Khamenei's fatwa against nuclear weapons

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A fatwa by Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, the Supreme Leader of Iran, against the acquisition, development and use of nuclear weapons^[1] dates back to the mid-1990s,^[2] though its first public announcement is reported to have occurred on October 2003, which was followed by an official statement at a meeting of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) in Vienna two years later on August 2005.

Some analysts have questioned either the existence, applicability and/or constancy of the fatwa.^[3][4] According to Khalaji, Khamenei may alter his fatwa under critical circumstances, similar to the manner in which his predecessor Ayatollah Khomeini did on some civil and political issues.^[4] According to Gareth Porter writing in Foreign Policy, Iran's aversion to nuclear weapons is sincere considering the "historical episode during its eight-year war with Iraq", when Iran never sought revenge for Iraqis' chemical attacks on Iran that killed 20,000 Iranians and severely injured 100,000 more.^[2] The fatwa is also considered to be consistent with Islamic tradition.^[4]

The fatwa is included in the fatwa section of Khamenei's official website,^[5] and has been referred to in remarks by the administration of US president Barack Obama^[3][6][7] and Khamenei himself.^[8]

Background

According to Gareth Porter, the fatwa was issued for the first time in the mid-1990s through a letter which was never publicly released. The fatwa was issued "without any fanfare" responding to a request from an official "for his religious opinion on nuclear weapons".^[2]

In October 2003, Khamenei issued an oral fatwa which forbade the production and using any form of Weapon of mass destruction.^[4] Two years later, on August 2005, The fatwa was cited in an official statement by the Iranian government at a meeting of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) in Vienna, according to which the production, stockpiling and use of nuclear weapons was forbidden under Islam.^[9]

Iran's nuclear program has been a subject of international debate for decades. The Iranian government claims the purpose of its nuclear development is to produce electricity and Khamenei has said that they fundamentally reject nuclear weapons, while experts believe that Iran is technically able to enrich uranium for producing a bomb within a few months.^[10]

Four days after the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) agreement, Khamenei delivered a speech, highlighting his fatwa and rejecting the claim that the nuclear talks rather than Iran's religious abstinence prevented Iran from acquiring nuclear weapons. He said:

The Americans say they stopped Iran from acquiring a nuclear weapon. They know it's not true. We had a fatwa (religious ruling), declaring nuclear weapons to be religiously forbidden under Islamic law. It had nothing to do with the nuclear talks.^[11]

Official statements of the fatwa

The Iranian official website for information regarding its nuclear program has provided numerous instances of public statements by Khamenei wherein he voices his opposition to pursuit and development of nuclear weapons in moral, religious and Islamic juridical terms.^[12] Khamenei's official website specifically cites a 2010 version^[13] of these statements in the fatwa section of the website in Farsi as a fatwa on "Prohibition of Weapons of Mass Destruction":^[5]

We believe that besides nuclear weapons, other types of weapons of mass destruction such as chemical and biological weapons also pose a serious threat to humanity. The Iranian nation which is itself a victim of chemical weapons feels more than any other nation the danger that is caused by the production and stockpiling of such weapons and is prepared to make use of all its facilities to counter such threats.

We consider the use of such weapons as haraam and believe that it is everyone's duty to make efforts to secure humanity against this great disaster.^[5]

Also, during a speech delivered on 9 April 2015 in a meeting with a group of panegyrists he said:

This is while we are not after nuclear tests. We are not after nuclear weapons. And this is not because they are telling us not to pursue these things. Rather, we do not want these things for the sake of ourselves and our religion and because reason is telling us not to do so. Both shar'i and aqli [related to logic and reason] fatwas dictate that we do not pursue them. Our aqli fatwa is that we do not need a nuclear weapon either in the present time or in the future. A nuclear weapon is a source of trouble for a country like ours^[14]

Reception

The fatwa has been widely discussed by international officials and has been referred to in remarks by the administration of U.S. President Barack Obama^{[3][6][7][15]}

In a statement regarding conversation with Hasan Rouhani, Obama said:

Iran's supreme leader has issued a fatwa against the development of nuclear weapons.'^[3]

