Burmese kyat

Burmese kyat
(Burmese)
1 kyat (1990) 1000 kyats (2004)
ISO 4217 code	MMK
Central bank	Central Bank of Myanmar
Website	www.cbm.gov.mm
User(s)	Myanmar
Inflation	3.1%
Source	The World Factbook, 2012 est.
Subunit
1⁄100	pya
Symbol	K
Coins	K5, K10, K50, K100. Rare. K1
Banknotes	K5, K10, K20, K50, K100, K200, K500, K1000, K5000, K10,000. Rare. 50 pyas, K1.

The kyat (/kiˈɑːt/, US /ˈtʃɑːt/ or /ˈkjɑːt/;^[1] Burmese: ကျပ် [tɕaʔ]; ISO 4217 code MMK) is the currency of Burma (Myanmar). It is often abbreviated as "K" (singular or plural) or "Ks" (plural), which is placed before or after the numerical value, depending on author preference.

Current MMK exchange rates

From 2001-2012, the official exchange rate varied between 5.75 and 6.70 kyats per US dollar (8.20 to 7.00 kyats per euro). However, the street rate (black market rate), which more accurately took into account the standing of the national economy, has varied from 750 kyats to 1335 kyats per USD (985 to 1475 kyats per EUR). Black market exchange rates (USD to MMK) decrease during the peak of the tourist season in Burma (December to January).

On 2 April 2012, the Central Bank of Myanmar announced that the value of the kyat against the US dollar would float, setting an initial rate of K 818 per US dollar.^[2]

On 20 March 2013, the Finance Ministry announced that it would abolish Foreign Exchange Certificates (FEC), which were mandatory for tourists to buy at least US$200 worth of until 2003, a measure used to stop visitors from exchanging on the black market.^[3]

History

First kyat, 1852-1889

The kyat was a denomination of both silver and gold coinages in Burma until 1889. It was divided into 20 pe, each of 4 pya, with the mu and mat worth 2 and 4 pe, respectively. Nominally, 16 silver kyat equal 1 gold kyat. The silver kyat was equivalent to the Indian rupee, which replaced the kyat after Burma was conquered by the British.

Second Kyat, 1943-1945

When the Japanese occupied Burma in 1942, they introduced a currency based on the rupee. This was later replaced by banknotes in all kyat denominations. This kyat was subdivided into 100 cents. The currency became worthless at the end of the war when the Burmese rupee was reintroduced in 1945.

Third kyat, 1952-

The present kyat was introduced on 1 July 1952. It replaced the rupee at par. Decimalisation also took place, with the kyat subdivided into 100 pya.

Coins

First kyat

In 1852, Mindon, the second last king of Burma, established the Royal Mint in Mandalay (Central Burma). The dies were made in Paris. Silver coins were minted in denominations of 1 pe, 1 mu (2 pe), 1 mat (4 pe), 5 mu (10 pe) and 1 kyat, with gold 1 pe and 1 mu. The obverses bore the Royal Peacock Seal, from which the coins got their name. The reverse contained the denomination and mint date (in the Burmese era, which starts from AD 638). In the 1860s and 1870s, lead coins were issued for ¹⁄₈ and ¹⁄₄ pya, with copper, brass, tin and iron ¹⁄₄ pe (1 pya) and copper 2 pya. Further gold goins were issued in 1866 for 1 pe, 2 ¹⁄₂ mu and 1 kyat, with 5 mu issued in 1878.

Second kyat

No coins were issued for this currency.

Third kyat

In 1956, coins were introduced for 1, 5, 10, 25 and 50 pyas and 1 kyat. The new coins bore the same obverse figure of the Chinthe from the Second kyat coins and the same reverse design, with the value of the coin in Myanmar writing and numerals surrounded by Myanmar flower designs.

1956-1966 issued coins [4]
Image		Value	Technical parameters			Description			Date of issue
Obverse	Reverse		Diameter	Mass	Composition	Edge	Obverse	Reverse
		1 pya	18 mm	2.2 g	Bronze 90% copper 10% zinc	Plain	Chinthe	Value (digit),Value (writing), year of minting, Myanmar flower designs	1956
		5 pyas	19.5 mm	3.17 g	Copper-nickel	Plain	Chinthe	Value (digit),Value (writing), year of minting, Myanmar flower designs	1956
		10 pyas	19.5 mm	4.46 g	Copper-nickel	Plain		Value (digit),Value (writing), year of minting, Myanmar flower designs	1956
		25 pyas	24.1 mm	6.78 g	Copper-nickel	Plain		Value (digit),Value (writing), year of minting, Myanmar flower designs	1956
		50 pyas	26 mm	7.8 g	Copper-nickel	Plain		Value (digit),Value (writing), year of minting, Myanmar flower designs	1956
		1 kyat	30.5 mm	11.65 g	Copper-nickel	Plain		Value (digit),Value (writing), year of minting, Myanmar flower designs	1956
These images are to scale at 2.5 pixels per millimeter. For table standards, see the coin specification table.

