Lawrence Bittaker and Roy Norris

Lawrence Sigmund Bittaker

Lawrence Bittaker, pictured at his trial in 1981
Born (1940-09-27) September 27, 1940
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
Other names The Toolbox Killer
Criminal penalty Death
Conviction(s) First-degree murder
Kidnapping
Rape
Conspiracy
Oral copulation[1]
Sodomy
Firearm possession
Burglary
Attempted burglary
Auto theft
Hit and Run
Robbery
Parole violation
Assault with a deadly weapon
Attempted murder
Killings
Victims 5
Span of killings
 June 24, 1979–October 31, 1979
Country United States
State(s) California
Date apprehended
 November 20, 1979
Imprisoned at San Quentin State Prison
Roy Lewis Norris

Roy Norris, pictured in 1979 shortly before his arrest
Born (1948-02-02) February 2, 1948
Greeley, Colorado
Other names The Toolbox Killer
Criminal penalty Life imprisonment
Conviction(s) First-degree murder
Second-degree murder[2]
Rape
Robbery[3]
Assault with intent to commit rape
Assault with a deadly weapon
Killings
Victims 5
Span of killings
 June 24, 1979–October 31, 1979
Country United States
State(s) California
Date apprehended
 November 20, 1979
Imprisoned at Donovan State Prison

Lawrence Sigmund Bittaker (born September 27, 1940) and Roy Lewis Norris (born February 2, 1948) are American serial killers and rapists known as the Tool Box Killers, who together committed the kidnap, rape, torture and murder of five teenage girls over a period of five months in southern California in 1979.

Described by FBI agent John Douglas as the most disturbing individual he has ever performed a criminal profile upon,[4]:135 Bittaker was sentenced to death for five murders on March 24, 1981 and is currently incarcerated upon death row at San Quentin State Prison. Norris accepted a plea bargain whereby he agreed to testify against Bittaker and was sentenced to life imprisonment on May 7, 1980, with possibility of parole after serving 30 years. He is currently incarcerated at Donovan State Prison.[5]

Bittaker and Norris became known as the Tool Box Killers due to the fact the majority of instruments used to torture and murder their victims were items normally stored inside a household toolbox.

Early life

Lawrence Bittaker

Lawrence Sigmund Bittaker was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, on September 27, 1940, the unwanted child of a couple who had chosen not to have children.[6]:84 Upon his birth, Bittaker was placed in an orphanage by his natural mother, but was adopted by a Mr. and Mrs. George Bittaker as an infant. Bittaker's adoptive father worked in aircraft factories, which required the family to frequently move around the United States throughout his childhood.[7]

At the age of 12, Bittaker first came to the attention of police when he was arrested for shoplifting. Over the following four years, he was arrested on several occasions for shoplifting and petty theft; obtaining a minor criminal record and being brought to the attention of juvenile authorities. (Bittaker would later claim these numerous theft-related offenses committed throughout his adolescence had been attempts to compensate for a lack of love from his parents.)[8]:250

Despite possessing an IQ of 138, Bittaker considered his schooling to be a tedious experience;[6]:257 he dropped out of high school in 1957. By this stage in his adolescence, he and his adoptive parents were living in California. Within a year of leaving school, he had been arrested for auto theft, hit and run, and evading arrest.[8]:250 For these offenses, Bittaker was imprisoned at the California Youth Authority, where he remained until the age of 18.[8]:250 Upon his release, Bittaker discovered his adoptive parents had disowned him and relocated to another state.[6]:84 Bittaker never saw his adoptive parents again.

Roy Norris

Roy Lewis Norris was born in Greeley, Colorado on February 2, 1948. Norris was conceived outside of wedlock; his parents had married to avoid the social stigma surrounding illegitimate birth at the time.[6]:74–77

All of Norris's family lived within a short distance of his parents' home (his grandfather had invested in real estate).[6]:74 His father worked in a scrapyard, whereas his mother was a housewife who is known to have suffered from a drug addiction. Although he occasionally lived with his parents throughout his childhood and adolescence, Norris was repeatedly placed in the care of foster families,[4]:136 although these placements were always within the state of Colorado.

Norris's recollections of his childhood are interspersed with memories of wrongful accusation when he lived with his biological parents, and of neglect by many of the foster families with whom he was placed, with frequent references to his being denied sufficient food or clothing. He also states he was the victim of sexual abuse when in the care of a Hispanic family, later stating the racism he holds towards Hispanic people originates from the neglect and abuse he endured as a child when placed in their care.[4]:136

At the age of 16, Norris—at the time living with his birth parents—visited the home of a female relative in her early twenties and began talking in sexually suggestive terms to her. In response, this relative ordered him to leave her house. Norris's father was informed of this incident, and threatened to beat his son. In response, Norris stole his father's car and drove into the Rocky Mountains, where he attempted to commit suicide by injecting pure air into an artery in his arm.[6]:76 He was later apprehended as a runaway, and returned to live with his parents. When he returned home, his parents informed Norris that he and his younger sister were both unwanted children, and his parents had intended to divorce when they both reached adolescence.

One year later, Norris dropped out of school and joined the United States Navy. Norris was stationed in San Diego between 1965 and 1969 when, at age 21, he was deployed to serve in Vietnam,[8]:253 although he did not see active combat during the four months of his deployment. He returned to the United States later the same year.

Throughout his service in Vietnam, Norris experimented with both heroin and marijuana. Although he did not become addicted to heroin, he became a regular user of marijuana.

First offenses

Bittaker

Within days of his parole from the California Youth Authority, Bittaker was arrested for transporting a stolen vehicle across state lines.[8]:250 In August 1959, Bittaker was sentenced to 18 months imprisonment, to be served in the Oklahoma State Reformatory. He was later transferred to the medical center for federal prisoners in Springfield, Missouri to serve the remainder of this sentence.

In 1960, Bittaker was released from prison and soon reverted to crime. Within months of his release, he had been arrested in Los Angeles for robbery and, in May 1961, was sentenced to 15 years' imprisonment. While incarcerated for this robbery, he was diagnosed by a psychiatrist as being a highly manipulative character. The psychiatrist also described Bittaker of "having considerable concealed hostility."[8]:251

Bittaker was released on parole in 1963, after serving two years of this sentence. In October 1964, he was again imprisoned for parole violation. In 1966, Bittaker undertook further examinations by two independent psychiatrists, who declared him as being a borderline psychotic, highly manipulative individual who was resistant to acknowledging his responsibility for his actions.[8]:251–252 To one of these psychiatrists, Bittaker explained that his acknowledged criminal activities gave him a feeling of self-importance, although he insisted circumstantial matters decreased his ability to resist committing crimes. Bittaker was prescribed anti-psychotic medication.[8]:251–252 One year later, in June 1967, he was again released into society.

