List of monarchs of Sardinia

Coat of Arms of the kingdom of Sardinia from the 14th century

The following is a list of rulers of Sardinia, in particular, of the monarchs of the Kingdom of Sardinia and Corsica (then only Kingdom of Sardinia), from 1323 to 1861.

Early history

We know nothing about the history of Nuraghic civilization that, in the period from the 18th to the 12th century B.C. realized impressive megalithic constructions, as well as those that followed, due to the absence of written sources. The first news of Sardinia we receive from Greek sources, but relate more to myth than to historical reality. It depends on the ancient authors: an African or Iberian hero, Norax, named the city of Nora. A son of Hercules, Sardo, gave the island its name; one of his nephews, Iolaus, founded the city of Olbia.[1] Actually, the greek colonization of the city of Olbia has been confirmed by recent archaeological excavations.[2] Towards the end of the 6th century A.C. Sardinia was conquered by the Carthaginians and, in 238 B.C. it was occupied by the Romans, which belonged to about 1000 years (in the Eastern Roman Empire) a part the brief dominion of Vandals in the 5° and 6° century.

Early medieval rulers

Vandal coin found in Sardinia depicting Godas. Latin legend : REX CVDA.

Judges

Main article: Giudicati

Before the Kingdom of Sardinia was founded, the rulers of the island were known as archons (ἄρχοντες in Greek) or judges (iudices in Latin, judices in Sardinian, giudici in Italian).[5][6] The island was organized into one "judicatus" from the 9th century on. After the Muslim conquest of Sicily in the 9th century, the Byzantines, who ruled Sardinia until then, couldn't defend their isolated far western province. In all likelihood a local noble family acceded to the power, still identifying themselves as vassals of the Byzantines, but independent "de facto" as communications with Constantinople were very difficult. We known only two names of those rulers, Salusios (Σαλούσιος) and the protospatharios Turcoturios (Tουρκοτούριος) from two inscriptions [7][8][9]), who probably reigned between the 10th and the 11th century. These rulers were still closely linked to the Byzantines, both for a pact of ancient vassalage,[10] and from the ideological point of view, with the use of the Greek language (in a country of the romance language), and the use of art of Byzantine inspiration.

In the early 11th century an attempt to conquer the island was made by Muslims based in Spain.[11] The only records of that war are from Pisan and Genoese chronicles.[12] The Christians won, but after that, the previous Sardinian kingdom was totally undermined and divided into four small judicati: Cagliari, Arborea, Gallura, Torres or Logudoro.

Some of these rulers occasionally took the style of king (rex):

Nominal kings of Imperial appointment

Entius Hohenstaufen coat of arms

Some rulers of the time obtained the title of King of Sardinia (Rex Sardiniae) by grant of the Holy Roman Emperor:

None of these rulers had effective authority over the whole island. In 1269, an anti-imperial faction in Logudoro elected Philip of Sicily as king of all Sardinia, but this was never confirmed by emperor or pope and Philip never visited the island.

Kings of Sardinia and Corsica

James II of Aragon received royal investiture from Pope Boniface VIII in 1297 as Rex Sardiniae et Corsicae. The Aragonese did not take actual possession of the isle until 1323, after a victorious military campaign against the Pisans. However, Sardinian royal title never had a specific line of succession, and all kings used their own primary numeral title.

Arms of the House of Barcelona

House of Barcelona (Aragon), 13231410

Main articles: Kings of Aragon and Crown of Aragon
Name Portrait Birth Marriages Death
James II of Aragon
13231327
10 August 1267
Valencia
son of Peter I and Constance of Sicily
Isabella of Castile
1 December 1291
No children

Blanche of Anjou
29 October 1295
10 children

Marie de Lusignan
15 June 1315
No children

Elisenda de Montcada
25 December 1322
No children
5 November 1327
Barcelona
aged 60
Alfonso IV of Aragon
13271336
1299
Naples
son of James II of Aragon and Blanche of Anjou
Teresa d'Entença
1314
7 children

Eleanor of Castile
2 children
27 January 1336
Barcelona
aged 37
Peter IV of Aragon
13361387
5 October 1319
Balaguer
son of Alfonso IV and Teresa d'Entença
Maria of Navarre
1338
2 children

Leonor of Portugal
1347
No children

Eleanor of Sicily
4 children
5 January 1387
Barcelona
aged 68
John I of Aragon
13871396
27 December 1350
Perpignan
son of Peter IV of Aragon and Eleanor of Sicily
Martha of Armagnac
1 child

