Lemmings (video game)

Lemmings
Cover art
Developer(s)
Publisher(s)
Programmer(s) David Jones
Mike Dailly
Artist(s) Mike Dailly
Gary Timmons
Scott Johnston
Composer(s) Tim Wright
Brian Johnston
Platform(s) Amiga, various
Release date(s)
Genre(s) Puzzle
Mode(s) Single-player, multiplayer (on some systems)

Lemmings is a puzzle-platformer video game originally developed by DMA Design and first published by Psygnosis for the Amiga, Atari ST and PC in 1991. The game was programmed by Mike Dailly and David Jones, and was inspired by a simple animation that Dailly created while experimenting with Deluxe Paint.

The objective of the game is to guide a group of anthropomorphised lemmings through a number of obstacles to a designated exit. To save the required number of lemmings to win, one must determine how to assign a limited number of eight different skills to specific lemmings that allow the selected lemming to alter the landscape, to affect the behaviour of other lemmings, or to clear obstacles to create a safe passage for the rest of the lemmings.

Lemmings was one of the best-received video games of the early 1990s. It was the second highest rated game in the history of Amstrad Action, and was considered the eighth greatest game of all time by Next Generation in 1996. Lemmings is also one of the most widely ported video games, and is estimated to have sold over 15 million copies between its various ports. The popularity of the game also led to the creation of several sequels, remakes and spin-offs, and has also inspired similar games.

Gameplay

Lemmings building a bridge over a chasm and excavating a tunnel through a rock formation.
Lemmings cross a bridge and tunnel through a rock formation in the Amiga version

Lemmings is divided into a number of levels, grouped into four difficulty categories.[1] Each level begins with a trap door opening from above, releasing a steady line of lemmings who all follow each other.[2] Levels include a variety of obstacles that prevent lemmings from reaching the exit, such as large drops, booby traps and pools of lava.[3]

The goal is to guide at least a certain percentage of the green-haired, blue-robed lemmings from the entrance to the exit by clearing or creating a safe passage through the landscape for the lemmings to use.[4][5] Unless assigned a special task, each lemming will walk in one direction ignoring any other lemming in its way (except "Blockers"), falling off any edges and turning around if they hit an obstacle they cannot pass.[6] A lemming can die in a number of ways: falling from a great height, falling into water or lava, disappearing off the top, bottom or side of the level map, being caught in a trap or fire, or being assigned the Bomber skill. Every level has a time limit; if the clock counts down to zero, the level automatically ends.

To successfully complete the level, the player must assign specific skills to certain lemmings. Which skills and how many uses of each are available to the player varies from level to level, and the player must assign the skills carefully to successfully guide the lemmings.[5] There are eight skills that can be assigned:[4] 'Climbers' climb vertically though fall down if they hit an overhang. 'Floaters' use a parachute to fall safely from heights. 'Bombers' explode after a five-second timer, destroying themselves and any destructible landscape in close proximity, though not damaging other Lemmings or traps. 'Blockers' stand still and prevent other Lemmings from passing; Lemmings that hit a Blocker simply reverse direction. 'Builders' build a stairway of 12 steps. 'Bashers', 'Miners' and 'Diggers' dig horizontally, diagonally downwards or directly downwards respectively.[1]

While the player is able to paws (wordplay in the game)[1] the game to inspect the level and status of the lemmings, skills can only be assigned in real-time. Lemmings are initially released at a rate predetermined by the level (from 1 to 99). The player can increase the rate as desired to a maximum of 99, and later decrease it down to, but not lower than, the initial rate. The player also has the option to "nuke" all the remaining lemmings on the screen, converting them to Bombers.[1] This option can be used to abort a level when in a no-win situation, remove any Blockers that remain after the remaining lemmings have been rescued, or end a level quickly once the required percentage of saved lemmings has been reached.[4]

The four difficulty groups – "Fun", "Tricky", "Taxing" and "Mayhem" – are used to organise the levels to reflect their overall difficulty.[7] This rating reflects several factors, including the number of obstacles the player has to surpass, the limitation on the number of types of skills available to assign, the time limit, the minimum rate of lemming release, and the percentage of lemmings that must be saved.[5]

Two-player mode

In two-player mode, each player can only control lemmings of their own colour but attempt to guide any lemming to their own goal.

