La Línea (gang)

La Línea (New Juárez Cartel)

Acosta Hernández (a.k.a. El Diego), a former leader of La Línea in front of cameras.
Founding location City Juárez, Mexico
Territory Chihuahua, Texas
Ethnicity Mexican
Criminal activities Drug trafficking, extortion, kidnapping, murder
Allies Juárez Cartel, Beltrán-Leyva Cartel, Barrio Azteca, Los Zetas
Rivals Sinaloa Cartel, Gente Nueva, Los Mexicles, Artistas Asesinos

La Línea ("The Line") is an enforcer unit of the Juárez Cartel originally set up by a number of former and active-duty policemen, heavily armed and extensively trained in urban warfare.[1] Their corrupt "line" of policemen were set up to protect drug traffickers, but after forming an alliance with Barrio Azteca to fight off the forces of the Sinaloa Cartel in 2008, they established a foothold in Ciudad Juárez as the enforcement wing of the Juárez cartel.[2][3] La Línea has also been involved in extortions and kidnappings.[4]

At the service of the Juárez cartel, La Línea has been instrumental in helping Vicente Carrillo Fuentes' organization hold some semblance in the Ciudad Juárez, one of the most important crossings and drug corridors in the U.S-Mexico border and home to a growing retail drug market.[5] The DEA estimates that about 70% of the cocaine that enters the United States flows through the El Paso–Juárez border.[6] Nonetheless, the hegemony of the La Línea declined from 2008–2012 as the Juárez Cartel lost ground against the Sinaloa Cartel, which now controls most of the smuggling routes in the area.[7]

La Línea is linked to some of Ciudad Juárez's and the state's most notorious massacres, including the massacre of 16 teenagers at a high school party, the shooting that killed 19 patients at a rehab center, and of the cell phone-detonated car bomb attack – all of them perpetrated in 2010.[5][8] Their former gang leader, nicknamed El Diego, was guilty of carrying out more than 1,500 killings from 2008 to 2011.[9]

History

Villas de Salvárcar massacre

Gunmen burst into a party in a small working-class neighborhood known as Villas de Salvárcar in Ciudad Juárez, killing 16 teenagers on 31 January 2010.[10] Witnesses said that the cartel members arrived at the crime scene in seven cars with tinted windows, closed down the street and blocked the exits.[11] Then they stormed the party and opened fire at the victims as they were watching a soccer game.[11] Some of the teenagers were shot as they tried to flee and their corpses were found in the neighboring houses.[12] As neighbors hid in their houses, some dialed the emergency services but the Mexican military and the Federal police did not arrive until after the killers had left.[13] When the Mexican authorities arrived, a large crowd gathered at the crime scene as the neighbors and family members of the victims, whose ages ranged from 15 to 20, cried and set down candles.[12][14] They pleaded for their names not to be released for the fear of the hit men returning and taking revenge.[14] The relatives and witnesses interviewed after the massacre insisted that the teenagers had nothing to do with the drug trade and were "good kids."[12][14] What was troubling for the authorities was that the victims were not gathered inside a bar or at a rehab center, but rather at a private home.[14] They gave no official statement for the motives behind the killing, but the massacre bore all the signs of the drug violence that Ciudad Juárez was living for the past three years.[13] Videos from the crime scene depict a sparsely furnished home with large puddles of blood and taints smeared on the walls; in addition, more than 100 AK-47 bullet casings were found at the crime scene.[11] The Mexican authorities issued a money reward of $1 million pesos for anyone who could provide information that led to the arrest of the killers.[15]

One by one, the coffins of the victims were carried out from their homes on 4 February 2010, as their families demanded for justice.[16] The governor of the state of Chihuahua, José Reyes Baeza Terrazas, showed up at the funeral unexpectedly to pay his respects to the families. Felipe Calderón, Mexico's president, also visited the family members and handed a memorial plaque to the parents of the victims.[17] The mayor of Ciudad Juárez said that the massacre was a random act of violence by Mexico's drug gangs because the victims had no apparent ties with organized crime.[18] But Calderón was widely criticized for his initial comments after the massacre, where he claimed that the investigations had showed that those killed were almost certainly targeted for being involved in organized crime.[17][19] The parents of the victims hung huge placards outside their houses accusing Calderón of failing to solve the massacre and explicitly saying that "until those responsible are found, [he was] the murderer."[19] The federal government of Mexico responded to the massacre by implementing the "Todos Somos Juárez" program, which aimed to improve education and social development, create jobs, and improve the health benefits in Ciudad Juárez.[20] It has fed up $400 million to repair the city's social fabric.[17] Calderón has met with young people and representatives of the federal program to discuss and analyze the city's achievements. He also unveiled a billboard facing traffic in El Paso, Texas heading into Mexico that reads "No More Weapons," and criticized the United States for not renewing a ban on the sales of assault weapons that expired in 2004.[17]