Yolande of Bar
3 children
19 May 1396
Foixà
aged 46
Martin I of Aragon
13961410
1356
Girona
son of Peter IV of Aragon and Eleanor of Sicily
Maria de Luna
13 June 1372
4 children

Margarita of Aragon-Prades
1409
No children
31 May 1410
Barcelona
aged 54
Between 1410 and 1412 there was an interregnum.
Arms of the Aragonese House of Trastamara

House of Trastámara, 14121516

Name Portrait Birth Marriages Death
Ferdinand I of Aragon
14121416
27 November 1380
Medina del Campo
son of John I of Castile and Eleanor of Aragon
Eleanor of Alburquerque
1394
8 children
2 April 1416
Igualada
aged 36
Alfonso V of Aragon
14161458
1396
Medina del Campo
son of Ferdinand I and Eleanor of Alburquerque
Maria of Castile
1415
No children
27 June 1458
Naples
aged 52

Kings of Sardinia

Name Portrait Birth Marriages Death
John II of Aragon
14581479
29 June 1397
Medina del Campo
son of Ferdinand I and Eleanor of Alburquerque
Blanche I of Navarre
6 November 1419
4 children

Juana Enríquez
2 children
20 January 1479
Barcelona
aged 81
Ferdinand II of Aragon
14791516
10 March 1452
son of John II of Aragon and Juana Enriquez
Isabella I of Castile
19 October 1469
5 children

Germaine of Foix
1505
No children
23 January 1516
Madrigalejo
aged 63
Joanna of Castile
15161555
6 November 1479
daughter of Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile
Philip IV of Burgundy
1496
6 children
12 April 1555
Madrigalejo
aged 75

House of Habsburg (Spanish branch), 15161700

Name Portrait Birth Marriages Death
Charles I of Spain
15161556
24 February 1500
Ghent
son of Philip I of Castile and Joanna of Castile
Isabella of Portugal
10 March 1526
3 children
21 September 1558
Yuste
aged 58
Philip II of Spain
15561598
21 May 1527
Valladolid
son of Charles IV and Isabella of Portugal
Maria of Portugal
1543
1 child

Mary I of England
1554
No children

Elisabeth of Valois
1559
2 children

Anna of Austria
4 May 1570
5 children
13 September 1598
Madrid
aged 71
Philip III of Spain
15981621
14 April 1578
Madrid
son of Philip I and Anna of Austria
Margaret of Austria
18 April 1599
5 children
31 March 1621
Madrid
aged 42
Philip IV of Spain
16211665
8 April 1605
Valladolid
son of Philip II and Margaret of Austria
Elisabeth of Bourbon
1615
7 children

Mariana of Austria
1649
5 children

17 September 1665
Madrid
aged 60
Charles II of Spain
16651700
6 November 1661
Madrid
son of Philip III and Mariana of Austria
Maria Luisa of Orléans
19 November 1679
No children

Maria Anna of Neuburg
14 May 1690
No children

1 November 1700
Madrid
aged 38
Coat of arms of Philip V of Spain

House of Bourbon (Spanish branch) 17001708

Name Portrait Birth Marriages Death
Philip V of Spain
17001708
19 December 1683
Versailles
son of Louis, Dauphin of France and Maria Anna of Bavaria
Maria Luisa of Savoy
2 November 1701
4 children

Elisabeth of Parma
24 December 1714
7 children

9 July 1746
Madrid
aged 62

Sardinia was taken over by the Habsburg troops in 1708 during the War of the Spanish Succession in the name of the Habsburg claimant of the Spanish throne, "Charles III". At the end of the war Sardinia remained in the possession of the same ruler, and by the Treaty of Rastatt it was ceded to him.

Coat of Arms of Archduke Charles of Austria

House of Habsburg (Austrian branch), 17081720

Name Portrait Birth Marriages Death
Emperor Charles VI
17081720
1 October 1685
Vienna
son of Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor and Eleonore-Magdalena of Pfalz-Neuburg
Elisabeth Christine
1 August 1708
4 children
20 October 1740
Vienna
aged 55

Spanish forces invaded the kingdom in 1717 during the War of the Quadruple Alliance. The island was under Spanish military occupation until 1720 when it was given back to Emperor Charles VI who ceded it to the Duke of Savoy by the Treaty of The Hague.

Coats of arms of Savoy House

House of Savoy, 17201946

The monarchs of the House of Savoy ruled from their mainland capital of Turin but styled themselves primarily with the royal title of Sardinia as superior to the original lesser title of Duke of Savoy. However, their numeral order continued the Savoyard list.

