Leon Kromer
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Leon Benjamin Kromer (June 25, 1876 – September 6, 1966) was a United States Army officer and American football coach. From 1934 to 1938, Major General Kromer was the Chief of U. S. Cavalry. He served as the head football coach at the United States Military Academy in 1901, compiling a record of 5–1–2.
Early life, education, football coaching career
Kromer was born in 1876 in Grand Rapids, Michigan.[1] Kromer graduated from West Point in February 1899 and began his service as a commissioned officer in the 10th Cavalry Regiment.[2] In 1901, Kromer was the head coach for the Army football team, with a record of 5 wins, 1 draw and 2 losses.[3] The New York Times of 1930s noted that many contemporary U. S. Generals (Kromer, Malin Craig, Dennis E. Nolan, Paul Bunker) were connected by past football experience at West Point.[4][5] Kromer also fenced for West Point against the Navy.[6]
Military career
In 1918, Kromer served on the Western Front with the 82nd Division. According to his citation for the Distinguished Service Medal award, "As Assistant Chief of Staff of the 82d Division during the St. Mihiel offensive Colonel Kromer displayed military attainments of a high order in the planning of operations of great moment. Later as Assistant Chief of Staff, G-3, 1st Corps, and Assistant Chief of Staff, G-1, 1st Army, during the Meuse-Argonne operations, his initiative, sound judgment, and tireless energy solved difficult problems of traffic control and regulation, playing an important part in the successes achieved."[1]
In the beginning of 1934 Kromer was appointed Chief of Cavalry. His tour began with the 1934 field maneuvers involving Adna R. Chaffee, Jr.'s march from Fort Knox to Fort Riley, a demonstration of mechanized cavalry potential designed to determine how far cavalry had progressed to date. The future of cavalry was uncertain: it either remained the forward reconnaissance element of the Army, or had to develop into a completely new fighting force.[7] Analysis of the maneuvers by Kromer's staff indicated that he seriously considered "marrying machine with the horse". He cautiously envisioned "combat cars (of mechanized cavalry) assisting the horsed cavalry in closing with the enemy."[8]
In a foreword to the 1937 Cavalry Combat Kromer wrote that mobility was antithesis to static warfare; open flanks created by cavalry increased the magnitude of operations supported by horse troops.[9] Only nine of 512 paged in this book were dedicated to mechanization,[9] yet there is evidence that Kromer shared the opinion that if U. S. Cavalry did not mechanize it would disappear as a branch[10] (which is exactly what happened under his successor, John Knowles Herr). Kromer was dissatisfied with the growing organizational rift between horse (Fort Riley) and mechanized (Fort Knox) elements of U. S. Cavalry, and redesigned the structure to close the gap.[11] He endorsed expansion of mechanized units at Fort Knox although shortage of funds ruled out any massive changes.[12] Kromer was an open-minded man who did not perceive mechanization as a threat to horse cavalry: "rather, he tried to adapt to a change and give each a role."[13] By the end of his tenure Kromer embraced the modern concept of mechanized combat and, according to Robert W. Grow, "could have made cavalry the mechanized arm had he been supported by the army's General Staff and senior officers in his own branch."[14]
Later life and family
Kromer retired in a critical moment in March 1938 and was replaced by John Knowles Herr. During World War II, Kromer returned to service as the commandant of Norwich University.[15] Kromer died in 1966 in Germantown, Maryland.[16]
Kromer's son, captain William A. Kromer, became a soldier and was killed in action in Europe January 1, 1945.[17] Another son, Leon B. Kromer Jr. (1912–1999), joined the Navy during World War II and served with Admiral Lewis Combs. After the war he headed industrial associations and served as labor relations advisor under presidents Kennedy, Johnson and Nixon.[18] Daughter, Jane Kromer, married Reverend C. D. Kean.[19]
Head coaching record
| Year | Team | Overall | Conference | Standing | Bowl/playoffs | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Army Cadets (Independent) (1901) | |||||||||
| 1901 | Army | 5–1–2 | |||||||
| Army: | 5–1–2 | ||||||||
| Total: | 5–1–2 | ||||||||
Notes
- 1 2 Sterner, Douglas. Citations for the awards of the Army Distinguished Service Medal vol. 1, p. 127. (sourced to War Department, General Orders No. 62 (1919)).
- ↑ Members of West Point Class of '99 Sent to Duty in the Army. The New York Times, February 19, 1899.
- ↑ Leon B. Kromer at the College Football Data Warehouse
- ↑ Many of Army's Football Stars Now Hold High Rank in Service. The New York Times, October 16, 1935.
- ↑ Many West Point Athletes Who Became Generals. The New York Times, August 2, 1931.
- ↑ Cadet Broadswordsmen to Contest. The New York Times, February 23, 1901.
- ↑ Hoffman 2006, p. 180.
- ↑ Hoffman, p. 182
- 1 2 Hoffman 2006, p. 202.
- ↑ Cofffman 2004, p. 271.
- ↑ Hoffman 2006, pp. 214-215.
- ↑ Hoffman 2006, p. 196.
- ↑ Johnson 2003, p. 136.
- ↑ As cited in Hoffman, p. 227.
- ↑ Gen. Kromer Takes Norwich Post. The New York Times, September 23, 1941.
- ↑ Obituary: Leon Kromer. The New York Times, September 14, 1966.
- ↑ Son of Retired Cavalry Chief Dies in Action. The New York Times, January 27, 1945.
- ↑ Obituary: Leon Kromer, Jr.. The New York Times, September 15, 1999.
- ↑ Daughter of Retired General to Be Wed to the Rev. C.D. Kean. The New York Times, September 6, 1939.
References
- Coffman, Edward (2004). The regulars: the American Army, 1898-1941. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-01299-2.
- Hoffmann, George (2006). Through mobility we conquer: the mechanization of U.S. Cavalry. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 0-8131-2403-4.
- Johnson, David (2003). Fast Tanks and Heavy Bombers: Innovation in the U.S. Army, 1917-1945. Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-8847-8.