Kh-25

Kh-25ML/MLT/MR (NATO reporting name: AS-10 'Karen') Kh-25MP (AS-12 'Kegler')
Kh-25ML
Type	tactical air-to-surface missile anti-radar missile (Kh-25MP)
Place of origin	Soviet Union
Service history
In service	1975–present
Used by	Russia Algeria
Wars	see Operational history
Production history
Designer	Zvezda-Strela
Designed	1971–75
Manufacturer	Zvezda-Strela
Produced	1975–present
Specifications
Weight	Kh-25ML :299 kg (659 lb)^[1] Kh-25MP :315 kg (694 lb)^[2]
Length	Kh-25ML :370.5 cm (12 ft 2 in)^[1] Kh-25MP 1VP :425.5 cm (167.5 in)^[2] Kh-25MP 2VP :435.5 cm (171.5 in)^[2]
Diameter	27.5 cm (10.8 in)^[1]
Warhead	High explosive, shell-forming
Warhead weight	Kh-25MP :89.6 kg (198 lb),^[2] Kh-25MR :140 kg (309 lb)^[3]

Wingspan	75.5 cm (29.7 in)^[1]
Operational range	Kh-25ML :11 km (5.9 nmi)^[3] Kh-25MP :up to 60 km (32 nmi)^[3] Kh-25MTP : 20 km (11 nmi)^[3]
Speed	Kh-25ML :1,370–2,410 km/h (850–1,500 mph)^[1] Kh-25MP :1,080–1,620 km/h (670–1,000 mph)^[2]
Guidance system	Laser guidance, passive radar, TV guidance, IIR, Satellite guidance, active radar homing depending on variant
Launch platform	MiG-21,^[4] MiG-23/27,^[4] MiG-29,^[4] Ka-52 , Su-17/20/22,^[4] Su-24,^[4] Su-25,^[4] Su-27,^[4] Yakovlev Yak-130 Kh-25MP : MiG-23/27,^[5] Su-17/22,^[5] Su-24,^[5] Su-25^[5]

The Kh-25/Kh-25M (Russian: Х-25; NATO:AS-10 'Karen') is a family of Soviet lightweight air-to-ground missiles with a modular range of guidance systems and a range of 10 km.^[1] The anti-radar variant (Kh-25MP) is known to NATO as the AS-12 'Kegler' and has a range up to 40 km.^[2] Designed by Zvezda-Strela, the Kh-25 is derived from the laser-guided version of their Kh-23 Grom (AS-7 'Kerry'). It has now been succeeded by the Kh-38 family, but the Kh-25 remains in widespread use.

Development

Based on an air-to-air missile, the beam-riding Kh-66 had been the Soviet Union's first air-to-ground missile for tactical aircraft, entering service in 1968.^[6] However it proved difficult to use in practice as the launch aircraft had to dive towards the target. A version with radio-command guidance, the Kh-23, was first tested in 1968 but problems with the guidance system meant that it would not enter service for another five years.^[7] So in 1971 work began on a version with a semi-active laser seeker, which became the Kh-25.^[6] This was initially known in the West as the Kh-23L.^[8] State testing began on 24 November 1974, and the Kh-25 entered production in 1975.^[6]

Work began on an anti-radar missile derived from the Kh-66^[5] in 1972, using a passive radar seeker and SUR-73 autopilot.^[6] The long-range Kh-31 anti-radar missile came out of the same project.^[6] The Kh-27 began state testing on a Mig-27 on 8 August 1975^[6] but did not enter service until 2 September 1980.^[6] It was assigned the NATO reporting name AS-12 'Kegler' and in effect it replaced the much heavier Kh-28 (AS-9 'Kyle').^[5]

In 1973 Victor Bugaiskii was appointed head engineer of the bureau and he started work on combining the Kh-23M, Kh-25 and Kh-27 into a single modular system to reduce costs and improve tactical flexibility.^[6] This was completed by the end of 1978,^[6] resulting in the Kh-25MP (anti-radar), Kh-25ML (laser-guided) and Kh-25MR (radio-guided) family. NATO continued to refer to these as the AS-12 and AS-10 respectively, even though they could now be switched by a simple change of seeker head.

Design

The Kh-25 is very similar to the later version of the Kh-23, with cruciform canards and fins.

