List of rulers of Hesse
| Monarchy of Hesse | |
|---|---|
|
Provincial/State | |
 | |
 | |
| Details | |
| Style | His Royal Highness |
| First monarch | Henry I (As Landgrave) |
| Last monarch | Ernest Louis (As Grand Duke) |
| Formation | 1264 |
| Abolition | 9 November 1918 |
| Pretender(s) | Donatus |
This is a list of rulers of Hesse (German: Hessen) during the history of Hesse on west-central Germany. These rulers belonged to a dynasty collectively known as the House of Hesse and the House of Brabant,[1] originally the Reginar. Hesse was ruled as a Landgraviate, Electorate and later as a Grand duchy until 1918.
The title of all of the following rulers was "Landgrave" (German: Landgraf) unless otherwise noted.
Landgraviate of Hesse
Further information: Landgraviate of Hesse
Hesse, 1264–1458
- Henry I the Child, 1264–1308
- Otto the Elder, son of Henry I, 1308–1328 in Upper Hesse (Marburg), reunited Hesse in 1311
- John, son of Henry I, 1308–1311 in Lower Hesse (Kassel)
- Henry II the Iron, son of Otto I, 1328–1376
- Louis the Junker, son of Otto I, 1336–1345 residing in Grebenstein
- Herman I the Elder, son of Otto I, 1336–1370 residing in Nordeck
- Otto the Younger, son of Henry II the Iron, co-regent 1340–1366
- Hermann II the Learned, son of Louis the Junker, 1376–1413, co-regent since 1367
- Louis I the Peaceful 1413–1458
Lower Hesse (Kassel), 1458–1500
- Louis II the Frank, eldest son of Louis the Peaceful, 1458–1471
- William I the Elder, son of Louis II, 1471–1493
- William II the Middle, son of Louis II, 1493–1509, reunited Hesse in 1500
Upper Hesse (Marburg), 1458–1500
- Henry III the Rich, younger son of Louis the Peaceful, 1458–1483
- Louis III the Younger (died 1478)
- William III the Younger, 1483–1500
- 1500 reunited with Lower Hesse under William II
Hesse, 1500–1567
- Philip I the Magnanimous, son of William II, 1509–1567. Eldest son William IV the Wise, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel; second son Louis IV Landgrave of Hesse-Marburg; third son Philip the Younger Landgrave of Hesse-Rheinfels; fourth son George I Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt.
Hesse-Kassel, 1567–1803
| Swedish Royalty |
| House of Hesse |
|---|
 |
| Frederick I |
| Image | Name | Start term | End term | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|
 |
William IV Wilhelm IV |
31 March 1567 | 25 August 1592 | eldest son of Philip the Magnanimous. Called "the Wise." |
 |
Maurice Moritz |
25 August 1592 | 17 March 1627 | |
 |
William V Wilhelm V |
17 March 1627 | 21 September 1637 | |
 |
William VI Wilhelm VI |
21 September 1637 | 16 July 1663 | |
| William VII Wilhelm VII |
16 July 1663 | 21 November 1670 | ||
 |
Charles Karl |
21 November 1670 | 23 March 1730 | |
 |
Frederick I Friedrich I |
23 March 1730 | 25 March 1751 | also King of Sweden from 1720. Hesse-Kassel under the regency of his brother, William, later Landgrave William VIII. |
 |
William VIII Wilhelm VIII |
25 March 1751 | 1 February 1760 | brother of Frederick I; already regent from 1730 |
 |
Frederick II Friedrich II |
1 February 1760 | 31 October 1785 | |
 |
William IX Wilhelm IX |
31 October 1785 | 15 May 1803 | created Prince-elector of Hesse as His Royal and Serene Highness William I in 1803. |
Hesse-Rotenburg, 1627–1834
- Moritz, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel 1592-1627 (1572-1632)
- Hermann, Landgrave 1627-1658 (1607-1658), third son
- Ernst, Landgrave of Hesse-Rheinfels 1627-1658, Landgrave of Hesse-Rotenburg 1658–1693 (1623-1693), fifth son
- Wilhelm, Landgrave 1693–1725 (1648-1725)
- Ernst Leopold, Landgrave 1725–1749 (1684-1749)
- Konstantin, Landgrave 1749–1778 (1716-1778), inherited Wanfried-Rheinfels in 1755
- Emanuel, Landgrave 1778–1806 (1746-1812)