Four days after the massacre, a suspect identified as José Dolores Arroyo Chavarría was arrested by the Mexican military.[21] He confessed to the authorities that the Juárez Cartel had received reports from within the organization that members of a rival drug trafficking organization were at the party the night the teenagers were killed.[21] The suspect said he acted as a lookout for the 24 gunmen that perpetrated the killing and had orders to "kill everyone inside."[21] By mid-2011, four men linked to the massacre were found guilty of the killings and were sentenced to 240 years each by the state of Chihuahua.[22] In 2012 it was later confirmed by the Mexican authorities that the massacre was ordered by José Antonio Acosta Hernández (El Diego), a former drug baron of La Línea that is now imprisoned.[23] A gang leader of the Barrio Azteca also admitted to have ordered the massacre because he thought rival gang members were there.[24] Despite the arrests, many of the family members were unhappy with the efforts of the Mexican government and said that they were planning to abandon Mexico and seek safe haven in Texas to protect their children. "I never even gave the United States much thought," said one of the family members, "But Mexico has abandoned us, betrayed us."[16]

Chihuahua rehab center shooting

Dozens of armed men with AR-15 and AK-47 assault rifles arrived in six vehicles at the Life and Faith facility, a church-run rehabilitation clinic in Chihuahua city at around 11:00 p.m. on 10 June 2010.[25][26][27] The gunmen, outfitted with protective gear and ski masks, first claimed to be policemen, and herded the patients outside the clinic.[25] Once they had lined up twenty-three of them outside execution-style, the gunmen opened fire at them, killing 19 and wounding four.[28] The Mexican authorities found more than 200 bullet casings from different kinds of firearms at the scene.[28] According to the pastor, some of the men in the facility were former gang members of Los Mexicles, who fight along with Artistas Asesinos and the Sinaloa Cartel for the control of the smuggling routes in the state.[25][29] Most of the victims' ages ranged from 23 to 65, and included a blind man and a sixteen-year-old.[26][30] According to the investigations, the perpetrators left behind four written cardboards, but the authorities did not release the content of the messages.[26] The three-story facility housed addicts for 90 days, although some of the victims had more than a year or two in rehabilitation.[31]

By June 2011, a leader of La Línea admitted to have planned and coordinated the attack against the drug facility.[8]

The Mexican authorities stated that the drug trafficking organizations use rehabilitation clinics to recruit foot soldiers and smugglers, and often kill those who do not cooperate. Others are killed for failing to pay for their drugs or for ripping off a dealer.[26] In addition, the cartels frequently target unlicensed rehabilitation centers, since they are likely to accept active gang members seeking to free themselves from an addiction.[32] Unlike the government-licensed clinics, the private centers are not associated with the penal system and have limited security measures, leaving the victims vulnerable to attacks by gangs seeking revenge or the elimination of a potential police informant.[32] In Ciudad Juárez alone, there are around 100,000 drug addicts and many of the rehab clinics are unlicensed and ran by former addicts, making them easy points for the cartels to infiltrate.[33] Some cartel members even check themselves in the facility and pose as addicts. Once they gain information of how the facility works, they co-opt with workers or threaten to kill them.[33] Some of the addicts sell candy and gum at the city's stop lights to raise money for those struggling in their rehab center, but the cartels have taken this opportunity to force them to sell drugs too.[33] The drug cartels have also created and managed pseudo-clinics, and once their patients are off drugs, they give them two choices: to work as a drug trafficker or get killed.[33] The cartels usually "dispose" of their young addicts by killing them, since the criminal organizations quickly recruit young men and prefer to minimize their risk by eliminating the others.[32]