Name Portrait Birth Marriages Death
Victor Amadeus II of Savoy
17 February 1720 3 September 1730
14 May 1666
Turin
son of Charles Emmanuel II, Duke of Savoy and Marie Jeanne of Savoy
Anne Marie d'Orléans, Princess of France
10 April 1684
6 children
31 October 1732
Moncalieri
aged 66
Charles Emmanuel III of Savoy
3 September 1730 20 February 1773
27 April 1701
Turin
son of Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia and Anne Marie d'Orléans, Princess of France
Anne Christine of Sulzbach
1 child

Polyxena of Hesse-Rotenburg
6 children

Elisabeth Therese of Lorraine
3 children
20 February 1773
Turin
aged 72
Victor Amadeus III of Savoy
20 February 1773 16 October 1796
26 June 1726
Turin
son of Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia and Polyxena of Hesse-Rotenburg
Maria Antonietta of Spain
12 children
16 October 1796
Moncalieri
aged 70
Charles Emmanuel IV of Savoy
16 October 1796 4 June 1802
24 May 1751
Turin
son of Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia and Maria Antonietta of Spain
Marie Clotilde of France
1775
No children
6 October 1819
Rome
aged 68
Victor Emmanuel I of Savoy
4 June 1802 12 March 1821
24 July 1759
Turin
son of Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia and Maria Antonietta of Spain
Maria Teresa of Austria-Este
21 April 1789
7 children
10 January 1824
Moncalieri
aged 65
Charles Felix of Savoy
12 March 1821 27 April 1831
6 April 1765
Turin
son of Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia and Maria Antonietta of Spain
Maria Cristina of Naples and Sicily
7 March 1807
No children
27 April 1831
Turin
aged 66
Charles Albert of Savoy
27 April 1831 23 March 1849
2 October 1798
Turin
son of Charles Emmanuel, Prince of Carignan and Maria Cristina of Saxony
Maria Theresa of Austria
1817
3 children
28 July 1849
Porto
aged 50
Victor Emmanuel II of Savoy
23 March 1849 9 January 1878
14 March 1820
Turin
son of Charles Albert of Sardinia and Maria Theresa of Austria
Adelaide of Austria
1842
8 children

Rosa Vercellana
1869
2 children
9 January 1878
Rome
aged 57

In 1861, after the annexation of all the others states of the Italian peninsula, the parliament of the Kingdom of Sardinia voted a bill (Legge N° 4671 of 17 marzo 1861) to change the name of the state to the Kingdom of Italy. The Kings of Italy retained their old title of King of Sardinia as part of their full title until the dissolution of the monarchy in 1946.

Coats of arms of the Kingdom of Sardinia until 1848

Kings of Italy

Name Portrait Birth Marriages Death
Umberto I of Italy
9 January 1878 29 July 1900
14 March 1844
Turin
son of Victor Emmanuel II of Savoy and Adelaide of Austria
Margherita of Savoy
1869
1 child
29 July 1900
Monza
aged 56
Victor Emmanuel III of Italy
29 July 1900 9 May 1946
11 November 1869
Naples
son of Umberto I of Italy and Margherita of Savoy
Elena of Montenegro
1896
5 children
28 December 1947
Alexandria
aged 78
Umberto II of Italy
9 May 1946 12 June 1946
15 September 1904
Racconigi
son of Victor Emmanuel III of Italy and Elena of Montenegro
Marie José of Belgium
1930
4 children
18 March 1983
Geneva
aged 78

The Kingdom of Italy was abolished by a constitutional referendum on 2 June 1946 and the Italian Republic was established (the region of Sardinia itself voted for the continuation of the monarchy with 60.9% majority).

Coats of arms of the Kingdom of Italy between 1890–1929 and 1943–1946.

Presidents of the Autonomous Region of Sardinia

Official flag of the Autonomous Region of Sardinia (since 1999)
Official coat of arms of the Autonomous Region of Sardinia

Since 1949, Sardinia is an Autonomous Region[14] as part of the Italian Republic. Its statute[15] is a constitutional law of the Italian State, and is therefore an integral part of the Constitution of the Italian Republic.