One month after his parole, in July 1967, Bittaker was again arrested and convicted of both theft and of leaving the scene of an accident. He was sentenced to five years, but was released in April 1970. However, in March 1971, Bittaker was again arrested for burglary. Due to repeated instances of parole violation, in October 1971, he was sentenced to serve between six months and 15 years' imprisonment.[8]:251 Within three years, Bittaker had again been released from prison.

In 1974, Bittaker was arrested for assault with attempt to commit murder. This charge arose from an incident in which he stabbed a young supermarket clerk named Gary Louie following a confrontation in a supermarket parking lot: Louie had observed Bittaker steal a steak from the supermarket in which he (Louie) worked. Upon observing Bittaker's actions, Louie had followed Bittaker into the car park and calmly asked him whether he had forgotten to pay for anything.[9] In response to this question, Bittaker stabbed Louie once in the chest, narrowly missing his heart. Bittaker attempted to flee the scene of the stabbing, but was restrained by two of Louie's fellow employees.

Gary Louie survived the stabbing, and Bittaker was convicted of this attempted murder and sent to the California Men's Colony in San Luis Obispo.[8]:252

Norris

In November, 1969, Roy Norris was arrested for his first known sexual offenses: he was charged with both rape and assault with attempt to commit rape.[8]:253 In the latter incident, he had attempted to force his way into the car of a lone woman. Three months later, in February 1970, Norris attempted to deceive a lone woman into allowing him to enter her home. When the woman refused, he attempted to break into her house; the woman phoned the police, who arrested Norris before he had the opportunity to cause the woman any harm.

Less than three months after this offense, Norris was diagnosed by military psychologists with a severe schizoid personality.[8]:253[10] He was given an administrative discharge from the Navy under terms labeled as psychological problems.[8]:267[10]

In May 1970, Norris—on bail for his latest offense—attacked a female student whom he had been stalking on the grounds of the San Diego State University campus. Norris repeatedly struck her on the back of the head with a rock until she slumped to her knees, before he repeatedly beat her head against the sidewalk as he knelt upon her lower back. Shortly thereafter, Norris was charged with assault with a deadly weapon; he was committed to a total of five years' imprisonment at the Atascadero State Hospital, where he was classified as a mentally disordered sex offender.

Norris was released from the Atascadero State Hospital in 1975, with five years' probation, having been declared by doctors as an individual who was of "no further danger to others".[8]:254[11] Just three months after his release, Norris approached a 27-year-old woman walking home from a restaurant in Redondo Beach and offered her a ride on his motorcycle. When she declined, Norris parked his motorcycle and grabbed the woman's scarf, twisting it around her neck, before informing her he intended to rape her[8]:254 and dragging her into nearby bushes. Fearing for her life, the woman did not resist the rape.

Although the rape was reported to police, they were initially unable to find the perpetrator. However, one month later, the victim observed Norris's motorcycle and noted the license number, which she immediately gave to police. Norris was arrested for the rape; one year later, he was tried and convicted for this offense[8]:264 and sent to the California Men's Colony in San Luis Obispo. While incarcerated at the California Men's Colony, Norris met and befriended Lawrence Bittaker.

Acquaintance

Bittaker and Norris initially became loosely acquainted in 1977; one year after Norris arrived at San Luis Obispo. Bittaker's initial impression of Norris upon his arrival at the California Men's Colony was that he was a savvy individual, who largely associated with hardened criminals from motorcycle gangs, in addition to dealing in contraband drugs.[12]:44 The pair gradually became more closely acquainted, and only began talking in friendly terms when Norris taught Bittaker how to construct jewelry.[12]:44

According to Norris, Bittaker saved him from being attacked by fellow inmates on at least two occasions. By 1978,[8]:253 the pair had become close acquaintances; discovering they shared a common interest in sexual violence and misogyny, with Norris also divulging to Bittaker the biggest stimulation for him was of seeing frightened young women, adding this was the primary reason he had amassed a lengthy record for sexual offenses.[12]:42 Bittaker—who is not known to have committed any sexual offenses prior to his meeting Norris—himself divulged to Norris that if he ever raped a woman, he would kill her so as not to leave a witness to the crime.[8]:254

When alone, the pair regularly discussed plans to assault and murder teenage girls once they were freed. This shared fantasy evolved into an elaborate plan to murder one girl of each teenage year from 13 through to 19.[13] The pair vowed to become reacquainted once they were released.

Bittaker was released from the California Men's Colony on October 15, 1978; he returned to Los Angeles and found work as a skilled machinist. This work earned Bittaker close to $1,000 a week, and despite classifying himself as a loner, he became friendly with several people in his neighborhood;[12]:44 earning a reputation as a generous and helpful individual who occasionally donated money to The Salvation Army.[6]:85

Bittaker was particularly popular amongst the local teenagers, and later admitted the primary reason he always had beer and marijuana in his Burbank motel was that his residence would remain a popular place for teenagers to socialize.

Two months after Bittaker was released from the California Men's Colony, on January 15, 1979, Norris was released from prison and moved into his mother's home in Redondo Beach. He soon found employment as an electrician in Compton.[6]:85 Shortly thereafter, he received a letter from Bittaker.[8]:255 In late February, the pair met at a hotel and rekindled their plan to kidnap and rape girls.

In order that the pair would be able to successfully abduct teenage girls, Bittaker deduced they would need a van as opposed to a car. With financial assistance from Norris,[4]:136 Bittaker purchased a silver 1977 GMC cargo van in February 1979. The vehicle was windowless on the sides and had a large passenger-side sliding door. According to Bittaker, when viewing this sliding door, he realized he or Norris could "pull up [to a teenage girl] real close and not have to open the doors all the way."[8]:255 (Bittaker and Norris would nickname this van "Murder Mac".)