Ciudad Juárez car bomb attack

A car bomb attack was registered on 16 June 2010 in the border city of Ciudad Juárez, when members of La Línea triggered 10 kg (22 lb) of C-4 explosives with a cellphone, marking it as the first successful car bomb attack ever registered in the Mexican Drug War.[34][35][36] Before the detonation, the cartel members had dumped an injured man dressed in police uniform on the sidewalk to lure the Mexican authorities and paramedics closer to the vehicle.[37] The authorities were notified by an emergency call that a man was allegedly executed, a lure tactic to bring them to where the bomb was planted.[38] As a policeman and a paramedic rushed to the scene, the bomb detonated, killing them instantly.[37] The injured man, who was not a police officer, and an innocent civilian, were also killed. A cameraman who was near the scene was gravely injured but manage to film the explosion aftermath.[37]

The attack sent "shock waves" across Mexico and raised concerns in the United States, and represented what the authorities considered a "new dimension of terror" and a clear escalation in the weapons and tactics deployed by Mexico's drug trafficking organizations.[34][39] TV images aired on national television showed a vehicle with only one intact wheel and two Federal Police on fire in the city's downtown area; U.S. authorities responded to the attacks with worrisome and noted that it was reminiscent to Colombia in the 1990s and to the terrorism and warfare tactics the United States military is "running into in Iraq and Afghanistan."[40][41] The Mexican peso pared some loses after the attack too, and economists warned that more car bomb attacks could hurt Mexico's financial market and scare off investors.[41] Nonetheless, even with multiple car bombs, the Mexican drug cartels have not shifted their focus to targeting civilians rather than security forces, and thus the "narcoterrorism" label is unclear.[42]

A message left at the scene claimed that La Línea were responsible for the blast, and threatened further attacks:

"We still have car bombs ... [and this will] continue to happen to authorities that carry on supporting El Chapo ... FBI and DEA. Go and investigate authorities that are giving support to the Sinaloa Cartel."[37][41][43]

Horizontes del Sur massacre

During a boy's birthday party at the Horizontes del Sur neighborhood in Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, several gunmen broke into a house and killed 14 people and wounded more than twenty on 23 October 2010.[44] After firing more than 70 bullets, the attackers fled the scene in three different cars at around 11:00 p.m.[45][46] According to the witnesses' descriptions, the attackers were teenagers who had secured the area by blocking traffic.[47] The Mexican police declined to comment if the killing was drug-related, but Felipe Calderón's response was remarkably different than the Villas de Salvárcar massacre, where he claimed that the massacre was most likely due to internal adjustments between the cartels.[48] The killing in Horizontes del Sur bore striking similarities with the massacre in the Villas de Salvárcar neighborhood earlier that same year, which took place just a mile away and where 15 were gunned down at a party too.[44][49] This attack came just a week before several gunmen stormed two houses, killing 7 at a party and 2 at a nearby house.[50]

The Mexican authorities concluded that there were two possible explanations for the massacre: Either La Línea and Los Aztecas were responsible for the killings; or "independent gunmen" paid to kill a person nicknamed El Ratón, an alleged member of Artistas Asesinos.[51]

Rise of the New Juárez cartel

Through 10 "narcomantas" found throughout Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua on 25 January 2011, a criminal group known as the New Juárez Cartel (NJC) herald its existence.[52] In the written banners, the NJC threaten the police chief of the city, Julián Leyzaola, calling him a criminal with a police badge. One of the messages promised that the NJC was planning to "kill a policeman a day" until Leyzaola discontinued his alleged support for the Sinaloa Cartel.[52][53] Little was known of the NJC besides a video they uploaded online in September 2011, where they interrogated a prison guard they claimed was working for the Sinaloa cartel (his body was later found dead).[52] And in October of that same year, a message by the NJC was left along a dismembered body. Stratfor believes that the NJC is a re-branding of the "old" Juárez Cartel, La Línea, and possibly other groups opposing the Sinaloa's encroachment.[52] But it is unclear whether the NJC is composed solely of former members of La Línea and elements of the Juarez cartel or of numerous gangs that have aligned, even temporarily, to expropriate the Sinaloa cartel from Ciudad Juárez.[52] La Línea, however, undertook an offensive against the local police in 2010, citing the same reasons that the NJC claims: it perceived that the police forces were favoring Joaquín Guzmán Loera (a.k.a. El Chapo).[52]

In response to the death threats of the NJC, the mayor of Ciudad Juárez allowed off-duty policemen to carry their weapons, given that most of the local policemen killed in the city were targeted at home or on their way to work, and encourage them to live in hotels.[54][55]