- Viktor Amadeus, Landgrave 1813–1834, Prince of Corvey 1815-1834, Duke of Ratibor 1821-1834 (1779-1834), see notes below
- Emanuel, Landgrave 1778–1806 (1746-1812)
- Konstantin, Landgrave 1749–1778 (1716-1778), inherited Wanfried-Rheinfels in 1755
- Ernst Leopold, Landgrave 1725–1749 (1684-1749)
- Wilhelm, Landgrave 1693–1725 (1648-1725)
- 1806 annexed by the Kingdom of Westphalia, 1813 restored under the supremacy of the Elector of Hesse
- 1834 extinct, reunited with Hesse-Kassel
Hesse-Eschwege, 1632-1655
- Frederick, Landgrave 1632-1655 (1617-1655), eighth son of Moritz, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel
- 1655 extinct, fell to Hesse-Rotenburg
Hesse-Wanfried, ~1700–1755
- Karl, Landgrave 1700-1711 (1649-1711), second son of Ernst, Landgrave of Hesse-Rotenburg
- Wilhelm II, Landgrave 1711-1731 (1671-1731)
- Christian, Landgrave 1731-1755 (1689-1755)[2]
- 1755 united with Hesse-Rotenburg
Hesse-Rheinfels, 1627–1658
- Ernst, Landgrave 1627–1658 (1623-1693), fifth son of Moritz, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel
- 1658 Ernst inherited Hesse-Rotenburg as well, see above
Hesse-Philippsthal, 1663-1866 (end of sovereignty)
- Philipp, Landgrave 1663-1721 (1655-1721), third son of Wilhelm VI, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel
- Karl I, Landgrave 1721–1770 (1682-1770)
- Wilhelm, Landgrave 1770–1806 (1726-1810), see note below for 1806
- Ludwig, Landgrave 1813–1816 (1766-1816), see note below for 1813
- Ernst Konstantin, Landgrave 1816–1849 (1771-1849)
- Charles II, Landgrave, sovereign 1849–1866 (1803-1868)
- Wilhelm, Landgrave 1770–1806 (1726-1810), see note below for 1806
- Karl I, Landgrave 1721–1770 (1682-1770)
- 1806 annexed by the Kingdom of Westphalia, 1813 restored under the supremacy of the Elector of Hesse
- 1866 annexed by Prussia
Hesse-Philippsthal-Barchfeld, 1721-1866 (end of sovereignty)
- Wilhelm, Landgrave 1721-1761 (1692-1761), third son of Philipp, Landgrave of Hesse-Philippsthal
- 1806 annexed by the Kingdom of Westphalia, 1813 restored under the supremacy of the Elector of Hesse
- 1866 annexed by Prussia
Hesse-Marburg, 1567–1604
| Image | Name | Start term | End term | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|
 |
Louis IV Ludwig IV | 31 March 1567 | 9 October 1604 | second son of Philip the Magnanimous. |
- 1604 extinct and disputed between Hesse-Kassel and Hesse-Darmstadt, 1648 divided between the two lines
Hesse-Rheinfels, 1567–1583
| Image | Name | Start term | End term | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Philip II | 31 March 1567 | 20 November 1583 | third son of Philip the Magnanimous. Called "the Younger." |
- 1583 extinct and divided between Hesse-Kassel, Hesse-Marburg and Hesse-Darmstadt
Hesse-Darmstadt, 1567–1806
| Image | Name | Start term | End term | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|
 |
George I Georg I |
31 March 1567 | 7 February 1596 | fourth son of Philip the Magnanimous |
 |
Louis V Ludwig V |
7 February 1596 | 27 June 1626 | son of George I. |
 |
George II Georg II |
27 June 1626 | 11 June 1661 | son of Louis V. |
 |
Louis VI Ludwig VI |
11 June 1661 | 24 April 1678 | son of George II |
 |
Louis VII Ludwig VII |
24 April 1678 | 31 August 1678 | first son of Louis VI |
 |
Ernest Louis Ernst Ludwig |
31 August 1678 | 12 September 1739 | second son of Louis VI |
 |
Louis VIII Ludwig VIII |
12 September 1739 | 17 October 1768 | son of Ernest Louis |
 |
Louis IX Ludwig IX |
17 October 1768 | 6 April 1790 | son of Louis VIII |
.jpg) |
Louis X Ludwig X |
6 April 1790 | 13 August 1806 | son of Louis IX. Became Grand Duke of Hesse 1806. |
Hesse-Butzbach, 1609–1643
Philip III, Landgrave 1609-1643 (1581-1643), second son of George I of Hesse-Darmstadt