The original Lemmings also has 20 two-player levels. This took advantage of the Amiga's ability to support two mice simultaneously, and the Atari's ability to support a mouse and a joystick simultaneously.[8] Each player is presented with their own view of the same map (on a vertically split screen), can only give orders to their own lemmings (green or blue), and had their own base. The goal is to get more lemmings (regardless of colour) into one's own base than the other player. Gameplay cycles through the 20 levels until neither player gets any lemmings home.[4]

Development

Mike Dailly, the first employee[9] of DMA Design and one of the programmers for Lemmings, provided a detailed history of the development of the game entitled "The Lemmings Story" in 2006.[8] David Jones, founder of DMA Design, has also commented on the development and success of Lemmings.[10]

The original Lemmings walk-cycle sprite animations from Mike Dailly (left) and Gary Timmons' improved version on the right. The animation was done using an 8×8 pixel space, with Timmons' version showing a less stiff walk cycle. The animation has eight frames and takes 0.8 seconds to complete one cycle.

The inspiration for gameplay came as a result of a simple animated character sprite in an 8×8 pixel box created by Dailly using Deluxe Paint[10] as part of development for Walker, then envisioned as a sequel to Blood Money.[8] Dailly was able to quickly produce an animated graphic showing his creations moving endlessly, with additional graphical improvements made by Gary Timmons and other members of the DMA Design team to help remove the stiffness in the animation. One member, Russell Kay, observed that "There's a game in that!", and later coined the term "lemmings" for these creations, according to Dailly. Allowing the creatures to move across the landscape was based on a Salamander weapon concept for Blood Money and demonstrated with the animations.[8]

Levels were designed based on a Deluxe Paint interface, which allowed several of the members to design levels, resulting in "hundreds of levels".[10] There were several internal iterations of the levels, each designer challenging the others. Dailly pointed out that David Jones "used to try and beat us, and after proudly stabbing a finger at the screen and saying 'There! Beat that!', we'd calmly point out a totally new way of getting around all his traps, and doing it in a much simpler method. 'Oh...', he'd mutter, and scramble off to try and fix it." They also sent internally tested levels to Psygnosis, getting back the results of their testing via fax. While most were solved quickly, Dailly commented that "Every now and again though, the fax would be covered in scribbles with the time and comments crossed out again and again; this is what we were striving for while we were designing the levels, and it gave us all a warm fuzzy feeling inside."[8]

Each of the designers had a somewhat different style in their levels: Dailly's levels often had titles containing clues to what to do (such as "It's Hero Time", suggesting that one lemming had to be separated from the crowd) and generally required the player to perform several actions at once; Gary Timmons's levels were minimalistic, with popular culture references in the titles, and Scott Johnston's (whose mother was the first voice of the lemmings) levels were generally tightly packed. Dailly was also responsible for the "custom" levels based on other Psygnosis and Reflections Interactive Amiga games, such as Shadow of the Beast, Menace, Awesome and Shadow of the Beast II. These "crossover" levels also used music from those games, though in ports these levels have been removed or altered to remove such references. After they developed most of the hard levels, they then created several simple levels either by copying the existing ones or creating new layouts; as Dailly states, "This I believe is where many games fall down today, they do not spend the time making a good learning curve." Timmons is credited with the official drawings of the lemmings, as necessitated by the need of Psygnosis for box cover artwork.[8]