Similar statement is quoted from John F. Kerry, saying:

So I close by saying to all of you that the singular objective that brought us to Geneva remains our singular objective as we leave Geneva, and that is to ensure that Iran does not acquire a nuclear weapon. In that singular object, we are resolute. Foreign Minister [Mohammad Javad] Zarif emphasized that they don't intend to do this, and the supreme leader has indicated there is a fatwa, which forbids them to do this.^[3]

The fatwa is regarded as consistent with a set of rules in Islamic tradition that prohibit weapons that unselectively kill women, children, and the elderly.^[4]

Analysis

Doubts have been cast by some experts from US or Israeli-affiliated think tanks on either the existence of fatwa, its authenticity, impact,^[6] or whether only political statements that lack the authority of a religiously binding fatwa have been made.^[3] According to The Jerusalem Post, the fatwa came after the period when President Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani admitted the nuclear option was explored, referring to an interview.^[16][17] While, according to the Iranian nuclear hope website, where Rafsanjani's interview were published, it was "skewed by Zionist media." Rafsanjani said "There was no reason to go toward the military aspect of nuclear issues, we did not want to build nuclear weapons."^[18]

According to Abbas Milani, whether the fatwa "actually exists and even whether Mr. Khamenei is entitled to issue fatwas and finally how changeable are fatwas are all contested matters".^[3] While Seyyed Hossein Mousavian, head of the Iranian Foreign Relations Committee from 1997 to 2005 and a research scholar at Princeton University, recalls seeing the letter containing the anti-nuclear fatwa issued in the mid-1990s in office of the Iranian Supreme National Security Council,^[2] Karim Sadjadpour argues that references to the fatwa by the US government may be in order to give the Iranians a route to compromise on the basis of religious beliefs rather than pressure from US-led sanctions.^[3]

According to Khalaji, a senior fellow at the Washington Institute for Near East Policy, "fatwas are issued in response to specific circumstances and can be altered in response to changing conditions." He argued that Ayatollah Khomeini altered some of his former viewpoints on issues such as taxes, military conscription, women’s suffrage, and monarchy as a form of government so Khamenei may likewise modify supplanting his nuclear fatwa under critical circumstances. Similarly, Michael Eisenstadt argued that Khamenei may have issued the fatwa to reduce the international pressure on Iran and that "no religious principle would prevent Khamenei from modifying or supplanting his initial fatwa if circumstances were to change" and "expediency/interest of the regime (maslahat) so required,"^[4] Others have raised the possibility that the fatwa may fall under the Shia practice of taqiyya, that is, dissembling to avoid the threat of religious persecution.^[19][20] While Gholam-Hossein Elham, an Iranian politician, argues that "taqiya" does not apply here because the fatwa by Khamenei is a primary religious order and not a secondary one. According to him, Khamenei's fatwa bans massacre of innocent people and this is not going to change in any situations because it is a primary order. Also, he said that Islamic Jurists have banned deception in Jihad and war, i.e., Islamic leader respects by any commitment he accepts.^[21]

Gareth Porter argues that "the analysis of Khamenei's fatwa has been flawed" not only because the role of the "guardian jurist" in the Iranian political-legal system is not understood completely, but also because the history of Khamenei’s fatwa is ignored. He also believes that to understand Iranian policy toward nuclear weapons, one should refer to the "historical episode during its eight-year war with Iraq" which explains why Iran never used chemical weapons against Iraq seeking revenge for Iraqis attacks killing 20,000 Iranians and severely injured 100,000 more. Porter argues that this fact strongly suggests that Iran has sincerely banned developing chemical and nuclear weapons and it is "deep-rooted". In an interview with Porter, Mohsen Rafighdoost, the eight-year war time minister of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps, disclosed how Khomeini had opposed his proposal for beginning working on both nuclear and chemical weapons by a fatwa which had never been made public in details of when and how it was issued.^[2]

See also

• Anti-nuclear movement in the United States
• History of nuclear weapons
• Ja'fari jurisprudence
• List of fatwas
• Nuclear weapons and the United States

References