Murders

From February to June 1979, Bittaker and Norris picked up over 20 female hitchhikers. The pair did not assault these girls in any manner: these practice runs were merely a way for them to develop ruses to lure girls into the van voluntarily and of discovering secluded locations. In late April, the pair discovered a secluded fire road located in the San Gabriel Mountains. Bittaker exited the van, broke the locked gate to this fire road with a crowbar and replaced the lock with one he owned.

Lucinda Lynn Schaefer

Bittaker and Norris killed their first victim, 16-year-old Lucinda Lynn Schaefer, on June 24, 1979.[14] Schaefer was last seen leaving a Presbyterian Church meeting in Redondo Beach. In his written accounts of the events of this day, Bittaker stated he and Norris first finished constructing the bed the pair had installed in the rear of the van, beneath which they placed tools, clothes and a cooler filled with beer and soft drinks. At approximately 11 a.m., the pair drove to "the beach area, drinking beer, smoking grass and flirting with girls. We had no set routine."[8]:256

At approximately 7:46 p.m.,[15] Norris spotted Schaefer walking down a side street and remarked to Bittaker, "There's a cute little blond."[8]:256

The San Gabriel Mountains. Bittaker and Norris murdered and discarded the bodies of four of their victims at this location

After unsuccessfully attempting to entice Schaefer into their van with alternate offers of marijuana and a lift home, Bittaker and Norris drove further ahead and parked alongside a driveway. Norris then exited the vehicle, opened the passenger-side sliding door and leaned into the van, with his head and shoulders obscured from view behind the door. When Lucinda Schaefer passed the van, Norris exchanged a few words with her before dragging her into the van and closing the door. Using a ruse they would repeat in most of their subsequent murders, Bittaker turned the radio to full volume as Norris bound the victim's arms and legs and gagged her with duct tape as Bittaker drove Schaefer to the fire road in the San Gabriel Mountains where, in April, the pair had previously switched the locks.[8]:257

Despite initially screaming at the point when she was abducted, Lucinda Schaefer quickly regained her composure. In his written account of the night that followed, Bittaker wrote that Lucinda Schaefer "displayed a magnificent state of self-control and composed acceptance of the conditions of which she had no control. She shed no tears, offered no resistance and expressed no great concern for her safety ... I guess she knew what was coming."

At the fire road, Norris first raped Schaefer after instructing Bittaker to "go take a walk" and return in one hour. Upon returning to the van, Bittaker similarly raped the girl in Norris's absence. Upon the second occasion in which she was raped by Norris in Bittaker's absence, Schaefer asked him whether they intended to kill her, to which Norris replied, "No." In response, Schaefer requested to be allowed time to pray before she was killed if that was Bittaker and Norris's intention.[16]

In their subsequent accounts of the actual murder, both Bittaker and Norris gave differing accounts as to who argued over whether they should kill her rather than release her: each stated the other argued that they should kill her.[8]:259 In any event, Schaefer pleaded for "only a second, to pray,"[4]:137 before Norris attempted to manually strangle her. After approximately 45 seconds, he became disturbed at "the look in her eyes"[2] and ran to the front of the van, vomiting. Bittaker then manually strangled Schaefer until she collapsed to the ground and began convulsing; he then twisted a wire coat hanger around her neck with vise-grip pliers until Schaefer's convulsions ceased. (Lucinda Schaefer was denied her requests to pray before Bittaker and Norris killed her.)

Lucinda Schaefer's body was wrapped in a plastic shower curtain and thrown over a steep canyon Bittaker had selected. According to Norris, after Bittaker had thrown Schaefer over the canyon, Bittaker assured him "the animals would eat her up, so there wouldn't be any evidence left."[8]:258

Andrea Joy Hall

Two weeks after the murder of Lucinda Schaefer, on July 8, 1979, Bittaker and Norris encountered 18-year-old Andrea Joy Hall hitchhiking along the Pacific Coast Highway.[8]:258 As the pair slowed the van to offer Hall a lift, another vehicle pulled over and offered Hall a ride, which she accepted. Bittaker and Norris followed this vehicle from a distance until Hall exited the vehicle in Redondo Beach.[17]

On this occasion, Norris hid in the back of the van in order to dupe Hall into thinking Bittaker was alone. Inside the van, Bittaker offered Hall a soft drink from the cooler located in the rear of the van. When she retrieved the soft drink, Norris pounced and, after a strenuous fight, subdued Hall by twisting her arm behind her back,[18] causing her to scream in pain. Norris then gagged Hall with adhesive tape and bound her wrists and ankles.

Bittaker and Norris drove Hall to a location in the San Gabriel Mountains beyond where they had taken Lucinda Schaefer. At this location, she was raped twice by Bittaker and once by Norris.[16] On the second occasion in which Bittaker raped Hall, Norris saw what he believed to be vehicle headlights approaching. Upon informing Bittaker, he (Bittaker) clasped his hand over Hall's mouth and dragged her into nearby bushes as Norris drove in an unsuccessful search of the vehicle he had seen. When he returned to the van, the pair drove to a location deeper in the San Gabriel Mountains, where Bittaker forced Hall to walk, naked, up a hill alongside the road, then perform fellatio upon him. Bittaker then ordered Andrea Hall to pose for several Polaroid pictures.

Bittaker and Norris then drove Hall to a third location, where Bittaker again walked Hall up a nearby hill, this time as Norris drove to a nearby store to purchase alcohol. When Norris returned, Bittaker was alone and in possession of two further Polaroid pictures he had taken of Hall;[16] both of which depicted Hall's face in expressions Norris later described as being of "sheer terror" as she begged for her life to be spared.[6]:88 Bittaker informed Norris that he had informed Hall he intended to kill her and challenged her to give him as many reasons as she could why she should be allowed to live, before thrusting an ice pick through her ear into her brain. He then turned her body over and thrust the ice pick into her other ear, stamping upon it until the handle broke.[16] Noting that Andrea Hall was still alive and conscious, Bittaker then manually strangled her to death before throwing her body over a cliff.[8]:258–259

Jackie Doris Gilliam and Jacqueline Leah Lamp

On September 3, Bittaker and Norris observed two girls named Jackie Doris Gilliam and Jacqueline Leah Lamp sitting on a bus stop bench located close to Hermosa Beach. Lamp and Gilliam had been hitchhiking along the Pacific Coast Highway before Bittaker and Norris observed them as they were resting at the bus stop. Bittaker and Norris offered the girls a ride, which Gilliam and Lamp accepted. Inside the van, both girls were offered marijuana by Norris, which they accepted.[8]:259

Shortly after entering the van, both girls realized that Bittaker had steered the van off the Pacific Coast Highway and was driving in the direction of the San Gabriel Mountains. When the girls protested, both Bittaker and Norris attempted to allay the girls' concerns with excuses, which did not deceive either girl. Lamp, aged 13, attempted to open the sliding door, whereupon Norris hit her on the back of the head with a bag filled with lead weights,[9] briefly knocking her unconscious, before overpowering 15-year-old Jackie Gilliam. As he began to bind and gag Gilliam, Jacqueline Lamp regained consciousness and again attempted to flee the van, whereupon Norris twisted her arm behind her back and dragged her back into the van. As this struggle ensued, Bittaker—noting the girls' struggle was in full view of potential witnesses—stopped the van, punched Gilliam in the face, and assisted Norris in finishing binding and gagging the two girls.

