Legendre function
In mathematics, the Legendre functions Pλ, Qλ and associated Legendre functions Pμ
λ, Qμ
λ are generalizations of Legendre polynomials to non-integer degree.
Differential equation
Associated Legendre functions are solutions of the general Legendre equation
where the complex numbers λ and μ are called the degree and order of the associated Legendre functions, respectively. The Legendre polynomials are the associated Legendre functions of order μ=0.
This is a second order linear equation with three regular singular points (at 1, −1, and ∞). Like all such equations, it can be converted into a hypergeometric differential equation by a change of variable, and its solutions can be expressed using hypergeometric functions.
Definition
These functions may actually be defined for general complex parameters and argument:
where is the gamma function and is the hypergeometric function.
The second order differential equation has a second solution, , defined as:
Integral representations
The Legendre functions can be written as contour integrals. For example,
where the contour winds around the points 1 and z in the positive direction and does not wind around −1. For real x, we have
Legendre function as characters
The real integral representation of are very useful in the study of harmonic analysis on where is the double coset space of (see Zonal spherical function). Actually the Fourier transform on is given by
where
References
- Abramowitz, Milton; Stegun, Irene A., eds. (December 1972) [1964]. "Chapter 8". Handbook of Mathematical Functions with Formulas, Graphs, and Mathematical Tables. Applied Mathematics Series 55 (10 ed.). New York, USA: United States Department of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards; Dover Publications. p. 332. ISBN 978-0-486-61272-0. LCCN 64-60036. MR 0167642.
- Courant, Richard; Hilbert, David (1953), Methods of Mathematical Physics, Volume 1, New York: Interscience Publisher, Inc.
- Dunster, T. M. (2010), "Legendre and Related Functions", in Olver, Frank W. J.; Lozier, Daniel M.; Boisvert, Ronald F.; Clark, Charles W., NIST Handbook of Mathematical Functions, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0521192255, MR 2723248
- Ivanov, A.B. (2001), "L/l058030", in Hazewinkel, Michiel, Encyclopedia of Mathematics, Springer, ISBN 978-1-55608-010-4
- Snow, Chester (1952) [1942], Hypergeometric and Legendre functions with applications to integral equations of potential theory, National Bureau of Standards Applied Mathematics Series, No. 19, Washington, D.C.: U. S. Government Printing Office, MR 0048145
- Whittaker, E. T.; Watson, G. N. (1963), A Course in Modern Analysis, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-58807-2
External links
- Legendre function P on the Wolfram functions site.
- Legendre function Q on the Wolfram functions site.
- Associated Legendre function P on the Wolfram functions site.
- Associated Legendre function Q on the Wolfram functions site.