The Kh-25MP has two versions of its homing head, 1VP and 2VP, sensitive to different frequencies.^[2]

Combat history

The original Kh-25 entered service with the Soviet Air Force between 1973-5, equipping the Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-23, MiG-27 and Sukhoi Su-17M.^[4] Since then it has been cleared for use on the MiG-21, MiG-29, Sukhoi Su-17/20/22 family, Sukhoi Su-24, Su-25 and Su-27.^[4] It can also be carried by attack helicopters such as the Kamov Ka-50.

The Kh-25MP can be fitted to the MiG-23/27, Su-17/22, Su-24 and Su-25.^[5]

Soviet war in Afghanistan

Starting in April 1986, Kh-25MLs were used by Soviet Su-25 Frogfoots from the 378th OshAP (Independent Shturmovik Aviation Regiment) to attack Mujahideen cave entrances used as shelters and weapons storage facilities, such as the Djavara base, next to the Pakistani border. Attacks were carried out from up to 4.5 nm (8 km).^[9]

Iraqi invasion of Kuwait

During the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait, on August 2, 1990 an Iraqi Air Force Sukhoi Su-22 from the No.109 Squadron (based at as-Shoibiyah AB) fired a single Kh-25MP anti-radar variant against a Kuwaiti MIM-23B I-HAWK SAM site at Bubiyan Island that had earlier downed another Su-22 from the same unit and a MiG-23BN from the 49th Squadron. This forced a radar shutdown on the HAWK. The HAWK battery (which was operated by some American contractors) was later captured by Iraqi special forces and found out to be in automatic mode of operation, after the contractors fled.^[10] Iraq also used its Kh-25s during its war with Iran.

Russia intervention in Syria

Su-24 with Kh-25

Russia's air strikes on US supported rebels in Syria, used the Su-24 jet with Kh-25 laser-guided missiles.^[11]

Variants

NATO refers to all of the Kh-25 family as AS-10 'Karen' apart from the anti-radar variants. An "M" designation stands for "Modulnaya" – modular (seeker head).

Kh-25 (Izdeliye 71, Kh-23L) – original laser-guided variant
Kh-25ML – semi-active laser guidance with tandem warhead that can penetrate 1 metre (39 in) of concrete^[12]
Kh-25MA – active radar guidance, first offered for export in 1999^[4]
Kh-25MAE – Kh-25MA update announced for export in August 2005 with Ka-band seeker, probably Phazotron's PSM which can detect a tank at 4,000 m (4,370 yd) and which can also be used on the Kh-25MA^[12]
Kh-25MS – satellite navigation (GPS or GLONASS)^[4]
Kh-25MSE – export version of Kh-25MS, announced August 2005^[12]
Kh-25MT – TV guidance^[4]
Kh-25MTP – infra-red guidance variant of Kh-25MT^[3]^[4]
Kh-25R/Kh-25MR – Radio-command guidance variant,^[4] it has a bigger 140 kg (309 lb) warhead.^[3]
Kh-27 (Kh-27/M, AS-12 'Kegler') – original anti-radiation missile
Kh-25MP (AS-12 'Kegler') – modular anti-radiation variant^[5]
Kh-25MPU (AS-12 'Kegler') – Updated Kh-25MP^[5]

Training rounds have "U" designations, so, e.g., for the Kh-25ML there is:

Kh-25MUL – combat training Kh-25ML^[1]
Kh-25ML-UD – functional training missile^[1]
Kh-25ML-UR – sectional training missile^[1]

Operators

Map with Kh-25 operators in blue

Current operators

Former operators

Soviet Union passed on successor and exported countries
Hungary possibly some still active
Poland and Czechoslovakia possible some are active
Yugoslavia probable some in Serbian \ Yugoslavian arsenal
Iraq

Similar weapons

Kh-23M (AS-7 'Kerry') – predecessor to the Kh-25 had some technology "backported" from the Kh-25
Kh-29 (AS-14 'Kedge') – 320 kg warhead; semi-active laser, IIR, passive radar and TV guidance with 10–30 km range
Kh-59 (AS-13 'Kingbolt') – longer range Kh-25, with heavier warhead and TV guidance
Kh-38 – successor to the Kh-25
AGM-65 Maverick – similar lightweight missile in US service which has seen numerous guidance and warhead variants
AGM-45 Shrike – US equivalent to the Kh-25MP anti-radar missile