Gilliam and Lamp were driven to the San Gabriel Mountains, where they were held captive for almost two days,[8]:260 being bound and gagged between repeated instances of sexual and physical abuse. On one occasion, Bittaker walked Lamp onto a nearby hill and forced her to pose for pornographic pictures before returning her to the van. Bittaker also informed Norris to take several Polaroid pictures of himself and Gilliam, both nude and clothed. In the first of three instances in which Bittaker raped Gilliam, he also created a tape recording of himself raping her, forcing the girl to pretend she was his cousin[8]:260 and informing Gilliam to feel free to express her pain. (This tape recording was never found.) Bittaker is also known to have tortured Gilliam by stabbing her breasts with an ice pick and using vise grip pliers to tear off part of one nipple.

After almost two days of captivity, Lamp and Gilliam were murdered. At Bittaker's subsequent trial, Norris claimed he had suggested that Gilliam be killed quickly as, unlike Lamp, she had been largely cooperative throughout the period of her captivity, whereupon Bittaker replied, "No, they only die once anyway." Gilliam was struck in each ear with an ice pick, then strangled to death.

After Bittaker had murdered Jackie Gilliam, he then forced Jacqueline Leah Lamp out of the van. Upon exiting the sliding door, Bittaker shouted to her: "You wanted to stay a virgin; now you can die a virgin!"[19]:232 before Norris struck her upon the head with a sledgehammer. Bittaker then strangled Lamp until he believed she had died; when Lamp opened her eyes,[8]:260 Norris again bludgeoned her repeatedly as Bittaker strangled her to death.

The bodies of Jackie Gilliam and Jacqueline Lamp were thrown over an embankment into the chaparral.

Shirley Lynette Ledford

Bittaker and Norris abducted their final victim, 16-year-old Shirley Lynette Ledford, on October 31, 1979. Ledford was abducted as she stood outside a gas station;[6]:252 hitchhiking home from a Halloween party in the Sunland-Tujunga suburb of Los Angeles. Investigators believe Ledford accepted a ride home from Bittaker and Norris because she recognized Bittaker, as he is known to have frequented the restaurant in which Ledford held a part-time job as a waitress.[6]:85

Upon accepting the offer of a lift home and entering the van, Ledford was offered marijuana by Norris, which she refused.[20] Bittaker drove the van to a secluded street, where Norris drew a knife, then bound and gagged Ledford with construction tape.[8]:258

Bittaker then traded places with Norris, who drove in an aimless manner for in excess of an hour as Bittaker remained with Ledford in the back of the van. After removing the construction tape from the girl's mouth and legs, Bittaker tormented Ledford: initially slapping and mocking her, then beating her with his fists as he repeatedly shouted for her to "say something", then, as Shirley Ledford began screaming, shouting for her to "scream louder". As Ledford continued screaming, Bittaker began asking her as he struck her: "What's the matter? Don't you like to scream?"[8]:261

As Shirley Ledford began to cry, she pleaded with Bittaker, saying, "No, don't touch me." In response, Bittaker again ordered her to scream as loud as she wished, then began alternately striking her with a hammer, beating her breasts with his fists[19]:232 and torturing her with pliers both between and throughout instances when he raped and sodomized her. Repeatedly, Ledford can be heard pleading for the abuse to cease and making statements such as, "Oh no! No!"[8]:262 as sounds of Bittaker alternately extracting either the sledgehammer or the pliers from the toolbox can be heard on a tape recorder he had switched on after entering the rear of the van. Norris later described hearing "screams ... constant screams" emanating from the rear of the van as he drove.[20]

Shortly after Norris switched places with Bittaker, he himself switched on the tape recorder which Bittaker had used to record much of the time he had been in the rear of the van with Ledford.[16] Norris first shouted for Ledford to: "Go ahead and scream or I'll make you scream."[8]:262 In response, Ledford pleaded, "I'll scream if you stop hitting me," then emitted several high-pitched screams as Norris encouraged her to continue until he ordered her to stop.

Norris then reached for the sledgehammer as Shirley Ledford—seeing him do this—screamed, "Oh no!" Norris then struck Ledford once upon the left elbow. In response, she informed Norris he had broken her elbow, before pleading, "Don't hit me again."[8]:262–263 In response, Norris again raised the sledgehammer as Ledford repeatedly screamed, "No!" Norris then proceeded to strike Ledford 25 consecutive times upon the same elbow with the sledgehammer, before asking her, "What are you sniveling about?" as Ledford continuously screamed and wept.

After approximately two hours of captivity, Norris killed Ledford by strangling her with a wire coat hanger, which he tightened with pliers. Ledford did not react much to the act of strangulation, although she died with her eyes open.[6]:89 Bittaker then opted to discard her body on a random lawn in order to view the reaction from the press. The pair drove to a randomly selected house in Sunland and discarded Ledford's body in a bed of ivy upon the front lawn.

Shirley Lynette Ledford's body was found by a jogger the following morning. An autopsy revealed that, in addition to having been sexually violated, she had died of strangulation after receiving extensive blunt-force trauma to the face, head, breasts, and left elbow, with her olecranon sustaining multiple fractures. Her genitalia and rectum had been torn, caused in part by Bittaker having inserted pliers inside her body.[19]:233–234 In addition, her left hand bore a puncture wound and a finger on her right hand had been slashed.[19]:226[21]

"We've all heard women scream in horror films ... still, we know that no-one is really screaming. Why? Simply because an actress can't produce some sounds that convince us that something vile and heinous is happening. If you ever heard that tape, there is just no possible way that you'd not begin crying and trembling. I doubt you could listen to more than a full sixty seconds of it."