Such reorganizations like the NJC are common in Mexico's drug war, but they have often led to the further spread of violence.[56] For instance, after the arrest of many of the leaders of the Beltrán-Leyva Cartel, the organization broke apart into smaller factions: the South Pacific Cartel, La Mano Con Ojos, and other regional gangs.[56] And while none of these gangs have the near power of its original group, they have triggered fights in several states across Mexico. In other cases, however, reorganizations are not as severe; when La Familia Michoacana splittered into the Knights Templar Cartel, the impact was mild.[56] The decline of Vicente Carrillo Fuentes's influence suggests that the failure of the local groups has much to do with a leadership decline.[56] Hence, the impact of the NJC depends on whether they can reconstitute a force capable of fighting the Sinaloa cartel for a lengthy time, but thus far, the NJC does not pose as a direct threat to the Sinaloa establishment and for a reopening of a new fight for Ciudad Juárez.[56]

Alliance with Los Zetas

Through graffiti signs in the state of Chihuahua on June 2011, La Línea announced that it had formed an alliance with Los Zetas, a criminal group originally formed by ex-commandos of the Mexican Army Special Forces, and threaten the Sinaloa cartel operatives.[57] On the other hand, Sinaloa cartel formed an alliance with the Gulf Cartel, the former employers of Los Zetas, and with the now-extinct La Familia Michoacana, forming the so-called "New Federation."[57] During that time, Los Zetas already had an alliance with the Sinaloa's former associates, Beltrán-Leyva Cartel, an extinct organization that had possibly trained the soldiers of La Línea for months or even years, according to Mexican intelligence.[57]

With the alliance, Los Zetas may offer soldiers and training to La Línea in return for access to Ciudad Juárez and its smuggling routes.[57]

Decline of the organization

The decline of the Juárez Cartel began in 1997 after the death of Amado Carrillo Fuentes, but accelerated in mid-2000 when the Sinaloa Cartel sought to take over the assets of the criminal organization and move into the city.[58] In 2010, violence in Ciudad Juárez reached its peak, seeing an average of 10 homicides per day, or about 230 murders per 100,000 people annually.[58] That same year, the average in all of Mexico was of 18 murders per every 100,000 habitants.[58] La Línea and the Juárez Cartel were damaged by the arrest of José Antonio Acosta Hernández (a.k.a. El Diego), a top drug baron accused by the Mexican authorities of ordering more than 1,500 killings.[58] Joaquín Guzmán Loera's four-year struggle in Ciudad Juárez left more than 10,000 dead since 2008,[59] but evidence shows that the murder rates in Ciudad Juárez decreased by 59.8% in the first half of 2012 when compared to the same period in 2011, and Mexican officials attributed this decline to the success of its law enforcement agencies.[60] Nonetheless, experts told El Paso Times that part of the reason why the violence in Ciudad Juárez toned down is because the Sinaloa cartel has consolidated its dominance over the now-weakened Juárez cartel.[60] The Juárez cartel continues to operate in the city, but it no longer holds a monopoly and appears to be unable to expand. Other experts echo that the cartel is having difficulties paying its members and that the violence will continue to decline as its hegemony erodes.[60] Their relationship with the Barrio Azteca gang has also been affected by the cartel's decline.[61] NPR reports indicated that several people in Ciudad Juárez, including but not limited to local journalists and former policemen, perceived that the Mexican government allegedly favored the Sinaloa cartel in their battle against the Juárez cartel.[62] Nonetheless, counterarguments from security experts were also included.[62]

The reported victory of the Sinaloa cartel may possibly not halt the forces of the Juárez cartel; as long as Vicente Carrillo Fuentes is alive and free, the warfare in the area will possibly continue.[63] With limited options, the Juárez cartel has been forced to reorganize its forces and opt for extortions and kidnappings, while Gente Nueva – the Sinaloa cartel's armed wing – receives funding from other states.[64] In addition, the drug corridor in Ciudad Juárez remains a crucial territory for the Mexican drug trafficking organizations, so the city could continue to see battles for the control of the lucrative smuggling routes – even at a diminishing scale.[65] And although the rise of the New Juárez Cartel has yet to materialize, the threat still remains.[65]

