Kranenburg, North Rhine-Westphalia

Kranenburg
Coat of arms
Kranenburg
Location of Kranenburg within Kleve district
Coordinates: 51°47′23″N 6°0′26″E / 51.78972°N 6.00722°E / 51.78972; 6.00722Coordinates: 51°47′23″N 6°0′26″E / 51.78972°N 6.00722°E / 51.78972; 6.00722
Country	Germany
State	North Rhine-Westphalia
Admin. region	Düsseldorf
District	Kleve
Government
• Mayor	Günter Steins (CDU)
Area
• Total	76.96 km2 (29.71 sq mi)
Population (2014-12-31)[1]
• Total	10,340
• Density	130/km2 (350/sq mi)
Time zone	CET/CEST (UTC+1/+2)
Postal codes	47559
Dialling codes	0 28 26 und 0 28 21
Vehicle registration	KLE
Website	www.kranenburg.de

Kranenburg is a town and municipality in the district of Cleves in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is located near the border with the Netherlands, 12 kilometres (7 mi) south-east of Nijmegen and 11 kilometres (7 mi) west of Cleves. Since 1992, Kranenburg has evolved into a commuter town for Nijmegen, driven almost exclusively by lower real estate prices. The village has always focussed on the Dutch city of Nijmegen, and the local language was Dutch until far into the 19th century. More recent, the extremely large influx of Dutch financially driven, cross-border migrants has changed the profile of this small rural border town significantly, resulting in social discomfort and unrest with the native German population.^[2]

Towns and villages in the municipality

• Kranenburg
• Nütterden
• Schottheide
• Mehr
• Frasselt
• Zyfflich
• Wyler
• Niel
• Grafwegen

History

Middle Ages

First records show that Kranenburg was founded in the 13th century by the Baron of Kleve. The first castle was built in 1270 and the first church a few years later by Dietrichs Luf von Kleve († 1277). In 1294, the village raised to the status of town. In 1308 "The Miraculous Cross" („Wundertätigen Kreuzes“) was found, establishing Kranenburg as a place of pilgrimage. According to legend, a boy went into the forest after church and spit out his communion wafer. After a while he felt guilty and confessed to the pastor. Together they went back into the forest to find the wafer. At the tree where he had spit it out, the cross now stood.

In 1370, the county Land Kranenburg came into the possession of the von Kleve family line again, after it had been leased to Gerhard I knight, Lord of Horne and Weert, Lord of Perweys, Lord of Herlaer, and later his son, the bishop Dietrich. During this time the town got its first fortifications. At the end of the 15th century, a new castle, substantial stone fortifications with 2 gates and an, up to this point unknown number of towers were erected. The most southern of these towers acted as the town windmill (Stadtwindmühle). The town bloomed most prosperously during the first half of the 15th century, which resulted in the construction of the large, Gothic St. Peter und Paul church. In 1436, the St. Martins Priory was moved to Kranenburg from Zyfflich, in 1445/46 followed by the Augustinian women's nunnery "Katharinenhof Kranenburg",^[3] which was established in the Kranenburger Mühlenstraße as an axillary branch of the Klever Nunnery of Mount Sion (Schwesternhauses vom Berg Sion). After a fierce religious feud over the new prince bishop within the Münster Cathedral Chapter since 1450, the Kranenburger Treaty was signed in Kranenburg in 1457, assigning John II of Pfalz-Simmern as the new prince bishop.^[4][5]

Early Renaissance

Multiple town fires and floods diminished the prosperity that Kranenburg had known during the Middle Ages. With the end of the hereditary lineage of the Duchy of Jülich-Kleve-Bergischen in 1609, county Kranenburg and the Duchy of Cleves became the property of lords of Brandenburg-Prussia. In 1675, Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg (16 February 1620 – 29 April 1688) gave Kranenburg to his personal physician, Arnold Fey. After his death in 1678, Kranenburg returned into the possession of the family of Brandenburg-Prussia. Around 1650, the "reformed congregation" of Kranenburg was founded, and got a small church in 1723. The historic town hall was destroyed completely by fire in 1789. In 1800, the then derelict town gates were demolished.

1945, just a month before the end of World War II: US Air Force Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress bomber shot down by German Messerschmitt 262 near Kranenburg, Germany

19th and 20th century

During the Napoleonic Wars and subsequent French occupation, Kranenburg was a separate canton within the Département de la Roer and temporary the most northern location of the Napoleonic Empire. At the same time, it however lost its town privileges. In 1802, the Order of St. Martin and the St. Catherine convent became secular. After the Vienna Convention, the counties of Kranenburg, Nütterden und Frasselt-Schottheide grounded the community (Bürgermeisterei) of Kranenburg. Later, in 1936, Grafwegen, that previously belonged to Kessel, was added to the administrative community of Kranenburg. Kranenburg remained a mainly agricultural community until far into the 20th century.