Roy Norris, describing his recollections of the audio tape the pair had created of Shirley Ledford's rape and torture. April, 1997.[6]:82

Bittaker would later claim the tape recording the pair had created of Shirley Ledford's clear abuse and torture offered nothing other than the evidence of a threesome, adding that, towards the very end, Shirley Ledford was screaming for he and Norris to kill her.[4]:139

Investigation

In November 1979, Roy Norris became reacquainted with a friend named Jimmy Dalton, an individual with whom he had previously been incarcerated at the California Men's Colony.[4]:146 Norris confided in this individual as to his and Bittaker's exploits over the previous five months, including graphic details of the murder of Shirley Ledford (the only victim whose body had been found at this time). Norris also divulged to Dalton that, in addition to the five murders he and Bittaker had committed, there had been three additional incidents in which he and Bittaker had abducted or attempted to abduct young women who had either successfully escaped their attackers or, in one instance, had actually been raped but released.[19]:226

Upon hearing Norris's confessions, Dalton consulted his attorney, who advised him to inform authorities.[8]:264 Dalton agreed, and he and his attorney informed the Los Angeles Police Department, who in turn relayed the two men to the Redondo Beach police.

A Redondo Beach Detective named Paul Bynum was assigned to investigate Dalton's claims as to Norris's confessions of the murders, attempted abductions, and rapes which he had confided to Dalton had occurred between June and October.[8]:264 Bynum initially noted that Dalton's statements as to Norris's confessions did match reports on file of several teenage girls who had been reported missing over the previous five months.[8]:264 In addition, the incident Norris had confided to Dalton where he claimed he and Bittaker had sprayed mace in the face of a woman, who had then been dragged into Bittaker's GMC van and raped by both men, matched a report filed in relation to an incident which occurred on September 30. In this filed report, a young woman named Robin Robeck had had mace sprayed in her face before being dragged into a van and raped by two Caucasian men in their mid-30s, before being released.[8]:263 Although Robeck had reported the abduction and rape to police, they had been unable to identify her assailants.

Bynum dispatched an investigator to visit Robin Robeck at her residence in Oregon, to show her a series of mug shots. Without hesitation, Robeck positively identified two photos presented to her as those of the men who had kidnapped and raped her on September 30. The two individuals she identified were Lawrence Bittaker and Roy Norris.

Arrest

Upon linking Bittaker and Norris to the rape of Robin Robeck, the Hermosa Beach police placed Roy Norris under surveillance;[8]:263 within days, they had observed his dealing in marijuana. On November 20, 1979,[22] Norris was arrested by the Hermosa Beach police for parole violation. The same day, at the Burbank motel where he resided, Bittaker was arrested for the rape of Robin Robeck.

Although Robeck had been able to identify mug shots of Bittaker and Norris in a police lineup, she was unable to positively identify her assailants.[23] Nonetheless, police had observed Norris dealing in marijuana, whereas Bittaker had been in possession of drugs at the time of his arrest. Both were held on charges of parole violation.

A search of Bittaker's apartment revealed several Polaroid photographs which were determined as depicting Andrea Joy Hall and Jackie Gilliam—both of whom had been reported as missing earlier the same year. Inside Bittaker's van, investigators discovered a sledgehammer, a plastic bag filled with lead weights, a book detailing how to locate police radio frequencies,[16] a jar of Vaseline, two necklaces (later confirmed as belonging to two of the victims) and a tape recording of a young woman in obvious distress; screaming and pleading for mercy while in the process of torture and sexual abuse.[23] The mother of Shirley Lynette Ledford—named by Jimmy Dalton as being one of the women whom Norris had confessed he and Bittaker had killed—identified the voice on the tape as being that of her only daughter; the voices of the two men mocking and threatening Shirley Ledford in the process of her torture and abuse were identified as being Roy Norris and Lawrence Bittaker.[24] Also found in Bittaker's motel were seven bottles of various acidic materials. (Investigators would later discover Bittaker planned to use these acidic materials upon their next victim.)

Inside Norris's apartment, police discovered a bracelet he had taken from Shirley Ledford's body as a souvenir. Also found at the homes of both Bittaker and Norris were Polaroid pictures of almost 500 teenage girls and young women, most of which had apparently been taken at Redondo Beach and Hermosa Beach,[12]:41 with others taken by Bittaker at a Burbank high school. Most of these pictures had been taken without the girls' knowledge or consent.

Confession

On November 30, 1979, Norris attended a preliminary hearing in relation to the September 30 rape. By this stage, Norris was beginning to display visible signs of stress.[8]:265 At the hearing, Norris waived the customary reading of his Miranda rights, before Detective Bynum and Deputy District Attorney Stephen Kay began questioning him: initially in relation to the rape of Robin Robeck; then in relation to the statements given to police by Jimmy Dalton and the evidence recovered from his and Bittaker's residences.

Initially, Norris flatly denied any involvement in any murders, rapes or disappearances; however, when confronted with the evidence investigators had compiled, Norris began to confess, although he did attempt to portray Bittaker as being more culpable in the murders than himself. In what Bynum and Kay later described as a "casual, unconcerned manner,"[8]:266 Norris divulged that he and Bittaker had been in the habit of driving around areas such as the Pacific Coast Highway and randomly approaching girls whom they found attractive with offers of a ride, posing with the pair for photographs,[25] or marijuana. Most of those whom they approached rejected whatever given ruse Bittaker and Norris used to entice them into the van; although four girls had accepted lifts from the pair and had been murdered, with a fifth victim—their first—being grabbed by force.

Inside the van, the girls would typically be overpowered, bound hand and foot, gagged, and driven to locations deep within the San Gabriel Mountains, where they would be sexually assaulted by both men, then usually killed by strangulation with a wire coat hanger, although two of the victims had had ice picks driven into their ears before being strangled. Norris admitted to bludgeoning their youngest victim, Jacqueline Leah Lamp, about the head with a sledgehammer as Bittaker strangled her, and admitted to repeatedly striking Shirley Ledford upon the elbow with a sledgehammer before strangling her to death. The bottles of acid found at Bittaker's motel, Norris stated, were intended for use upon the next victim they abducted.