Music was originally created by Brian Johnston (Scott's younger brother), who sampled bits of copyrighted music. This had been common practice, but at that point there was a growing awareness of music copyright. Psygnosis asked Tim Wright to replace the offending tracks, who often used arrangements and reworkings of classical and traditional music to avoid copyright problems.[8] Music tracks in the game include: "Galop Infernal" from Orpheus in the Underworld (the music by Offenbach often used for the can-can), "Rondo alla Turca" from Mozart's Piano Sonata No. 11, "Dance of the Reed Flutes" from Tchaikovsky's Nutcracker Suite, "Dance of the Little Swans" from Tchaikovsky's Swan Lake, "Ten Lemmings" (a track that uses melodies from traditional song "Ten Green Bottles"), Chopin's Piano Sonata No. 2 (the part used as funeral march), Wagner's "Bridal Chorus" (popularly known as "Here Comes the Bride"), "London Bridge is Falling Down", the English folk tune "Forest Green" (adapted into the hymn "All Beautiful the March of Days"), the carol "O Little Town of Bethlehem" mixed with the melody from the film The Good, the Bad and the Ugly, "She'll Be Coming 'Round the Mountain" and "(How Much Is) That Doggie in the Window?".[8]

The two-player option was inspired by then-current games Populous and Stunt Car Racer. DMA Design initially wanted to use a null-modem connection between two machines to allow competitive play, but ended up using the ability of the Amiga to have two mouse pointer devices usable at the same time and thus created the split-screen mode.[8]

Ports and remakes

The popularity of the game on the Amiga led to its rapid porting to many other platforms, and it is regarded as one of the most widely ported video games.[10][11] Within a year of its release, the game had been ported to Atari ST, Sinclair Spectrum, PC and SNES.[10] David Jones stated that after porting the game to 20 systems, he stopped keeping count of additional ports.[10] Other commercial ports of the original game include 3DO, Acorn Archimedes, Apple II, Apple Macintosh, CDTV, Commodore 64, NES, Sega Master System and Genesis, TurboGrafx-16, Philips CD-i and Sharp X68000.[2]

In early 2006, Sony released a remake of Lemmings for the PlayStation Portable, developed by Team17. It features all 120 levels from the original game, 36 brand new levels as well as DataPack support (similar to the Extra Track system featured in Wipeout Pure), and a user level editor. Every level in the game is a pre-rendered 3D landscape, although their gameplay is still 2D and remains faithful to the original game. User levels can be constructed from pre-rendered objects and distributed by uploading them to a PlayStation-specific Lemmings online community.[7][12] The soundtrack also marks the final video game score created by longtime composer Tim Follin after he announced his retirement from the industry in mid-2005.[13] In October 2006 the game was ported by developer Rusty Nutz for the PlayStation 2 with use of the EyeToy.[14] The basic change in the concept is that the player must stretch and use his/her limbs in the recorded picture to aid the lemmings.[15] In 2007, Team17 produced a similar remake of Lemmings for the Sony PlayStation 3 for download through the PlayStation Network. The game has the similar graphical improvements as the PSP title, as well as on-line scoreboards and additional levels developed for high-definition display, but lacks the ability to create and share levels as the PSP version offers.[16]

Reception

Reception
Review scores
PublicationScore
Amstrad Action97% (Amstrad)[17]
Crash91% (Spectrum)[1]
EGM6.8/10 (Lynx)[18]
6.25/10 (CD-i)[19]
GameSpot8.0/10 (PSP)[7]
7.2/10 (PS3)[16]
IGN7.8/10 (PSP)[12]
Your Sinclair91% (Spectrum)[3]
MegaTech92% (Genesis)[20]
Mega90% (Genesis)[21]
Awards
PublicationAward
Amstrad Action2nd best rated game in the history of the magazine[22]
Amiga Power2nd best Amiga game of all time (1991)[23]
Mega23rd best game of all time (1994)[24]
CGW12th best game of all time (1996)[25]
Edge82nd top game of all time (2007)[26]
Your Sinclair20th top ZX Spectrum game of all time (1993, by readers)[27]
Wirtualna PolskaThe best Amiga game of all time (2011)[28]
Next Generation8th top game of all time (1996)[29]

The original sales for Lemmings on the Amiga topped 55,000 copies on the first day of sales; in comparison, Menace sold 20,000 copies and Blood Money sold 40,000 copies cumulatively. With all the ports included, it has been estimated that over 15 million copies of Lemmings have been sold between 1991 and 2006.[30]