In 1966, all coins were redesigned to feature Aung San on the obverse and were all changed in composition to aluminium. Furthermore, the coins were slightly reduced in size. However, they retained the same shapes and overall appearance of the previous series of coins. These were circulated until being discontinued in 1983.

In 1983 a new series of coins was issued in bronze or brass 5, 10, 25, 50 pyas and cupro-nickel 1 kyat. Although the 25 pyas was initially round, it was later redesigned as hexagonal due to size and appearance confusions with the 10 and 50 pyas. These would be the last official series of coins to be issued under the name of "Burma."

1 pya coins were last minted in 1966, with the 5 and 25 pyas last minted in 1987 and the 10 and 50 pyas in 1991.

In 1999, a new series of coins was issued in denominations of bronze 1 kyat, brass 5 and 10 kyats, and cupro-nickel 50 and 100 kyats under the name "Central Bank of Myanmar." These are also the first coins of Burma to depict Latin letters. These coins were intended for vendors and services as an alternative to large amounts of worn out, low denomination banknotes. High inflation has since pushed these coins out of circulation.

In late 2008, the Myanmar government announced that new 50 and 100 kyat coins would be issued. According to newspaper articles, the new 50 kyat coin would be made of copper, with the usual Burmese lion on the obverse and the Lotus Fountain from Naypyidaw on the reverse. The 100 Kyat coin would be of cupro-nickel and depict the Burmese lion on the obverse and the value on the reverse.

Banknotes

First kyat

No paper money was issued for this currency.

Second kyat

The Burma State Bank issued notes for 1, 5, 10 and 100 kyat in 1944, followed by a further issue of 100 kyat notes in 1945.

1944/1945 Series
Image		Value	Dimensions	Main Color	Description			Date of issue	Remark
Obverse	Reverse				Obverse	Reverse	Watermark
		K1	109 × 63 mm	Blue	Peacock and "1 kyat" written in Myanmar with rising sun in background	Mandalay Royal Palace	"Bamar" written in Myanmar language embedded in guilloché pattern	1944
		K5	130 × 72 mm	Red	Peacock and "5 kyats" written in Myanmar with rising sun in background
		K10	146 × 84 mm	Green	Peacock and "10 kyats" written in Myanmar with rising sun in background
		K100	160 × 90 mm	Bright Orange	Peacock and "100 kyats" written in Myanmar with rising sun in background
		K100	155 × 95 mm	Dark blue	Peacock and "100 kyats" written over Myanmar "100" numerals with image of Head of State Ba Maw on right	Mandalay Royal Palace in center bordered by Myanmar nāgas with "100" in Myanmar numerals on left and right	Head of State Ba Maw's image	1945
For table standards, see the banknote specification table.

Third kyat

A 5 kyat denomination note featuring Aung San

In 1952, the Union Bank of Burma formed a Currency Board which took over control of the issuing of currency and a more important change to the currency was the introduction of the decimal system in which 1 kyat was decimalised into 100 pyas.^[11] On 12 February 1958, the Union Bank of Burma introduced the first kyat notes, in denominations of 1, 5, 10 and 100 kyats. These were very similar in design to the last series of rupee notes, issued earlier. Later on 21 August 1958, 20 and 50 kyats notes were introduced. The 50 and 100 kyat notes were demonetised on 15 May 1964. This was the first of several demonetisations, ostensibly carried out with the aim of fighting black marketeering.

1965-1971

The Peoples Bank of Burma took over note production in 1965 with an issue of 1, 5, 10 and 20 kyat notes.

1965 Series
Image		Value	Dimensions	Main Color	Description			Date of issue
Obverse	Reverse				Obverse	Reverse	Watermark
		K1	115 × 66 mm	Purple and grey	General Aung San	Inle Lake fisherman	Series of semi-circles	30 April 1965
		K5	150 × 70 mm	Green		Farmer and cow	Pattern throughout paper	1965
		K10	159 × 81 mm	Red		Woman picking cotton
		K20	169 × 90 mm	Brown		Cultivating tractor

1972-1988

In 1972, the Union of Burma Bank took over note issuance, with notes introduced between 1972 and 1979 for 1, 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100 kyats. The notes were printed by the Security Printing Works in Wazi, Upper Burma (established c. 1972) under the technical direction of the German firm Giesecke & Devrient.