Known leaders of La Línea

Name Alias Status Killed/Captured/Reward Refs Photo
Vicente Carrillo FuentesViceroyArrested$5M[66]
Juan Pablo LedezmaEl JLFugitive$2M[67]
Juan Pablo GuijarroEl MónicoArrested3 January 2010[68]
Luis Carlos Vázquez BarragánEl 20Arrested26 July 2010[69]
Marco Antonio GuzmánBrad PittArrested17 June 2011[70]
José Guadalupe Rivas GonzálezEl ZucaritasArrested18 June 2011[71]
José Antonio Acosta HernándezEl DiegoArrested29 July 2011[72]
Jesús Antonio Rincón ChaveroEl TarzánArrested18 August 2011[73]
Luis Guillermo Castillo RubioEl ParienteArrested20 April 2012[74]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Langton 2011, p. 10.
  2. ↑ Webster, Michael (23 May 2008). "Mexican officials warn Americans to stay away". Independent Media Center. Retrieved 19 July 2012.
  3. ↑ "Juarez Drug Cartel Leader Pleads Guilty to Charges Related to U.S. Consulate Murders and Is Sentenced to Life in Prison". United States Department of Justice. 5 April 2012. Retrieved 19 July 2012.
  4. ↑ Kolb, Joseph (4 June 2012). "Under Pressure in Ciudad Juarez, Cartel Killers 'Re-Brand' Themselves". Fox News. Retrieved 19 July 2012.
  5. 1 2 Corcoran, Patrick (23 June 2011). "Arrests Herald Juarez Drug Gang's Decline". InSight Crime. Retrieved 19 July 2012.
  6. ↑ "Colombian Trafficker with Links to Mexican and Colombian Cartels Extradited from Mexico to the United States". Drug Enforcement Administration. 17 June 2010. Retrieved 19 July 2012.
  7. ↑ "Drug War Experts Insist Juarez Cartel Will 'Fight To The Death'". KVIA-TV. 12 June 2012. Retrieved 23 July 2012.
  8. 1 2 Mosso, Rubén (31 July 2011). "Capturan a 'El Diego', responsable de mil 500 muertes en Ciudad Juárez". Milenio (in Spanish). Retrieved 24 July 2012.
  9. ↑ "U.S. judge sentences Mexican drug gang leader to life in prison for killings". CNN. 6 April 2012. Retrieved 24 July 2012.
  10. ↑ Silva, Mario Héctor (2 February 2010). "Juárez llora; exigen justicia tras matanza". El Universal (in Spanish). Retrieved 30 June 2012.
  11. 1 2 3 "Death toll at 16 in Juarez party shooting". CNN. 1 February 2010. Retrieved 30 June 2012.
  12. 1 2 3 "Death toll in Mexican party massacre rises to 16". MSN. 1 February 2010. Retrieved 22 July 2012.
  13. 1 2 Malkin, Elisabeth (2 February 2010). "Gunmen in Mexico Kill 16 in Attack on a Teenagers’ Party". New York Times. Retrieved 22 July 2012.
  14. 1 2 3 4 Corchado, Alfredo (1 February 2010). "Juarez gunmen kill 14 at teen's party". Dallas Times Herald. Retrieved 30 June 2012.
  15. ↑ Washington Valdez, Diana (2 February 2010). "More than a dozen die in Juárez massacre". El Paso Times. Retrieved 22 July 2012.
  16. 1 2 Corchado, Alfredo (4 February 2010). "Families of 16 killed in Juarez massacre may seek safety in U.S.". Dallas Times Herald. Retrieved 22 July 2012.
  17. 1 2 3 4 Martínez-Cabrera, Alejandro (18 February 2012). "Presidential follow-up: Felipe Calderón visits families of young massacre victims in Juárez". El Paso Times. Retrieved 22 July 2012.
  18. ↑ "Mayor believes massacre at Juarez party that killed 16 was random". Dallas Times Herald. 2 February 2010. Retrieved 22 July 2012.
  19. 1 2 Hernandez Navarro, Luis (9 November 2010). "Ciudad Juárez: Mexico's nameless dead". The Guardian. Retrieved 30 June 2012.
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  21. 1 2 3 Ellingwood, Ken (3 February 2010). "Mexico arrests suspect in Ciudad Juarez shooting attack on party". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 22 July 2012.
