Hockey Western Hockey League

Government

Lethbridge City Hall

Eight councillors and a mayor make up the Lethbridge City Council. City voters elect a new government every four years. The last election was October 21, 2013. Lethbridge does not have a ward system, so the mayor and all councillors are elected at large.[87] The 2009–2011 operating budget of the City of Lethbridge was C$250–278 million, more than half of which came from property tax.[88] One Member of Parliament (MP) representing Lethbridge sits in the House of Commons in Ottawa, and two members of Alberta's legislative assembly (MLAs), representing Lethbridge-East (NDP) and Lethbridge-West (NDP), sit in the legislative assembly in Edmonton.

Traditionally, political leanings in Lethbridge have been right-wing. Federally, from 1917 to 1930, Lethbridge voters switched between various federal parties,[89] but from 1935 to 1957, they voted Social Credit in each election.[89] Progressive Conservatives held office from 1958 until 1993, when the Reform Party of Canada was formed.[89][90][91] The Reform party and its various subsequent incarnations such as the current Conservative Party of Canada have dominated the polls since.[91] In contrast, the city's two provincial electoral districts are both represented by the centre-left Alberta New Democratic Party.[92]

The Alberta government through Alberta Health Services administers public health services. Chinook Health oversees facilities in southwestern Alberta, such as the Chinook Regional Hospital and St. Michael's Health Centre.

Infrastructure

Transportation

The downtown Lethbridge transit terminal

Mass transit in Lethbridge consists of 40 buses (with an average age of 10 years) operating on more than a dozen routes.[93] Traditionally, bus routes in the city started and ended downtown. In the early 21st century, however, Lethbridge Transit introduced cross-town and shuttle routes, such as University of Lethbridge to Lethbridge College, University of Lethbridge to the North Lethbridge terminal, and Lethbridge College to the North Lethbridge terminal. Several routes converge near the Chinook Regional Hospital, although it is not officially a terminal.

The Parks and Recreation department maintains the citywide, 30-kilometre (19 mi) pedestrian/cyclist Coal Banks Trail system (map). The system was designed to connect the Oldman River valley with other areas of the city, including Pavan Park in the north, Henderson Lake in the east, Highways 4 and 5 in the south and a loop in West Lethbridge (including University Drive and McMaster Blvd).[94]

Four provincial highways (3, 4, 5, and 25) run through or terminate in Lethbridge. This has led to the creation of major arterial roads, including Mayor Magrath Drive, University Drive and Scenic Drive. This infrastructure and its location on the CANAMEX Corridor has helped make Lethbridge and its freight depots a major shipping destination.[24] Lethbridge is 100 kilometres (62 mi) north of the United States border via Highways 4 and 5 and 210 kilometres (130 mi) south of Calgary via Highways 2 and 3. Highways 2, 3 and 4 form part of the CANAMEX trade route between Mexico, the United States, and Canada.[24]

Lethbridge is near the Lethbridge Airport and the CPR rail yards in Kipp, Alberta. The airport provides commercial flights to Calgary and Edmonton, as well as private and charter flights elsewhere. The airport provides customs services for flights arriving from the United States. The rail yards were moved to Kipp, just west of the city, from downtown Lethbridge in 1983.[95] The yards were planned for redevelopment with a mix of multi-family residential, commercial and light industrial land uses.[96] The Park Place Mall is now located on the portion of the former rail yards north of 1 Avenue South between Scenic Drive to the west and Stafford Drive to the east.[97]

Education

Galbraith School building ca. 1920s, North Lethbridge.

The Lethbridge School District No. 51 and the separate Holy Spirit Roman Catholic School Division administer grades kindergarten through 12 locally. The Palliser School Division, which is based in Lethbridge, administers public primary and secondary education in the outlying areas. Lethbridge School District No. 51 administers four high schools (Chinook High School, Lethbridge Collegiate Institute, Winston Churchill High School and Immanuel Christian High School), four middle schools, and 12 elementary schools in Lethbridge.

Lethbridge is home to Lethbridge College, founded in 1957, and the University of Lethbridge, founded in 1967. Red Crow Community College has a campus in the city. During the 2003–2004 school year, the University of Lethbridge and the Lethbridge College had a combined enrolment of 14,000, which was 20 percent of the city's population.[98]

Media

Main article: Media in Lethbridge

Lethbridge has two major newspapers: the daily Lethbridge Herald and the weekly Lethbridge Sun Times. The university and college each have a student-run, weekly newspaper. There are 11 FM radio stations, including CKXU-FM, a campus radio station located at the University of Lethbridge and the pop station, CJBZ-FM.

The city is also served by four broadcast television channels. Global Lethbridge (CISA-DT) and CTV Lethbridge (CFCN-DT) air local newscasts along with their respective network programming.