According to Norris, the level of brutality Bittaker had exhibited towards their victims had increased on each successive instance they had successfully lured a girl into the van: their final victim, Shirley Ledford, had actually pleaded to be killed in order that her agony could cease. Additional details provided by Norris provided further corroborating evidence to support his confessions. For example, he knew that their first victim, Lucinda Schaefer, had left a meeting at a Presbyterian Church shortly before she was abducted, and that Schaefer had lost one shoe as she had been dragged into Bittaker's van. Norris also knew part of Shirley Ledford's ancestry was Hispanic, and that Bittaker had unsuccessfully asked her to date him prior to October 1979.[6]:85

In a press statement relating to the police investigation into the murders issued on February 7, 1980, Los Angeles County Sheriff Peter Pitchess stated the victims had been subjected to "sadistic and barbaric abuse,"[26] adding that five charges of first-degree murder would be sought against both Bittaker and Norris. Sheriff Pitchess also stated that, in relation to the Polaroid pictures found in Bittaker and Norris's apartments, police had located 60 of the young women depicted—none of whom had been harmed.[12]:42

Nonetheless, Pitchess also stated that police had also identified 19 of the women depicted in the pictures as being individuals who had been reported missing, and that these teenage girls and young women may well have been murdered,[27] although, Pitchess did stress that they had no conclusive evidence to suggest that these additional 19 women photographed had fallen victim to Bittaker and Norris.[28]

One of the individuals depicted in the Polaroid pictures seized from Bittaker and Norris depicts an unidentified young white woman, alone with Bittaker and Norris, in circumstances very similar to the pictures found depicting known victims Andrea Hall, Jacqueline Leah Lamp, and Jackie Gilliam. The young woman in the pictures has never been identified. Investigators believe this individual is the most likely of all those photographed who may have been murdered by Bittaker and Norris.[19]:234

Search of San Gabriel Mountains

Norris agreed to return to the San Gabriel Mountains to search for the bodies of the girls to whose abduction and murder he had confessed to assisting in. In each instance, Norris brought detectives to the area where he and Bittaker had disposed of their victims' bodies. Despite extensive searches of the areas he stated the bodies of Lucinda Schaefer and Andrea Hall had been discarded, their bodies were never found. Nonetheless, on February 9, 1980,[29] the skeletalized bodies of Jacqueline Leah Lamp and Jackie Doris Gilliam were found at the bottom of a canyon, alongside a dry river bed.[8]:266 The bodies were scattered over an area measuring hundreds of feet in diameter. An ice pick was still lodged in the skull of Jackie Gilliam;[8]:260 the skull of Jacqueline Leah Lamp bore multiple indentations—evidence of the numerous hammer blows Norris had stated he inflicted.

In February 1980, Norris and Bittaker were formally charged with the murders of the five girls.[30] At the arraignment, Bittaker was denied bail, whereas Norris's bail was set at $10,000.[31] Within one month of his being charged with murder, Norris had accepted a plea bargain in which he would testify against Bittaker in return for the prosecution agreeing not to seek the death penalty against himself.

Guilty plea

On March 18, 1980, Roy Norris pleaded guilty to four counts of first-degree murder; one count of second-degree murder (in relation to victim Andrea Joy Hall),[2] two counts of rape, and one of robbery. Formal sentencing was postponed until May 7.[32]

In return for Norris's agreeing to plead guilty and to testify against Lawrence Bittaker at his upcoming trial, prosecutors had agreed to seek neither the death penalty nor life without parole at the upcoming sentencing hearing.[8]:266

Prior to his May 7 sentencing, Norris was reviewed by a probation officer with regards to advising the court as to Norris's possible future parole. This probation officer testified at Norris's sentencing that, in his conversations with Norris, he (Norris) again accused Bittaker of committing the actual torture of their victims, with Norris also stating that in all the rapes and murders he had committed, the actual act of sexual intercourse was not the overriding factor, but the actual domination of the woman. The parole officer added that Norris "never exhibited any remorse or compassion about his brutal, hideous behavior towards the victims ... the defendant appears compulsive in his need to desire to inflict pain and torture upon women." In conclusion, the probation officer testified that Norris "can realistically be regarded as an extreme sociopath, whose depraved, grotesque pattern of behavior is beyond rehabilitation."[8]:266

On May 7, 1980, Roy Norris was sentenced to 45 years to life imprisonment, with parole eligibility from 2010.

Arraignment

On April 24, 1980, Lawrence Bittaker was arraigned on a total of 29 charges of kidnapping, rape, sodomy and murder in addition to various charges of criminal conspiracy and possession of a firearm.[12]:42 He was also charged with two counts of conspiracy to commit murder dating from December 1979 in which he had unsuccessfully attempted to persuade two inmates due to be released to murder Robin Robeck in order to prevent her from testifying against him at his upcoming trial.[33] (The charges against both Bittaker and Norris for the rape of Robin Robeck would later be dropped because of a lack of physical evidence in addition to Robeck's failing to identify her attackers in a police lineup.[34])

When asked by Judge William Hollingsworth as to how he pleaded, Bittaker remained silent—refusing to answer any questions.[12]:42 In response, the judge entered a plea of not guilty on his behalf.

Trial

The trial of Lawrence Bittaker began on January 19, 1981.[19]:226 He was tried in Torrance before Judge Thomas Fredericks.

The star witness to appear for the prosecution at the trial of Lawrence Bittaker was Roy Norris,[35] who began his testimony on January 22. Norris testified as to how he became acquainted with Bittaker in jail, and how the pair had formulated a plan to kidnap, rape and kill teenage girls. Responding to questions from the prosecutor, Norris stated that in June 1979, he himself had unsuccessfully attempted to abduct and rape a woman, who escaped unharmed.[16] When he informed Bittaker of this incident, they both agreed to act together on all future abductions.