Notes

  1. Perra Mario, 1993, La Sardegna nelle fonti classiche (Sardinia in classical sources), Editrice S'Alvure, Oristano
  2. http://www.bollettinodiarcheologiaonline.beniculturali.it/documenti/generale/3_DOriano_paperfinal.pdf
  3. De bello Gothico, IV 24
  4. De bello Wandalico
  5. C. Zedda and R. Pinna (2007), La nascita dei giudicati, proposta per lo scioglimento di un enigma storiografico, Archivio Storico Giuridico Sardo di Sassari, vol. 12. http://www.archiviogiuridico.it/Archivio_12/Zedda_Pinna.pdf
  6. F. Pinna (2010), "Le testimonianze archeologiche relative ai rapporti tra gli arabi e la Sardegna nel medioevo", Rivista dell'Istituto di storia dell'Europa mediterranea, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 4.
  7. 1) Κύριε βοήθε τοῦ δοῦλου σου Tουρκοτουρίου ἅρχωντος Σαρδινίας καί τής δούλης σου Γετιτ 2) Tουρκοτουρίου βασιλικου πρωτοσπαθαρίου και Σαλουσίου των ευγενεστάτων αρχόντων.) R. CORONEO, Scultura mediobizantina in Sardegna, Nuoro, Poliedro, 2000
  8. Antiquitas nostra primum Calarense iudicatum, quod tunc erat caput tocius Sardinie, armis subiugavit, et regem Sardinie Musaitum nomine civitati Ianue captum adduxerunt, quem per episcopum qui tunc Ianue erat, aule sacri palatii in Alamanniam mandaverunt, intimantes regnum illius nuper esse additum ditioni Romani imperii." - Oberti Cancellarii, Annales p 71, Georg Heinrich (a cura di) MGH, Scriptores, Hannoverae, 1863, XVIII, pp. 56-96
  9. Crónica del califa ‘Abd ar-Rahmân III an-Nâsir entre los años 912-942,(al-Muqtabis V), édicion. a cura de P. CHALMETA - F. CORRIENTE, Madrid,1979, p. 365 Tuesday, August 24th 942 (A.D.), a messenger of the Lord of the island of Sardinia appeared at the gate of al-Nasir (...) asking for a treaty of peace and friendship. With him were the merchants, people Malfat, known in al-Andalus as from Amalfi, with the whole range of their precious goods, ingots of pure silver, brocades etc. ... transactions which drew gain and great benefits
  10. To the Archont of Sardinia: a bulla with two gold bisolida with this written: from the very Christian Lord to the Archont of Sardinia. (εὶς τὸν ἄρχοντα Σαρδανίας. βούλλα κρυσῆ δισολδία. “κέλευσις ὲκ τῶν φιλοχρίστων δεσποτῶν πρὸς τὸν ἄρχοντα Σαρδανίας.”) Reiske, Johann Jakob: Leich, Johannes Heinrich, eds. (1829). Constantini Porphyrogeniti Imperatoris De Ceremoniis Aulae Byzantinae libri duo graece et latini e recensione Io. Iac. Reiskii cum eiusdem commentariis integris. Corpus Scriptorum Historiae Byzantinae 1 (Leipzig (1751-54) ed.). Bonn: Weber. pag. 690
  11. F. CODERA, Mochéid, conquistador de Cerdeña, in Centenario della nascita di Michele Amari. Scritti di filologia e storia araba; geografia, storia, diritto della Sicilia medioevale; studi bizantini e giudaici relativi all’Italia meridionale nel medio evo; documenti sulle relazioni fra gli Stati italiani e il Levante, vol. II, Palermo 1910, pp. 115-33, p. 124
  12. B. MARAGONIS, Annales pisani a.1004-1175, ed. K. PERTZ, in MGH, Scriptores, 19,Hannoverae, 1861/1963, pp. 236-2 and Gli Annales Pisani di Bernardo Maragone, a cura di M. L.GENTILE, in Rerum Italicarum Scriptores, n.e., VI/2, Bologna 1930, pp. 4-7. 1017. Fuit Mugietus reversus in Sardineam, et cepit civitatem edificare ibi atque homines Sardos vivos in cruce murare. Et tunc Pisani et Ianuenses illuc venere, et ille propter pavorem eorum fugit in Africam. Pisani vero et Ianuenses reversi sunt Turrim, in quo insurrexerunt Ianuenses in Pisanos, et Pisani vicerunt illos et eiecerunt eos de Sardinea
  13. G. Seche, L'incoronazione di Barisone "Re di Sardegna" in due fonti contemporanee: gli Annales genovesi e gli Annales pisani, in Rivista dell'Istituto di storia dell'Europa mediterranea, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, n°4, 2010
  14. Regions of -italy
  15. http://www.regione.sardegna.it/documenti/1_5_20150114110812.pdf
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