At the time of its first release, Lemmings received several high scores from gaming magazines, with only the level of graphics and sound receiving some small amount of criticism.[31] David Sears of Compute!, in his review of Lemmings for the PC, stated that "perhaps Psygnosis has tapped into the human instinct for survival in formulating this perfect blend of puzzle, strategy, and action."[32] Amiga Computing stated that "Lemmings is absolutely brilliant. Psygnosis have managed to produce a game that is not only totally original, but also features the kind of addicting gameplay that will keep the player coming back for more time and time again."[33] A review from the Australian Commodore and Amiga Review (ACAR) stated that "above all, the concept is simple, and the game is a lot of fun."[34] Computer Gaming World stated that "Not since Tetris has this reviewer been so addicted to, or completely fascinated with, a series of challenging puzzles ... follow the crowd and get Lemmings".[35] In 1992 the magazine named it its Action Game of the Year.[36] The game was reviewed in 1991 in Dragon by Hartley, Patricia, and Kirk Lesser in "The Role of Computers" column. The reviewers gave the game 5 out of 5 stars.[37] The Lessers reviewed the MacIntosh version of the game in 1993 in Dragon, also giving that version 5 stars.[38]

In 1994 Electronic Gaming Monthly complimented the Lynx version's large number of options and password feature, and remarked, "Lemmings has always been a good strategy game, and the Lynx version continues the tradition."[18] The following year they reviewed the CD-i version, criticising that it has nothing but the obligatory full motion video intro to set it apart from the numerous ports of the game that had already been released over the past four years.[19] GamePro made the same criticisms, commenting that "this former 16-bit puzzler isn't going anywhere new on the CD-i."[39] In 1996, Next Generation declared it the 8th greatest game of all time, and "second only to Tetris" in the puzzle genre.[29] In 2004, readers of Retro Gamer voted Lemmings as the 21st top retro game, with the editors calling it "perhaps Psygnosis’ finest hour and a turning point in the puzzle genre."[40]

Lemmings for the PSP was warmly received, with a 76/100 average rating at Metacritic.[41] According to the review by GameSpot, "Lemmings is a game-design classic that is as compelling now in its newest iteration on the PlayStation Portable as it was 15 years ago."[7] Eurogamer complained that the game was the otherwise bare port of the game to yet another system.[5] The PSN version's inability to create levels or play competitively online resulted in the game receiving mediocre reviews, with an averaged Metacritic score of 59/100.[42]

Legacy

Lemmings inspired several sequels, including the Christmas Lemmings short games that were released between 1991 and 1994, and the 1991 expansion Oh No! More Lemmings. Stand-alone sequels were Lemmings 2: The Tribes (1993),[43] All New World of Lemmings (1994),[2] 3D Lemmings (1995)[44] and Lemmings Revolution (2000).[2] Two spin-off games were also made, both in 1996; Lemmings Paintball[44] and The Adventures of Lomax.[45]

Numerous clones of Lemmings were made. One of the first was The Humans, released for the Amiga in 1992.[46] General game concepts have been included in the open source Pingus, where the player is required to safely guide penguins across landscapes using a similar array of tools.[47] Other similar games include Clones.[48]

In 2010, it was announced that Lemmings would be ported to the iOS operating system by developer Mobile 1UP.[49] On 29 June 2010, Mobile 1UP reported that Sony Computer Entertainment Europe had presented them with a cease-and-desist letter, forcing them to halt development of the port.[50] In April 2011, Mobile 1UP has released a re-worked version of the work done in 2010 with a prehistoric setting (new artwork, sfx, music, levels) under the name Caveman, available for the iOS and webOS platforms.[51] Brutal Deluxe, the developer who did the porting of the Apple IIgs version of Lemmings, has released the games' source code.[52]