Norris then chronologically recounted for the court the details of each of the five murders he and Bittaker had committed in addition to the September 30, 1979 rape of Robin Robeck, the attempted abduction of a woman named Jan Malin, which had also occurred on September 30, and the attempted abduction of an unidentified young woman on September 27.[16]

In reference to the actual murders, Norris stated that after he himself unsuccessfully attempted to strangle Lucinda Schaefer, Bittaker had strangled her with a wire coat hanger. The pair had then thrown her body into a location at or near the San Dimas Canyon. In reference to the murder of Andrea Hall, Norris stated he had been told by Bittaker to drive to a nearby store to purchase alcohol when Hall was murdered, after which he returned to find Bittaker, smiling and holding Polaroid pictures he had taken of Hall after informing her he intended to kill her. With reference to victims Jacqueline Lamp and Jackie Gilliam, Norris stated that the two girls were held captive for "over a day" before being murdered, adding that Bittaker had killed Gilliam before he himself bludgeoned Lamp about the head as Bittaker strangled her. When discussing the abuse and torture of Shirley Lynette Ledford, Norris stated he had, upon the insistence of Bittaker, committed the actual murder of Ledford himself, adding Bittaker had informed him that "I should kill her, because I hadn't killed anyone yet. I knew this was coming, so I agreed." Norris then confessed to having killed Ledford by strangling her with a coat hanger, which he had tightened with pliers in much the same manner Bittaker had with previous victims Lucinda Schaefer and Jacqueline Lamp. Norris then stated the pair had driven to Sunland, where he himself discarded Shirley Ledford's body upon the front lawn as Bittaker waited in his van.

Several witnesses testified as to Bittaker having shown them pictures of the victims he had retained as keepsakes and which had been found in his motel. One witness, a 17-year-old neighbor of Bittaker's named Christina Dralle, testified that Bittaker had shown her a Polaroid picture he had taken of Jackie Gilliam before stating, "The girls I get won't talk anymore."[9] Another witness to testify was an individual named Lloyd Douglas, who had shared a jail cell with Bittaker following his November, 1979 arrest. Douglas testified that Bittaker had discussed in detail the torture he had inflicted on victims Jackie Gilliam and Shirley Ledford, stating Bittaker had informed him he had stabbed one of Gilliam's breasts with an ice pick, which he then twisted as the tool remained inserted in the wound;[9] he had also "pinched" Gilliam on the legs and breasts with a vise grip, before tearing off part of one nipple.[9] Douglas also stated Bittaker had informed him he had "pulled on" the genitals and breasts of Shirley Ledford with the same instrument, and that he had attempted to beat her breasts "back into her chest."[19]:232

The defense contended that Norris was the actual perpetrator of the murders, and that Bittaker had only become aware of Norris's activities shortly before his arrest, when Norris had informed him he had murdered several girls with whom they had both encountered and engaged in sexual activities. To support their case, the defense produced a friend of Norris named Richard Shoopman, who testified as to Norris's repeatedly divulging to him his desire to rape young girls.[16] Shoopman also testified that Norris had informed him that the look of shock and fear on the face of a young girl was a prime sexual stimulus for him. In support of Bittaker's case, the defense also harked to the Polaroid images taken of the facial expressions of Andrea Hall, and of Bittaker's statements as to Norris's revelations to Bittaker regarding his prime sexual stimulations while both were incarcerated at the California Men's Colony in 1977.

Shirley Lynette Ledford. The audio recording of her abuse at Bittaker's hands was the most damning evidence presented at his trial

The most damning evidence presented at Bittaker's trial was a 17-minute section of the audio tape the pair had created of Shirley Lynette Ledford's abuse and torment. The audio tape, which had been found inside Bittaker's van and which Norris had earlier testified Bittaker had repeatedly played as he drove in the weeks prior to his arrest—adding that Bittaker considered the contents to be "real funny"[12]:42— was presented in evidence on January 29. (Judge Fredericks had earlier denied motions by the defense to omit the tape recording from admission as evidence.[36])

More than 100 people were present in the courtroom as the tape was played, and many members of both the jury and the audience wept openly upon hearing the contents, with several members of the audience either burying their heads in their hands, daubing tears from their eyes or rushing out of the courtroom before the tape had finished.[37] Bittaker himself was undisturbed at hearing the contents of the tape—smiling throughout the hearing of the recording.[38]

In one of two instances throughout the trial when he was himself reduced to tears,[8]:267 prosecutor Stephen Kay walked out of the courtroom during the recess following the hearing of the recording of Shirley Ledford's rape, abuse and torture. Weeping openly, Kay stated to the reporters gathered outside the courtroom: "Everybody who has heard that tape has had it affect their lives. I just picture those girls ... how alone they were when they died."[37] When questioned by reporters as to whether the audio tape should have been introduced into evidence, given the obvious psychological and emotional trauma caused to many in the courtroom through the contents being broadcast, Kay simply stated: "You're darn right it [the audio tape] should have been. The jury needs to know what these guys did."[39]

On February 5, 1981, Bittaker testified on his own behalf.[19]:234 Bittaker denied any knowledge in the abduction and murder of Lucinda Schaefer, and claimed he had paid Andrea Hall to pose for the Polaroid photographs depicting her found at his Burbank motel after Hall had agreed to his offer of $200 for sex. He then claimed Norris had walked Hall into the San Gabriel Mountains, before returning alone and informing Bittaker he had told Hall to "find her own way home."

Bittaker had a similar explanation as to the double murder of Jacqueline Lamp and Jackie Gilliam: he claimed Gilliam accepted an offer of money for sex and posing for pictures, and that he had last seen the girls alone with Norris in his GMC van. With regards to the murder of Shirley Ledford, he claimed she had agreed to theatrically scream for the tape recorder, and that she was not tortured in his presence, but had been left alone with Norris.

Bittaker's trial lasted for over three weeks. On February 10, 1981, the prosecution and defense counsels began their closing arguments.[40] In the closing argument delivered by the prosecution, Stephen Kay apologized to the jury that he was only asking for the death penalty, adding that he wished the law permitted him to request that the same suffering be inflicted upon Bittaker that he had inflicted upon his victims.[41] Kay then described Bittaker as an "excuse for a man" as he held aloft pictures of each of the five murdered girls before the jury. Seeking the death penalty for Bittaker, Kay referred to the case as "one of the most shocking, brutal cases in the history of American crime," before adding: "If the death penalty is not appropriate in this case, then when will it ever be?"[42]

Defense attorney Albert Garber requested the jury discount the testimony of Roy Norris; arguing in favor of Bittaker's claims that Norris had committed the actual murders, and claiming the testimony of the prosecutors throughout the trial amounted to little more than a "blood lust," adding that the prosecution had repeatedly recited the "gory details" of the murders. Garber harked to the earlier testimony of a psychologist named Michael Maloney, who had testified as to Bittaker's inability to empathize with other people's feelings and emotions[16] in addition to the fact that, with the exception of Bittaker's 1974 stabbing of Gary Louie, all of Bittaker's previous criminal convictions were for nonviolent offenses. The defense also claimed that insufficient corroborative evidence existed to convict Bittaker.