35 kyat front

On 3 November 1985, the 50-, and 100-kyat notes were demonetised without warning, though the public was allowed to exchange limited amounts of the old notes for new ones. All other denominations then in circulation remained legal tender. On 10 November 1985, 75-kyat notes were introduced, the odd denomination possibly chosen because of dictator Ne Win's predilection for numerology; the 75-kyat note was supposedly introduced to commemorate his 75th birthday. It was followed by the introduction of 15- and 35- kyat notes on 1 August 1986.

Only two years later, on 5 September 1987, the government demonetised the 25-, 35-, and 75-kyat notes without warning or compensation, rendering some 75% of the country's currency worthless. On 22 September 1987, banknotes for 45 and 90 kyat were introduced, both of which incorporated Ne Win's favourite number, nine. The resulting economic disturbances led to serious riots (see 8888 Uprising) and eventually a coup d'état in 1988 by General Saw Maung.

1972-1987 Series
Image		Value	Dimensions	Main Color	Description		Date of
Obverse	Reverse				Obverse	Reverse	issue	issue suspension
		K 1	124 × 60 mm	Green	General Aung San	Weaving Loom	31 October 1972	Fall into disuse, wear and tear
		K 5	136 × 70 mm	Blue		Palm Tree	31 October 1973	Fall into disuse, wear and tear
		K 10	146 × 80 mm	Reddish Brown		Ceremonial Offering Bowl	30 June 1973	Fall into disuse, wear and tear
		K 15	149 × 71 mm	Light green		Zawgyi wood carving	1 August 1986	Fall into disuse,wear and tear
		K 25	155 × 90 mm	Orange		Pyinsa Rupa	3 November 1985	5 September 1987
		K 35	155 × 74 mm	Violet		Standing Nat Thar	1 August 1986	5 September 1987
		K 45	158 × 77,5 mm	Blue-green	Thakin Pho Hla Gyi	Oil field workers and oil drills	22 September 1987	Fall into disuse,wear and tear
		K 50	166 × 100 mm	Yellow-Brown	General Aung San	Law Ka Nat	July 1979	3 November 1985
		K 75	161 × 77 mm	Brown			10 November 1985	5 September 1987
		K 90	167 × 80 mm	Light green	Saya San	Farmers and bullock cart	22 September 1987	Fall into disuse,wear and tear
		K 100	176 × 110 mm	Light green	General Aung San	Saung gauk	1 August 1986	3 November 1985
For table standards, see the banknote specification table.

1989 to present

Following the change of the country's name to Myanmar on 20 June 1989, new notes began to be issued, but returning to more useful or practical denominations. This time, the old notes were not demonetised, but simply allowed to fall into disuse through inflation as well as wear and tear. On 1 March 1990, 1-kyat notes were issued, followed by 200-kyat notes on 27 March 1990. On 27 March 1994, notes for 50 pya, 20, 50, 100, and 500 kyats were issued, followed on 1 May 1995, by new 5- and 10-kyat notes. 1,000-kyat notes were introduced in November 1998.

In 2003, rumours of another pending demonetisation swept through the country, resulting in the junta issuing official denials, but this time the demonetisation did not materialise. In 2004, the sizes of the 200, 500, and 1,000 kyats were reduced in size (to make all Myanma banknotes uniform in size) but larger notes were allowed to remain in circulation. 50 pya, 1, 5, and 10 kyat banknotes are now rarely seen, because of their low value.

A 5000 kyat denomination note issued in October 2009.