External links

Zvezda Kh-25 (AS-10 Karen) FAS

Notes

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "Kh-25ML". Tactical Missiles Corporation. 2004.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Kh-25MP". Tactical Missiles Corporation. 2004.
1 2 3 4 5 6 "The Naval Institute Guide to World Naval Weapons Systems, 1997–1998". Retrieved 14 November 2014.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 "Kh-25 (AS-10 'Karen')", Jane's Air-Launched Weapons, 2008-08-01, archived from the original on June 12, 2009, retrieved 2009-02-07
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "Kh-25MP, Kh-25MPU (AS-12 'Kegler')", Jane's Air-Launched Weapons, 2008-08-01, retrieved 2009-02-07
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 History of JSC Tactical Missile Corporation (Word 97 DOC), pp. 4–6, retrieved 2009-02-26
↑ Friedman, Norman (1997), The Naval Institute Guide to World Naval Weapons Systems, Naval Institute Press, p. 235, ISBN 978-1-55750-268-1
↑ "Kh-23, Kh-66 Grom (AS-7 'Kerry')", Jane's Air-Launched Weapons, 2008-08-01, retrieved 2009-02-07
↑ "Sukhoi Su-25 Frogfoot". Retrieved 14 November 2014.
↑ Sander Peeters. "Iraqi Invasion of Kuwait; 1990 – www.acig.org". Retrieved 14 November 2014.
↑ RT takes closer look at Russian jets bombing ISIS
1 2 3 Friedman, Norman (2006), The Naval Institute Guide to World Naval Weapon Systems (5 ed.), Naval Institute Press, p. 838, ISBN 978-1-55750-262-9
↑ http://www.waronline.org/mideast/algir.htm
↑ NurW. "DEFENSE STUDIES". Retrieved 14 November 2014.

References

Gordon, Yefim (2004), Soviet/Russian Aircraft Weapons Since World War Two, Hinckley, England: Midland Publishing, ISBN 1-85780-188-1
http://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/yak_130/ 02. August 2013
http://www.ausairpower.net/APA-Rus-ASM.html

NATO designation for Russian and former Soviet Union missiles

Air-to-air missiles complete list

AA-1 Alkali AA-2 Atoll AA-3 Anab AA-4 Awl AA-5 Ash AA-6 Acrid AA-7 Apex AA-8 Aphid AA-9 Amos AA-10 Alamo AA-11 Archer AA-12 Adder AA-13 Arrow

Air-to-surface missiles complete list

AS-1 Kennel AS-2 Kipper AS-3 Kangaroo AS-4 Kitchen AS-5 Kelt AS-6 Kingfish AS-7 Kerry AS-8 Kokon AT-6 AS-9 Kyle AS-10 Karen AS-11 Kilter AS-12 Kegler AS-13 Kingbolt AS-14 Kedge AS-15 Kent AS-16 Kickback AS-17 Krypton AS-18 Kazoo AS-X-19 Koala AS-20 Kayak AS-X-21 AS-22 AS-23 AS-24

Anti-tank missiles complete list

AT-1 Snapper AT-2 Swatter AT-3 Sagger AT-4 Spigot AT-5 Spandrel AT-6 Spiral AT-7 Saxhorn AT-8 Songster AT-9 Spiral-2 AT-10 Stabber AT-11 Sniper AT-12 Swinger AT-13 Saxhorn-2 АТ-14 Spriggan АТ-15 Springer AT-16 Scallion

Ground based	SA-1 Guild SA-2 Guideline SA-3 Goa SA-4 Ganef SA-5 Gammon SA-6 Gainful SA-7 Grail SA-8 Gecko SA-9 Gaskin SA-10 Grumble SA-11 Gadfly SA-12 Gladiator/Giant SA-13 Gopher SA-14 Gremlin SA-15 Gauntlet SA-16 Gimlet SA-17 Grizzly SA-18 Grouse SA-19 Grison SA-20 Gargoyle SA-21 Growler SA-22 Greyhound SA-23 Gladiator/Giant SA-24 Grinch Morfey S-350E

Naval based	SA-N-1 Goa SA-N-2 Guideline SA-N-3 Goblet SA-N-4 Gecko SA-N-5 Grail SA-N-6 Grumble SA-N-7 Gadfly SA-N-8 Gremlin SA-N-9 Gauntlet SA-N-10 Grouse SA-N-11 Grison SA-N-12 Grizzly SA-N-14 Grouse SA-N-20 Gargoyle