See also

References

  1. ↑ City of The Lethbridge. "City of Lethbridge Crest/Coat of Arms". Retrieved 2014-06-12.
  2. ↑ Alberta Municipal Affairs (2010-09-17). "Municipal Profile – City of Lethbridge". Retrieved 2010-10-02.
  3. 1 2 3 4 "Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, provinces and territories, and census subdivisions (municipalities), 2011 and 2006 censuses". Statistics Canada. 2012-02-08. Retrieved 2012-02-08.
  4. 1 2 "Population and dwelling counts, for census agglomerations, 2011 and 2006 censuses". Statistics Canada. 2012-02-08. Retrieved 2012-02-08.
  5. ↑ "Alberta Private Sewage Systems 2009 Standard of Practice Handbook: Appendix A.3 Alberta Design Data (A.3.A. Alberta Climate Design Data by Town)" (PDF) (PDF). Safety Codes Council. January 2012. pp. 212–215 (PDF pages 226–229). Retrieved October 8, 2013.
  6. ↑ "Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, provinces and territories, and population centres, 2011 and 2006 censuses (Alberta)". Statistics Canada. 2013-01-30. Retrieved 2013-03-17.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 "2015 Census Results". City of Lethbridge. June 18, 2015. Retrieved June 20, 2015.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Greg Ellis (October 2001). "A Short History of Lethbridge, Alberta". Archived from the original on September 23, 2005. Retrieved 2007-01-17.
  9. ↑ "FirstVoices: Nature / Environment - place names: words. Ktunaxa.". Retrieved 2012-07-07.
  10. ↑ "Indian Battle Park". City of Lethbridge. Archived from the original on August 28, 2004. Retrieved 2007-02-16.
  11. ↑ City of Lethbridge website Archived December 17, 2005 at the Wayback Machine
  12. ↑ "Internment Camps in Canada during the First and Second World Wars, Library and Archives Canada".
  13. ↑ "Alphabetical list of Private Acts — Railways". Table of Private Acts (1867 to December 31, 2013), Railways. Department of Justice Canada. 27 November 2014. Retrieved 2014-11-30.
  14. ↑ "Executive Summary" (PDF). Highways 3 & 4, Lethbridge and Area NHS & NSTC, Functional Planning Study, #R - 970. Stantec Consulting Ltd. February 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 June 2007. Retrieved 2007-02-16.
  15. ↑ "Field Guide Booklet" (PDF). The Lethbridge Naturalists Society. Retrieved 2010-01-21.
  16. ↑ Ellis, Faron (November 2004). "Alberta Provincial Election Study" (PDF). Citizen-Society Research Lab. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 29, 2008. Retrieved 2007-02-16.
  17. ↑ Ian MacLachlan (2005-03-11). "Whiskey Traders, Coal Miners, Cattle Ranchers and a Few Bordellos". Retrieved 2011-07-25.
  18. ↑ The Local Authorities Board (1977-12-23). "Order No. 10079" (PDF). Retrieved 2010-05-31.
  19. ↑ "Hardieville/Legacy Ridge/Uplands Area Structure Plan" (PDF). UMA Engineering Ltd. Retrieved 2007-08-14.
  20. 1 2 Weather Winners, Environment Canada. Retrieved 7 January 2011. Archived March 5, 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  21. ↑ "Lethbridge CDA, Alberta". Canadian Climate Normals 1971–2000. Environment Canada. February 4, 2013. Retrieved April 18, 2013.
  22. 1 2 3 "Lethbridge A, Alberta". Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010. Environment Canada. Retrieved May 12, 2014.
  23. 1 2 3 Business Investment Profile 2005/2006, Economic Development Lethbridge. 2005. Retrieved November 7, 2006.
  24. 1 2 3 Community Profile, Lethbridge Chamber of Commerce. Retrieved December 24, 2006.
  25. ↑ "Climate Data Almanac for August 02". Environment Canada. Retrieved 25 June 2013.
  26. ↑ "Lethbridge A, Alberta". Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010. Environment Canada. Retrieved October 3, 2013.
  27. ↑ "Table IX: Population of cities, towns and incorporated villages in 1906 and 1901 as classed in 1906". Census of the Northwest Provinces, 1906. Sessional Paper No. 17a. Ottawa: Government of Canada. 1907. p. 100.
  28. ↑ "Table I: Area and Population of Canada by Provinces, Districts and Subdistricts in 1911 and Population in 1901". Census of Canada, 1911. Volume I. Ottawa: Government of Canada. 1912. pp. 2–39.
  29. ↑ "Table I: Population of Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta by Districts, Townships, Cities, Towns, and Incorporated Villages in 1916, 1911, 1906, and 1901". Census of Prairie Provinces, 1916. Population and Agriculture. Ottawa: Government of Canada. 1918. pp. 77–140.