Lemmings has also been called a predecessor of the modern real-time strategy (RTS) video game genre. A 1991 Amiga Power article claimed that Lemmings "was the first major game to introduce the 'indirect-control' concept," an element that is now common in many RTS games.[53] Lemmings' introduction of RTS elements has been noted by fantasy author Terry Pratchett; in his novel Interesting Times, an army of golems is controlled in a fashion reminiscent of the Lemmings user interface. When readers asked if this was deliberate, Pratchett responded: "Merely because the red army can fight, dig, march and climb and is controlled by little icons? Can't imagine how anyone thought that... Not only did I wipe Lemmings from my hard disk, I overwrote it so's I couldn't get it back."[54]

Yannick LeJacq of Kotaku, commenting on the 2014 game MouseCraft which incorporates elements of Lemmings and Tetris, speculated that games like Lemmings would not be very successful in the current gaming market, as the pace of the game is far too slow to satisfy most players.[55]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 "Crash issue 94 page 15". World of Spectrum. Crash. Retrieved 10 December 2014.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Fox, Matt (3 January 2013). The Video Games Guide: 1,000+ Arcade, Console and Computer Games, 1962-2012, 2d ed. McFarland & Company. p. 169. ISBN 978-0786472574.
  3. 1 2 "Lemmings". Your Sinclair. Retrieved 10 December 2014.
  4. 1 2 3 4 Atari, ed. (1993). Lemmings Instruction Manual (Atari Lynx) (C398105-080 Rev. A). Atari. pp. 5–7.
  5. 1 2 3 4 Bramwell, Tom (7 March 2006). "Lemmings". Eurogamer. Retrieved 10 December 2014.
  6. ↑ Herold, Charles (29 June 2006). "Addictive as Chips, but Less Fattening". The New York Times. Retrieved 10 December 2014.
  7. 1 2 3 4 Cocker, Guy (1 June 2006). "Lemmings Review". GameSpot. Retrieved 10 December 2014.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Dailly, Mike (2006). "The Complete History of Lemmings". The Complete History of Lemmings. Archived from the original on 27 June 2015. Retrieved 10 December 2014.
  9. ↑ Jones, David (2006). "Playing Catch Up: GTA/Lemmings' Dave Jones". Retrieved 10 December 2014.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Wallis, Alistair (21 December 2006). "Playing Catch Up: GTA/Lemmings' Dave Jones". Gamasutra. Retrieved 10 December 2014.
  11. ↑ Lee, Don (15 June 2006). "Lemmings PSP Review". Consumer Electronics Net. Retrieved 10 December 2014.
  12. 1 2 "Lemmings - PlayStation Portable - IGN". IGN. 24 April 2006. Retrieved 10 December 2014.
  13. ↑ Cifaldi, Frank (26 September 2005). "Playing Catch-Up: Tim Follin". Gamasutra. Archived from the original on 8 May 2011. Retrieved 10 December 2014.
  14. ↑ "Lemmings: PS2". IGN. Retrieved 23 January 2015.
  15. ↑ "Nix" (12 May 2006). "E3 2006: Lemmings". IGN. Retrieved 10 December 2014.
  16. 1 2 Van Ord, Kevin (19 January 2007). "Lemmings for PlayStation 3 Review". GameSpot. Retrieved 10 December 2014.
  17. ↑ "Lemmings". Amstrad Action (82): 30–31. Retrieved 23 December 2014.
  18. 1 2 "Review Crew: Lemmings". Electronic Gaming Monthly (56) (EGM Media, LLC). March 1994. p. 42.
  19. 1 2 "Lemmings Review". Electronic Gaming Monthly (69) (EGM Media, LLC). April 1995. p. 40.
  20. ↑ MegaTech issue 22 (October 1993), page 100
  21. ↑ Mega issue 2 (November 1992), page 62