ABMs	ABM-1 Galosh ABM-3/53T6 Gazelle S-500

Ground based	SS-1 Scud SS-2 Sibling SS-3 Shyster SS-4 Sandal SS-5 Skean SS-6 Sapwood SS-7 Saddler SS-8 Sasin SS-9 Scarp SS-10 Scrag SS-11 Sego SS-12 Scaleboard SS-13 Savage SS-14 Scamp/Scapegoat SS-15 Scrooge SS-16 Sinner SS-17 Spanker SS-18 Satan SS-19 Stiletto SS-20 Saber SS-21 Scarab SS-22 Scaleboard SS-23 Spider SS-24 Scalpel SS-25 Sickle SS-26 Stone SS-27 Sickle B SS-28 Saber 2 SS-29 Yars SS-X-31 Rubezh SS-X-32Zh Barguzin SS-X-30 Sarmat

Naval based	SS-N-1 Scrubber SS-N-2 Styx SS-N-3c Shaddock SS-N-3a Shaddock 3b Sepal SS-N-4 Sark SS-N-5 Sark/Serb SS-N-6 Serb SS-N-7 Starbright SS-N-8 Sawfly SS-N-9 Siren SS-N-12 Sandbox SS-NX-13 SS-N-14 Silex SS-N-15 Starfish SS-N-16 Stallion SS-N-17 Snipe SS-N-18 Stingray SS-N-19 Shipwreck SS-NX-20 Sturgeon SS-N-21 Sampson SS-N-22 Sunburn SS-N-23 Skiff R29RM SS-N-23A Skiff SS-N-23B Skiff SS-NX-24 Scorpion SS-N-25 Switchblade SS-N-26 Strobile SS-N-27 Sizzler SS-N-30A 3M-14 SS-NX-28 SS-N-29 SS-N-32 SS-NX-30? SS-NX-34

Russian and former Soviet military designation sequences for radar, missile and rocket systems

Radar
systems

Land-based	A-100 P-3 P-8 P-10 P-12 P-14 P-15 P-18 P-19 P-20 P-30 P-35 P-37 P-40 P-70 P-80 P-100 Kabina 66 Kasta 2E RSN-225 Azov SNR-75 SA-6 30N6 36D6 64N6 76N6 96L6E 9S15 9S19 9S32 Duga Dnestr Dnepr Daryal Dunay Volga Don 2N Voronezh Container

Ship-borne

Airborne	N001 N002 N005 N006 N007 N008 N010 N011 N012 N014 N019 N025 N035 N036

Missiles

ICBM	GR-1 R-7 R-9 R-16 R-26 R-36 R-36M R-46 RS-24 RS-26 RSS-40 RT-2 RT-2PM RT-2PM2 RT-20 RT-21 RT-23 RS-28 UR-100 UR-100MR UR-100N UR-200

IRBM	R-14 RSD-10

MRBM	R-5 R-12 RT-15 RT-25

SRBM	9K720 R-1 R-2 R-11 R-11A R-17 OTR-21 OTR-23 TR-1

SLBM	R-13 R-15 R-21 R-27 R-29 R-39 RSM-45 RSM-56

Surface-to-surface (cruise)

Surface-to-surface (naval)	P-1 P-5 P-15 P-70 P-120 P-270 P-500 P-700 P-750 P-800 P-900 P-900A P-1000 RKV-500A RPK-2 RPK-6 RPK-7 URPK-3 URPK-4 URPK-5

Air-to-surface	KSR-5 KS-1 K-10S Kh-11 Kh-15 Kh-20 Kh-22 Kh-23 Kh-25 Kh-25MP Kh-26 Kh-28 Kh-29 Kh-31 Kh-35 Kh-41 Kh-55 Kh-58 Kh-59 Kh-59M Kh-80 Kh-90 9M114V

Air-to-air	R-3 R-4 R-8 R-23 R-27 R-33 R-37 R-40 R-60 R-73 R-77 R-172

Anti-tank	9M15

Unguided
rockets

Air-launched	RP-1 RP-5 RP-6 RP-9 RP-15 RP-21 RS-82 RS-132

Surface-launched	BM-21 BM-27 BM-30 TOS-1

Engines

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