- 1643 line extinct, returned to Hesse-Darmstadt
Hesse-Homburg, 1622–1866
- Friedrich I, Landgrave 1622-1638 (1585-1638), third son of George I of Hesse-Darmstadt
- Wilhelm Christof, Landgrave 1638–1669 (1625-1681), sold Homburg to George Christian in 1669, but kept Bingenheim (Landgrave of Hesse-Homburg-Bingenheim)
- Georg Christian, Landgrave 1669–1677 (1626-1677), see notes below regarding mortgage
- Friedrich II, Landgrave 1679–1708 (1633-1708), Commander general of the army of Brandenburg (The Prince of Homburg)
- Friedrich III Jacob, Landgrave 1708–1746 (1673-1746), Cavalry general in the Netherlands
- Prince Kasimir Wilhelm of Hesse-Homburg (1690-1726)
- Friedrich IV Karl, Landgrave 1746–1751 (1724-1751)
- Friedrich V, Landgrave 1751–1806, 1815-1820 (1748-1820), see 1806/1815 notes below
- Frederick VI, Landgrave 1820–1829 (1769-1829), Cavalry general in Austria
- Ludwig Wilhelm, Landgrave 1829–1839 (1770-1839), Infantry general in Prussia
- Philipp, Landgrave 1839–1846 (1779-1846), Field marshal in Austria
- Gustav, Landgrave 1846–1848 (1781-1848), Cavalry general in Austria
- Ferdinand, Landgrave 1848–1866 (1783-1866), Cavalry general in Austria
- Friedrich V, Landgrave 1751–1806, 1815-1820 (1748-1820), see 1806/1815 notes below
- Friedrich IV Karl, Landgrave 1746–1751 (1724-1751)
- under mortgage to two merchants (1671–1673) and the Landgraves of Hesse-Darmstadt (1673–1679), redeemed by Friedrich II
- 1806 Annexed by Hesse-Darmstadt, 1815 restored by the Congress of Vienna
- 1866 line extinct, returned to Hesse-Darmstadt
Hesse-Braubach, 1626–1651
Johann, Landgrave 1626-1651 (1609-1651), second son of Ludwig V of Hesse-Darmstadt
- 1651 line extinct, returned to Hesse-Darmstadt
Hesse-Itter, 1661–1676
Georg III, Landgrave 1661-1676 (1632-1676), second son of Georg II of Hesse-Darmstadt
- 1676 line extinct, returned to Hesse-Darmstadt
Electors of Hesse (-Kassel), 1803–1866
| Image | Name | Start term | End term | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| |
William I Wilhelm I |
15 May 1803 | 28 August 1807 | previously Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel as William IX; deposed |
| to the Kingdom of Westphalia, 1807-1813 | ||||
| |
William I Wilhelm I |
30 October 1813 | 27 February 1821 | restored |
 |
William II Wilhelm II |
27 February 1821 | 20 November 1847 | His son Frederick William acted as regent from 30 September 1831 |
 |
Frederick William Friedrich Wilhelm |
20 November 1847 | 20 September 1866 | regent for his father from 30 September 1831. The electorate was annexed by Prussia in 1866 |
- 1866 annexed by Prussia
Grand Dukes of Hesse (-Darmstadt) and by Rhine, 1806–1918
| Image | Name | Start term | End term | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| |
Louis I Ludwig I |
13 August 1806 | 6 April 1830 | previously Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt as Louis X from 1790 |
 |
Louis II Ludwig II |
6 April 1830 | 16 June 1848 | |
 |
Louis III Ludwig III |
16 June 1848 | 13 June 1877 | |
 |
Louis IV Ludwig IV |
13 June 1877 | 13 March 1892 | |
 |
Ernest Louis Ernst Ludwig |
13 March 1892 | 9 November 1918 |
Heads of the non-reigning House of Hesse
Hesse-Kassel since 1866
Friedrich Wilhelm I, the former Elector, titular Landgrave 1866–1875 (1802-1875)
- succeeded by his second cousin Friedrich Wilhelm II as below:
- Friedrich II, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel (1720-1785)
- Friedrich III, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel-Rumpenheim (1747-1837)
- Wilhelm I, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel-Rumpenheim (1787-1867)
- Friedrich Wilhelm II, titular Landgrave 1875-1884 (1820-1884)