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  23. ↑ "Juarez Drug Cartel Leader Pleads Guilty to Charges Related to U.S. Consulate Murders and Is Sentenced to Life in Prison". United States Department of Justice. Retrieved 30 June 2012.
  24. ↑ Malkin, Elizabeth (28 November 2010). "Mexican Drug Gang Leader Confesses to Killings". New York Times. Retrieved 30 June 2012.
  25. 1 2 3 Ellingwood, Ken (11 June 2010). "19 killed in attack on Mexico drug clinic". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 24 July 2012.
  26. 1 2 3 4 Flores, Aileen B. (16 June 2010). "19 die in attack at rehabilitation center". El Paso Times. Retrieved 24 July 2012.
  27. ↑ "Masacran a 19 en un centro de rehabilitación". El Universal (in Spanish). 12 June 2010. Retrieved 24 July 2012.
  28. 1 2 "Gunmen kill 19 people at Mexico drug rehab clinic". Reuters. 11 June 2010. Retrieved 24 July 2012.
  29. ↑ Breach, Miroslava (12 June 2010). "Chihuahua: ejecutan a 19 en un centro de rehabilitación". La Jornada (in Spanish). Retrieved 24 July 2012.
  30. ↑ "19 fatally shot at drug rehab center in northern Mexico". Fox News. 10 June 2010. Retrieved 24 July 2012.
  31. ↑ "Gunmen kill 19 people at drug rehab clinic in northern Mexico; 16 slain in another city". Fox News. 11 June 2010. Retrieved 24 July 2012.
  32. 1 2 3 Ramsey, Geoffrey (8 June 2011). "No Exit: Why Mexico's Drug Gangs Target Rehab Clinics". InSight Crime. Retrieved 24 July 2012.
  33. 1 2 3 4 "Mexico drug cartels go into the rehab business". MSN. 2 April 2010. Retrieved 24 July 2012.
  34. 1 2 Caldwell, Alicia A. (17 July 2010). "Mexico Drug War Sees First Ever Car Bomb". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 19 July 2012.
  35. ↑ "Deadly Mexican drug gang attack was car bomb". BBC News. 17 July 2010. Retrieved 19 July 2012.
  36. ↑ Bracamontes, Ramon (17 June 2010). "Experts: Car bomb in Juárez mimics Middle East terrorist tactics". El Paso Times. Retrieved 19 July 2012.
  37. 1 2 3 4 Wilkinson, Tracy (17 July 2010). "Mexico cartel kills four in car bombing". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 19 July 2012.
  38. ↑ Valencia, Nick (13 September 2010). "Mexican police probe Juarez car bomb possibly intended for authorities". CNN. Retrieved 19 July 2012.
  39. ↑ Booth, William (22 July 2012). "Ciudad Juarez car bomb shows new sophistication in Mexican drug cartels' tactics". The Washington Post. Retrieved 19 July 2012.
  40. ↑ Johnson, Kevin (22 June 2010). "Mexican cartels rely more on explosives in drug war". USA Today. Retrieved 19 July 2012.
  41. 1 2 3 Cardona, Julian (17 July 2010). "Mexico blames drug cartel for deadly car bomb". Reuters. Retrieved 19 July 2012.
  42. ↑ Pachico, Elyssa (21 October 2011). "Mexico Gang's Car Bomb: Terror, but not Terrorism". InSight Crime. Retrieved 19 July 2012.
  43. ↑ Ioan Grillo (26 July 2010). "In Juarez car bomb, a ruthless trap for police". Global Post. Retrieved 19 July 2012.
  44. 1 2 Malkin, Elizabeth (24 October 2010). "Death Toll in Juárez Attack Rises to 14". New York Times. Retrieved 30 July 2012.
  45. ↑ Booth, William (24 October 2010). "13 partygoers killed by gunmen in attack in Ciudad Juarez". The Washington Post. Retrieved 30 July 2012.
  46. ↑ "Mexico: 13 dead in massacre at Ciudad Juarez party". KTRK-TV. 23 October 2010. Retrieved 30 July 2012.
  47. ↑ Corchado, Alfredo (24 October 2010). "13 youths killed in massacre at birthday party in Ciudad Juarez". The Dallas Morning News. Retrieved 30 July 2012.
  48. ↑ Malkin, Elizabeth (23 October 2010). "13 Are Killed as Gunmen Storm House in Mexico". New York Times. Retrieved 30 July 2012.