  22. ↑ "Amstrad Action All Time Top 10 Games". Retroaction. 8 September 2010. Retrieved 10 December 2014.
  23. ↑ "Amiga Power's All-Time Top 100 Amiga Games". Amiga Power (0): 5. May 1991. Retrieved 23 December 2014.
  24. ↑ Mega issue 26 (November 1994), page 74
  25. ↑ "150 Best Games of All Time". CDAccess. Retrieved 10 December 2014.
  26. ↑ "Edge's Top 100 Games of All time". Edge. 2 July 2007. Retrieved 10 December 2014.
  27. ↑ "Readers' Top 100 Games of All Time". Your Sinclair. September 1993.
  28. ↑ "30 najlepszych gier na Amigę". Wirtualnej Polsce (in Polish). Retrieved 10 December 2014.
  29. 1 2 "Top 100 Games of all Time". Next Generation (21): 68. September 1996. Retrieved 23 December 2014.
  30. ↑ Dailly, Mike (2006). "The Complete History of DMA Design". Mike Dailly. Retrieved 10 December 2014.
  31. ↑ Douglas, Jim (April 1991), Lemmings, ACE
  32. ↑ Sears, David (October 1991). "Lemmings". Compute!. p. 106. Retrieved 10 December 2014.
  33. ↑ Holborne, Jason (May 1991). "Lemmings". Amiga Computing. pp. 52–53.
  34. ↑ Cambell, Phil (April 1991). "Lemmings". ACAR. p. 76.
  35. ↑ Greenberg, Allen L. (June 1991). "Another Leap Forward". Computer Gaming World. p. 56. Retrieved 10 December 2014.
  36. ↑ "CGW Salutes The Games of the Year". Computer Gaming World. November 1992. p. 110. Retrieved 10 December 2014.
  37. ↑ Lesser, Hartley; Lesser, Patricia; Lesser, Kirk (July 1991). "The Role of Computers". Dragon (171): 57–64.
  38. ↑ Lesser, Hartley; Lesser, Patricia; Lesser, Kirk (May 1993). "The Role of Computers". Dragon (193): 57–63.
  39. ↑ "ProReview: Lemmings". GamePro (IDG) (70): 92. May 1995.
  40. ↑ Retro Gamer 9, page 57.
  41. ↑ "Lemmings PSP". Metacritic. Retrieved 10 December 2014.
  42. ↑ "Lemmings Playstation 3". Metacritic. Retrieved 10 December 2014.
  43. ↑ "Lemmings 2: The Tribes - PC - IGN". IGN. 16 August 2013. Retrieved 10 December 2014.
  44. 1 2 Soete, Tim (23 August 1996). "Lemmings Paintball Review". GameSpot. Archived from the original on 17 March 2012. Retrieved 26 January 2015.
  45. ↑ Sterbakov, Hugh (1 December 1996). "Adventures of Lomax Review". GameSpot. Retrieved 26 January 2015.
  46. ↑ Andy Slaven, Video Game Bible, 1985-2002, Trafford Publishing, 2002 (p.35)
  47. ↑ Anderson, Lee (20 December 2000). "Top 10 Linux games for the holidays". CNN. Archived from the original on 1 February 2011. Retrieved 10 December 2014.
  48. ↑ "Preview: Clones". Destructoid. 20 March 2009. Retrieved 26 January 2015.
  49. ↑ Bell, Killian (25 June 2010). "Lemmings Coming to iPhone and iPod Touch For Free!". Cult of Mac. Retrieved 10 December 2014.
  50. ↑ Glasser, AJ (1 July 2010). "Lemmings iPhone port slapped with cease-and-desist letter". Macworld. Retrieved 10 December 2014.
  51. ↑ Caplan, Lisa (13 April 2011). "If It Walks Like A Lemming And Talks Like A Lemming It Must Be… Caveman?". AppAdvice. Retrieved 10 December 2014.
  52. ↑ "Download the complete source code of the award-winning game from Psygnosis". Brutal Deluxe. Retrieved 7 October 2015.
  53. ↑ "Buyers Guide". Amiga Power (8): 111–112. December 1991. Retrieved 25 December 2014.
  54. ↑ Breebaart, Leo (1 July 2005). "Annotated Pratchett File v 9.0 - Interesting Times". LSpace. Retrieved 10 December 2014.
  55. ↑ LeJacq, Yannick (9 July 2014). "Now I Know Why Lemmings Died". Kotaku. Retrieved 10 December 2014.

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