  30. ↑ "Table 8: Population by districts and sub-districts according to the Redistribution Act of 1914 and the amending act of 1915, compared for the census years 1921, 1911 and 1901". Census of Canada, 1921. Ottawa: Government of Canada. 1922. pp. 169–215.
  31. ↑ "Table 7: Population of cities, towns and villages for the province of Alberta in census years 1901-26, as classed in 1926". Census of Prairie Provinces, 1926. Census of Alberta, 1926. Ottawa: Government of Canada. 1927. pp. 565–567.
  32. ↑ "Table 12: Population of Canada by provinces, counties or census divisions and subdivisions, 1871-1931". Census of Canada, 1931. Ottawa: Government of Canada. 1932. pp. 98–102.
  33. ↑ "Table 4: Population in incorporated cities, towns and villages, 1901-1936". Census of the Prairie Provinces, 1936. Volume I: Population and Agriculture. Ottawa: Dominion Bureau of Statistics. 1938. pp. 833–836.
  34. ↑ "Table 10: Population by census subdivisions, 1871–1941". Eighth Census of Canada, 1941. Volume II: Population by Local Subdivisions. Ottawa: Dominion Bureau of Statistics. 1944. pp. 134–141.
  35. ↑ "Table 6: Population by census subdivisions, 1926-1946". Census of the Prairie Provinces, 1946. Volume I: Population. Ottawa: Dominion Bureau of Statistics. 1949. pp. 401–414.
  36. ↑ "Table 6: Population by census subdivisions, 1871–1951". Ninth Census of Canada, 1951. Volume I: Population, General Characteristics. Ottawa: Dominion Bureau of Statistics. 1953. p. 6.73–6.83.
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  38. ↑ "Table 6: Population by census subdivisions, 1901–1961". 1961 Census of Canada. Series 1.1: Historical, 1901–1961. Volume I: Population. Ottawa: Dominion Bureau of Statistics. 1963. p. 6.77-6.83.
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  53. ↑ , Community Profiles from the 2011 National Household Survey, Statistics Canada - Census Subdivision
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  55. ↑ Company History, Canadian Freightways. Retrieved December 24, 2006. Archived October 20, 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  56. ↑ Company History, Taco Time Canada. Retrieved December 24, 2006.
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  59. ↑ Braman Furniture International, Canadian Company Capabilities, Industry Canada. Last Updated: 9 November 2005.
  60. ↑ Police Commission, Lethbridge Regional Police Service. Retrieved December 24, 2006. Archived January 29, 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  61. ↑ "Pipeline Project Flows Along". Sunny South News. March 14, 2002.
  62. ↑ "Monarch to tap into Lethbridge water". Lethbridge Herald. February 23, 2008.
  63. ↑ About Economic Development Lethbridge. Retrieved December 24, 2006.
  64. ↑ Annual Report 2006, SouthGrow. June 21, 2006.
  65. ↑ Southern Alberta Economic Development Organizations Partner to Launch Major Alternative Energy Initiative. Southern Alberta Alternative Energy Partnership news release. November 6, 2006.
  66. ↑ Cultural Capitals of Canada, Canadian Heritage. Retrieved December 24, 2006.
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  68. ↑ "About Us". Allied Arts Council of Lethbridge. Retrieved 2007-02-16.
  69. ↑ "Arts Facilities". Allied Arts Council. Retrieved 9 December 2010.
  70. ↑ "Southern Alberta Art Gallery". Allied Arts Council. Retrieved 9 December 2010.
  71. ↑ "Community Arts Centre". Allied Arts Council. Retrieved 9 December 2010.
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  75. ↑ "About Us". New West Theatre. Archived from the original on 6 February 2007. Retrieved 2007-02-16.
  76. ↑ Forth Junction Project. "Alberta’s largest railway bridges". Retrieved 2010-04-05.
  77. ↑ "High Level Bridge". City of Lethbridge. Retrieved 2007-10-15.
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  92. ↑ "Alberta NDP Wins Majority Government In Historic Provincial Election". CJOC FM. 2015-05-05. Retrieved 2015-05-28.
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  95. ↑ Coalhurst, Alberta: History, The Virtual Crowsnest Highway. Retrieved December 26, 2006.
  96. ↑ "Railway Relocation Lands Area Redevelopment Plan" (PDF) (PDF). City of Lethbridge. January 1983. p. 80 (Land Use Concept). Retrieved May 30, 2014.
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  98. ↑ Lethbridge Profile, 2003–2004, City of Lethbridge Archived August 24, 2006 at the Wayback Machine

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