Kranenburg during World War II

February 8 - March 11, 1945: Operations Veritable and Blockbuster (yellow) and Grenade (green)

During the winter of 1944 -1945, the town of Kranenburg found itself in the middle of heavy fighting. In the nearby Klever Reichswald and the surroundings of the nowadays village of Kranenburg, Operation Veritable, also known as the Battle of the Reichswald took place. Taking place from February 8 till March 11, 1945, Operation Veritable was a part of General Dwight Eisenhower's "broad front" strategy to occupy the west bank of the Rhine, before attempting any crossing, conquest of the Ruhrgebiet industrial area, and eventual push towards Berlin. Veritable was originally called Valediction and had been planned originally for execution in early January, 1945. One day after the start of Operation Veritable on the 8th, the Germans blew the gates out of the largest Roer dam, sending water surging down the valley. The next day they added to the flooding by doing the same to dams further up stream on the Roer and the Urft. The river rose at two feet an hour and the valley downstream to the Meuse stayed flooded for about two weeks.

Modern day Kranenburg

After the Second World War, the counties of Wyler and Zyfflich were added to the administrative community Kranenburg. After the 1st North Rhine Westphalia Communal Reformation Program (1. kommunalen Neugliederungsprogramm) of July 1, 1969, the country of Kranenburg existed out of the communities of:^[6]

• Kranenburg
• Nütterden
• Frasselt
• Schottheide
• Grafwegen
• Mehr
• Niel
• Wyler
• Zyfflich

At present day, the community of Kranenburg is a border town within a Europe "without borders". With the introduction the European Union and subsequent EU internal market without boundaries, many Dutch moved from the Netherlands to Kranenburg in Germany, attracted by economic motives, e.g. low real estate prices/ taxes. This resulted in a massive influx increase of more than 200% between 1992 and 2008, growing the total population of the small community dramatically. Currently, approximately 25% of the inhabitants of Kranenburg originate from the Dutch "border" regions.^[2] Although, German authorities suggest diplomatically to "steer" this influx by "handing out permits selectively", migration away from the area by its original German citizens, and "enclave formation" of "Dutch-only" clusters is already observed.^[7] This, according to international publications of the Centre for Border Research (NCBR) of the nearby located University of Nijmegen, is mainly caused by the refusal of the Dutch migrants to integrate/ participate in German society.^[8][9] Based on their observations, the investigators conclude that 100% of the life of these Dutch migrants lies across the border in the Netherlands, although their residence lies in Germany, solely out of financial motives. Hence, for example Dutch parents selectively send their children to Dutch schools, Dutch physicians and hospitals are visited, Dutch sporting and social organisations are joined, Dutch media are read, watched, and listened to. Many do not speak the German language, and don't make any effort to acquire German language skills. Illustratively, the Dutch are reported "to drive back to the Netherlands to buy a jar of peanut butter".^[9]

In their conclusions, the authors observe that this refusal of the Dutch to integrate, participate, and contribute to their new German community contrasts strongly with the current Dutch public opinion,^[10] political climate, or indeed legislation. The Dutch political climate, and the apparent support of Dutch Prime Minister Mark Rutte, was recently discussed and condemned by the European Union.^[11][12] Dutch legislation, the Integration law for immigrants to the Netherlands Act obliges migrants entering the Netherlands to integrate into Dutch society.^[13][14] To measure this, migrants are subjected to courses and a final exam, determining the migrants’ ability to speak the Dutch language and general knowledge of Dutch society. Failure to pass the exam (e.g. inability to speak Dutch) results in expulsion. Participation in this exam is only required of non-EU nationals.^[10][15][16] Although public sentiments and opinions vary considerably, as for the whole EEC territory, the German conditions of residence for non EU nationals are very similar to those in the Netherlands.^[17]

Notable people from Kranenburg

Born in Kranenburg

• Rieke Hartwig (*1958), ceramic art
• Barbara Adamek (*1967), painting, art objects
• André Lemmens (*1967), painting (architecture)

Lived in Kranenburg

• Eric de Kuyper,^[18] award-winning novelist, filmmaker, semiotician

References

External links

Media related to Kranenburg at Wikimedia Commons

Towns and municipalities in Kleve (district) Bedburg-Hau Emmerich Geldern Goch Issum Kalkar Kerken Kevelaer Kleve Kranenburg Rees Rheurdt Straelen Uedem Wachtendonk Weeze