  49. ↑ Loria, Gaby (24 October 2010). "Massacre At A Ciudad Juarez Family Party Leaves 13 Dead". KVIA-TV. Retrieved 30 July 2012.
  50. ↑ "Mexico house party ends in massacre as 13 are killed and 15 injured in gang-style shooting". Daily Mail. 24 October 2010. Retrieved 30 July 2012.
  51. ↑ Breach, Miroslava (25 October 2010). "El ataque en Juárez estaba dirigido a un joven apodado El Ratón, indican pesquisas". La Jornada (in Spanish). Retrieved 30 July 2012.
  52. 1 2 3 4 5 6 (subscription required) "Mexico Security Memo: A New Juarez Cartel". Stratfor. 1 February 2012. Retrieved 23 July 2012.
  53. ↑ "Cártel ordena la ejecución de un policía al día en Juárez". Terra Networks (in Spanish). 27 January 2012. Retrieved 23 July 2012.
  54. ↑ Romo, Rafael (2 February 2012). "Cartels targeting police officers in Juarez, authorities say; 8 officers dead". CNN. Retrieved 23 July 2012.
  55. ↑ "Off-Duty Cops Slain in Mexican Border City". Latin American Herald Tribune. Retrieved 23 July 2012.
  56. 1 2 3 4 5 Corcoran, Patrick (5 February 2012). "What the Rise of a New Gang Means for Juarez". InSight Crime. Retrieved 23 July 2012.
  57. 1 2 3 4 Dudley, Steven (3 June 2011). "Zetas-La Linea Alliance May Alter Balance of Power in Mexico". InSight Crime. Retrieved 24 July 2012.
  58. 1 2 3 4 "Mexican army says killings in border city of Ciudad Juarez down 42 percent". Fox News. 11 July 2012. Retrieved 23 July 2012.
  59. ↑ Althaus, Dudley (18 April 2012). "Drug lord "El Chapo" declares war on Zetas". The Houston Chronicle. Retrieved 23 July 2012.
  60. 1 2 3 Martínez-Cabrera, Alejandro (12 July 2012). "Juárez slayings decreased 59.8% first half 2012". El Paso Times. Retrieved 23 July 2012.
  61. ↑ "El Cártel de Juárez llega a su fin". El Economista (in Spanish). 18 January 2012. Retrieved 23 July 2012.
  62. 1 2 Burnett, John (18 May 2010). "Mexico's Drug War: A Rigged Fight?". NPR. Retrieved 23 July 2012.
  63. ↑ Caldwell, Alicia A. (10 April 2010). "El Chapo Guzman winning Juarez drug war, U.S. intelligence says". The Dallas Morning News. Retrieved 23 July 2012.
  64. ↑ Chavez, Ricardo (12 July 2012). "Mexico Army: Border City Killings Plunge This Year". ABC News. Retrieved 23 July 2012.
  65. 1 2 Fox, Edward (3 May 2012). "Judge: 'Mexico Will Win Fight Against Organized Crime in Juarez". InSight Crime. Retrieved 23 July 2012.
  66. ↑ Ioan Grillo (22 June 2011). "Vicente Carrillo Fuentes". Time. Retrieved 24 July 2012.
  67. ↑ "Mexico offers $2M for top drug lords". El Paso Times. 24 March 2009. Retrieved 24 July 2012.
  68. ↑ "Cae el "Mónico Lewynsky", lugarteniente de La Línea". Organización Editorial Mexicana (in Spanish). 3 January 2010. Retrieved 24 July 2012.
  69. ↑ Carvallo, Manuel (26 July 2010). "Detienen a "El 20", líder de La Línea". Organización Editorial Mexicana (in Spanish). Retrieved 24 July 2012.
  70. ↑ "El Brad Pitt arrested in Mexico drug swoop". The Guardian. 17 June 2011. Retrieved 24 July 2012.
  71. ↑ "Cae otro líder de La Línea en Chihuahua; fue policía estatal". Proceso (in Spanish). 18 June 2011. Retrieved 24 July 2012.
  72. ↑ "Report: Leader of La Linea gang arrested in Mexico". CNN. 30 July 2011. Retrieved 24 July 2012.
  73. ↑ "Captura Ejército a sucesor de El Diego en Chihuahua". Milenio (in Spanish). 18 August 2011. Retrieved 24 July 2012.
  74. ↑ "Cae 'El Pariente', brazo derecho de 'El Viceroy' en el cártel de Juárez". MVS Comunicaciones (in Spanish). 20 April 2012. Retrieved 21 April 2012.

Bibliography

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