- Friedrich Wilhelm III, titular Landgrave 1884–1888 (1854-1888)
- Alexander Friedrich, titular Landgrave 1888–1925, abdicated (1863-1945)
- Friedrich Karl, titular Landgrave 1925–1940, elected King of Finland as Fredrik Kaarle I in 1918 but renounced the throne (1868-1940)
- Philipp, titular Landgrave 1940–1980, head of entire House 1968 on extinction of Hesse-Darmstadt line (1896-1980)
- Moritz, titular Landgrave and Head of House 1980-2013 (1926-2013)
- Heinrich Donatus titular Landgrave and Head of House 2013-present (born 1966)
- Moritz, Hereditary Prince of Hesse (born 2007)
- Prince August of Hesse (born 2012)
- Prince Philipp Robin of Hesse (born 1970)
- Prince Tito of Hesse (born 2008)
- Heinrich Donatus titular Landgrave and Head of House 2013-present (born 1966)
- Moritz, titular Landgrave and Head of House 1980-2013 (1926-2013)
- Prince Christoph of Hesse (1901-1943)
- Prince Karl Adolf Andreas of Hesse (born 1937)
- Prince Christoph of Hesse (born 1969)
- Prince Rainer Christoph Friedrich of Hesse (born 1939)
- Prince Karl Adolf Andreas of Hesse (born 1937)
- Philipp, titular Landgrave 1940–1980, head of entire House 1968 on extinction of Hesse-Darmstadt line (1896-1980)
- Friedrich Wilhelm II, titular Landgrave 1875-1884 (1820-1884)
- Wilhelm I, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel-Rumpenheim (1787-1867)
- Friedrich III, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel-Rumpenheim (1747-1837)
Hesse-Philippsthal 1866-1925
.svg.png)
Standard of the Grand Duke of Hesse 1903–1918
- Charles II, formerly sovereign, titular Landgrave 1866–1868 (1803-1868)
- Ernst Eugen, titular Landgrave 1868-1925 (1846-1925)
- 1925 the Line of Hesse-Philippsthal became extinct, passed to Hesse-Philippsthal-Barchfeld
Hesse-Philippsthal-Barchfeld since 1866, Hesse-Philippsthal since the extinction of the main line 1925
- Charles, Landgrave of Hesse-Philippsthal-Barchfeld (1784-1854)
- Alexis, formerly sovereign, titular Landgrave 1866–1905 (1829-1905)
- Prince Wilhelm of Hesse-Philippsthal-Barchfeld (1831-1890)
- Chlodwig, titular Landgrave 1905-1954, inherited Hesse-Philippsthal as well in 1925 (1876-1954)
- Prince Wilhelm of Hesse-Philippsthal-Barchfeld (1905-1942)
- Wilhelm, titular Landgrave 1954-present (born 1933)
- Prince Wilhelm of Hesse-Philippsthal-Barchfeld (born 1963)
- Prince Wilhelm Ernst of Hesse-Philippsthal-Barchfeld (born 2005)
- Prince Philipp August of Hesse-Philippsthal-Barchfeld (born 2006)
- Prince Otto of Hesse-Philippsthal-Barchfeld (born 1965)
- Prince Max of Hesse-Philippsthal-Barchfeld (born 1999)
- Prince Moritz of Hesse-Philippsthal-Barchfeld (born 2007)
- Prince Wilhelm of Hesse-Philippsthal-Barchfeld (born 1963)
- Prince Hermann of Hesse-Philippsthal-Barchfeld (born 1935)
- Prince Alexis of Hesse-Philippsthal-Barchfeld (born 1977)
- Wilhelm, titular Landgrave 1954-present (born 1933)
- Prince Wilhelm of Hesse-Philippsthal-Barchfeld (1905-1942)
- Chlodwig, titular Landgrave 1905-1954, inherited Hesse-Philippsthal as well in 1925 (1876-1954)
Hesse-Darmstadt 1918–1968
- Ernst Ludwig, formerly sovereign, titular Grand Duke 1918–1937 (1868-1937)
- George Donatus, titular Grand Duke Oct 9-Nov 16 1937
- Ludwig (V), titular Grand Duke 1937–1968
- In 1968 the Line of Hesse-Darmstadt became Hesse-Nassau and Hesse-Kassel (1969 - present)
See also
References
- ↑ Burke's Royal Families of the World Volume I Europe & Latin America ISBN 0-85011-023-8, London 1977 p. 202
- ↑ Christian died childless and the lands passed to his first cousin once removed Constantine (d. 1778)
External links
- The History Files: Rulers of Hesse
- Marek, Miroslav. "Genealogy of the Hessian noble family". Genealogy.EU. External link in
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