"They [Bittaker and Norris] lack the internal prohibitions, or conscience, that keep most of us from giving full expression to our most primitive, and sometimes violent, impulses."

Forensic Psychiatrist Dr. Ronald Markman, reciting conclusions of his analysis of Bittaker and Norris, 1989.[19]:234

On February 17, 1981,[43] after deliberating for three days, the jury found Bittaker guilty of five counts of first-degree murder, one charge of conspiracy to commit first-degree murder, five charges of kidnapping, nine charges of rape, two charges of forcible oral copulation, one charge of sodomy, and three charges of unlawful possession of a firearm.[44] Deliberations as to whether Bittaker should be sentenced to death or life without parole began February 19.

The jury deliberated for just 90 minutes[44] before they returned with their verdict: Bittaker was sentenced to death for the five counts of first-degree murder upon which the prosecution had sought this penalty.[45] He showed no emotion as the verdict was delivered. Superior Court Judge Thomas Fredericks then ordered Bittaker to appear in court on March 24 for formal sentencing.

On March 24, in accordance with the recommendation of the jury, Lawrence Bittaker was formally sentenced to death. In the event that the sentence imposed was ever reverted to life imprisonment, Judge Thomas Fredericks imposed an alternate sentence of 199 years, 4 months' imprisonment to take immediate effect.[19]:234

Imprisonment and appeals

Bittaker appealed his conviction and sentencing, citing the validity of his conviction and procedural errors such as the validity of warrants used to authorize the search of his van and motel room and the dismissal by the judge of a woman initially hired at the stage of jury selection to advise the defense counsel in matters relating to jury views upon the death penalty. Nonetheless, Bittaker's appeal was dismissed on June 22, 1989.[46] with the court ruling that any procedural errors being minor and, in view of the strong evidence against Bittaker, not affecting the overall verdict.

An initial execution date for Lawrence Bittaker was set for December 29, 1989.[47] Bittaker appealed this decision, although on June 11, 1990, the U.S. Supreme Court upheld the decision that he be executed. A renewed execution date was scheduled for July 23, 1991.

Bittaker again appealed the decision of the U.S. Supreme Court that he be executed, and was granted a further stay of execution on July 9, 1991.[6]:253

As of 2016, Lawrence Bittaker remains incarcerated on death row at San Quentin State Prison.[48]

Aerial view of San Quentin State Prison, where Bittaker remains incarcerated on death row

Aftermath

Media

Film

Bibliography

Television


See also

References

Notes

  1. ↑ Boca Raton News Feb. 25, 1981
  2. 1 2 3 Gadsden Times Mar. 19, 1980
  3. ↑ Tuscaloosa News Mar. 19, 1980
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Furio, Jennifer (2001). Team Killers: A Comparative Study of Collaborative Criminals. Algora Publishing. ISBN 1892941635.
  5. ↑ cdcr.ca.gov
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Furio, Jennifer (1998). The Serial Killer Letters. The Charles Press. ISBN 0-914783-84-X.
  7. ↑ TruTV.com
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 Markman, Ronald; Bosco, Dominick (1989). Alone with The Devil. Piatkus Publishing. ISBN 0-7499-1002-X.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 Justia.com (1989)
  10. 1 2 TruTV.com. p.3
  11. ↑ TruTV.com p.3
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 True Detective. Feb 2011. ISSN 0262-4133.
  13. ↑ TruTV.com p. 3
  14. ↑ WebSleuths.com
  15. ↑ NamUs case file 4571
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Leagle.com
  17. ↑ The Tuscaloosa News Mar. 19, 1980
  18. ↑ TruTV.com p. 5
  19. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Crime Classification Manual
  20. 1 2 Farr, Bill (March 19, 1980). "Girls' killer tells a gruesome story". The Tuscaloosa News (Tuscaloosa-Northport, Alabama). Retrieved 2011-02-28.
  21. ↑ The Encyclopedia of Serial Killers p.21
  22. ↑ Daytona Beach Morning Journal Feb. 16, 1980
  23. 1 2 Encyclopaedia of Serial Killers p. 21
  24. ↑ The Evening Independent Feb. 15, 1980
  25. ↑ The Encyclopaedia of Serial Killers p. 21
  26. ↑ Gadsden Times, Feb. 10, 1980
  27. ↑ The Telegraph Feb. 18, 1980
  28. ↑ Lodi News-Sentinel Feb. 16, 1980
  29. ↑ California Death Records. Gilliam, Jackie Doris.
  30. ↑ Herald Journal. Feb. 16, 1980
  31. ↑ Star News Feb. 16, 1980
  32. ↑ The Evening News Mar. 19, 1980
  33. ↑ Lodi News Sentinel Apr. 29, 1980
  34. ↑ Herald Journal Feb. 16, 1980
  35. ↑ Daily News Feb. 23, 1981
  36. ↑ The Prescott Courier Feb. 22, 1981
  37. 1 2 The Evening Independent Jan. 30, 1981
  38. ↑ Couples who Kill ISBN 978-0-7490-8175-1 p. 28
  39. ↑ The Times News Jan. 31, 1981
  40. ↑ Palm Beach Post Feb. 11, 1981.
  41. ↑ Daily News Feb. 8, 2011
  42. ↑ Spokane Daily Chronicle Feb. 25, 1981.
  43. ↑ Spokane Daily Chronicle. Feb. 18, 1981
  44. 1 2 The Bulletin. Feb. 18, 1981
  45. ↑ Daily News Feb. 19, 1981
  46. ↑ LA Times.com. June 23, 1989
  47. ↑ LA Times June 22, 1990
  48. ↑ Division of Adult Operations (July 5, 2011). "Death Row Tracking System Condemned Inmate List (Secure)" (PDF). California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation. Retrieved July 8, 2011.
  49. ↑ The Deseret News Apr. 29, 1996
  50. ↑ LA Times Nov. 20, 1995
  51. 1 2 3 4 Daily Breeze Mar 24, 2009.
  52. ↑ freelibrary.com March 4, 1997
  53. ↑ Times Union Feb. 19, 1997
  54. ↑ The Devil and the Death Penalty
  55. ↑ "The Killing of America". Youtube.com. Retrieved 2014-02-08.
  56. ↑ IMDB.com

Cited works and further reading

External links

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