On 1 October 2009, 5,000-kyat banknotes were issued measuring 150 x 70 mm. Along the top front is written Central Bank of Myanmar in Burmese, and in the centre is a white elephant. On the back is a picture of the Central Bank of Myanmar with "FIVE THOUSAND KYATS 5000" written in English. This new denomination is five times larger than the previous largest denomination.^[12] Public response has been mixed, with some welcoming a higher value note reducing the number of banknotes which need to be carried. Other responses have suggested a widespread fear that this will simply fuel the current rate of inflation, which was supported by a jump in the black market exchange rates following the public announcement of this change.^[13][14] The Central Bank of Myanmar introduced new 5,000 bank notes on 1 October 2014 to prevent counterfeiting, it reported on 18 September. The revised notes are varnished and have enhancements made to the printing, watermarks, and security thread and is the same size, colour and design as the 2009 issue, which continues to be used. The new notes will last longer and be cleaner, the central bank said. The announcement followed recent media reports that counterfeit Ks 5,000 and Ks 10,000 bank notes were circulating widely. Police seized eight counterfeit Ks 10,000 bills and a printer allegedly used to make them on 12 September in Yangon’s Tamwe Township.^[15]

On 9 June 2012, the Central Bank announced that 10,000-kyat notes would be introduced into the circulation to better facilitate financial transactions in a largely cash-oriented economy. They were issued on 15 June 2012.^[16][17]

Ever since the Third Kyat was introduced, the Myanmar currency has no indication of the date in which the note came into circulation nor the signature of the issuing authority.

Current Series
Image		Value	Dimensions	Main Color	Description			Date of issue	Remark
Obverse	Reverse				Obverse	Reverse	Watermark
		50 pyas	110 × 55 mm	Obverse: Purple and orange Reverse: Multicolor	Saung gauk	Guilloché pattern	"BCM"	27 March 1994
		K1		Orange	Bogyoke Aung San	Guilloché pattern	Bogyoke Aung San	1 March 1990
		K1		Blue-purple	Chinthe	Boat-rowing at Kandawgyi Lake, Yangon	"BCM"	31 October 1996
		K5	130 × 60 mm	Brown and blue		Chinlone cane ball game	Chinthe	1 May 1995
							Chinthe bust over value	1997
		K10		Purple		A karaweik (royal regalia boat)	Chinthe	1 May 1995
							Chinthe bust over value	1997
		K20	145 × 70 mm	Green		People's Park and Elephant Fountain, Yangon	Chinthe bust over value	27 March 1994
		K50		Orange-brown		Lacquerware artisan	Chinthe	27 March 1994
							Chinthe bust over value	1997
		K100		Blue, green, and pink		Temple renovation	Chinthe	27 March 1994
							Chinthe bust over value
[18]	[19]	K200	165 × 80 mm	Dark green		Elephant teak-logger	Chinthe	27 March 1990; 1998	Value below watermark
							Chinthe bust over value
			150 × 70 mm				Chinthe bust over value	11 December 2004	Value above watermark
[20]	[21]	K500	165 × 80 mm	Purple and brown		A General Mahabandoola statue being painted	Chinthe	27 March 1994	Value above watermark
							Chinthe bust over value
			150 × 70 mm				Chinthe bust over value	10 October 2004	Value below watermark
		K1000	165 × 80 mm	Green and purple		Ministry of Finance and Revenue	Chinthe	November 1998	Value above watermark
							Chinthe bust over value
			150 × 70 mm				Chinthe bust over value	11 October 2004	Value below watermark
		K5000	150 × 70 mm	Orange/pink	Elephant	Pyidaungsu Hluttaw (Assembly of the Union) legislature buildings in Zeya Theddhi Ward of Naypyidaw	Elephant profile over value	1 October 2009[22]	Value below watermark
		K10,000 [23]	150 × 70 mm	Blue, red, purple, green, brown and yellow	State Seal of Myanmar	Mandalay Royal Palace Moat	Lotus Flower profile over value	15 June 2012	Value below watermark

Foreign Exchange Certificates

In 1993, Myanmar began issuing foreign exchange certificates (FEC) in denominations of 1, 5, 10, and 20 kyats. These were exchanged on a parity ratio with the United States Dollar and were valued separately from the regular kyat. Conversion of foreign currency into kyats was made illegal as exchange rates were set artificially high. During much of this period, two valuations of the Myanmar kyat emerged; The official rate which averaged around 6 MMK = 1 USD, and the black market rate which averaged tens of times higher. Foreign visitors could only transact currency in FEC's or could only obtain kyats at the artificially high official rates. Illegal peddlers often had to be sought out to exchange currency.

On 1 April 2012, the Government of Myanmar began allowing for a managed float of the kyat and legalised the use and exchange of foreign currencies in Myanmar to better reflect the global exchange rates, attract investment, and to weaken the black markets. On 20 March 2013, the government announced the discontinuation and gradual withdrawal of FEC's.

References

External links

• Central Bank of Myanmar
• THE UNIVERSAL PAYMENT SYSTEM - Kyat to Myanmar