Ket people

Kets
Кето, Кет
Total population
(ca. 1,600)
Regions with significant populations
Krasnoyarsk Krai (Russia)
 Russia 1,494 (2002)[1]
 Ukraine 37 (2001)[2]
Languages
Ket, Russian,
Religion
Russian Orthodoxy, Animism, Shamanism
Related ethnic groups
Siberian Tatars, Selkups

Kets (Russian: Кеты; Ket: денг) are a Siberian people who speak the Ket language. In the Russian Empire, they were called Ostyaks, without differentiating them from several other Siberian peoples. Later they became known as Yenisey ostyaks, because they lived in the middle and lower basin of the Yenisei River in the Krasnoyarsk Krai district of Russia.[3] The modern Kets lived along the eastern middle stretch of the river before being assimilated politically into Russia between the 17th and 19th centuries. According to the 2010 census, there were 1,219 Kets in Russia.[4]

History

The Ket are thought to be the only survivors of an ancient nomadic people believed to have originally lived throughout central and southern Siberia. In the 1960s the Yugh people were distinguished as a separate though similar group. Today's Kets are the descendants of the tribes of fishermen and hunters of the Yenisey taiga, who adopted some of the cultural ways of those original Ket-speaking tribes of South Siberia. The earlier tribes engaged in hunting, fishing, and even reindeer breeding in the northern areas.[4]

The Ket were incorporated into the Russian state in the 17th century. Their efforts to resist were futile as the Russians deported them to different places to break up their resistance. This also broke up their strictly organized patriarchal social system and their way of life disintegrated. The Ket people ran up huge debts with the Russians. Some died of famine, others of diseases imported from Europe. By the 19th century the Kets could no longer survive without food support from the Russian state.[5]

In the 20th century, the Soviets forced collectivization upon the Ket. They were officially recognized as Kets in the 1930s when the Soviet Union started to implement the self-definition policy with respect to indigenous peoples. However, Ket traditions continued to be suppressed and self-initiative was discouraged. Collectivization was completed by the 1950s and the Russian lifestyle and language forced upon the Ket people.

The population of Kets has been relatively stable since 1923. According to the 2002 census, there were 1,494 Kets in Russia. This compares with 1,200 in the 1970 census. Today the Ket live in small villages along riversides and are no longer nomadic.

Language

The Ket language has been linked to the Na-Dené languages of North America in the Dené–Yeniseian language family.[6][7][8] This link has led to some collaboration between the Ket and some northern Athabaskan peoples.[9]

Ket means "man" (plural deng "men, people"). The Kets of the Kas, Sym and Dubches rivers use jugun as a self-designation. In 1788 Peter Simon Pallas was the earliest scholar to publish observations about the Ket language in a travel diary.

In 1926, there were 1,428 Kets, of whom 1,225 (85.8%) were native speakers of the Ket language. The 1989 census counted 1,113 ethnic Kets with only 537 (48.3%) native speakers left.

Today the Ket language is still spoken by about 600 of the Ket. It is entirely different from any other language in Siberia.[4]

Culture

The Ket traditional culture was researched by Matthias Castrén, Vasiliy Ivanovich Anuchin, Kai Donner, Hans Findeisen, and Yevgeniya Alekseyevna Alekseyenko.[10] Shamanism was a living practice into the 1930s, but by the 1960s almost no authentic shamans could be found. Shamanism is not a homogeneous phenomenon, nor is shamanism in Siberia. As for shamanism among Kets, it shared characteristics with those of Turkic and Mongolic peoples.[11] Additionally, there were several types of Ket shamans,[12][13] differing in function (sacral rites, curing), power and associated animals (deer, bear).[13] Also, among Kets (as with several other Siberian peoples such as the Karagas[14][15][16]) there are examples of the use of skeleton symbolics.[11] Hoppál interprets this as a symbol of shamanic rebirth,[17] although it may symbolize also the bones of the loon (the helper animal of the shaman, joining air and underwater world, just like the shaman who travelled both to the sky and the underworld as well).[18] The skeleton-like overlay represented shamanic rebirth also among some other Siberian cultures.[19]

Of great importance to Kets are dolls, described as "an animal shoulder bone wrapped in a scrap of cloth simulating clothing." [20] One adult Ket, who had been careless with a cigarette, said, "It's a shame I don't have my doll. My house burnt down together with my dolls."[21] Kets regard their dolls as household deities, which sleep in daytime and protect them at night.[22]

Some authors hypothesize that the Kets may descend from the ancient Dingling of the Tashtyk culture. According to Leonid Kyzlasov, the Kets were described by Chinese imperial historians as blue-eyed and fair-haired people of Siberia, but Kyzlasov does not mention to which particular Chinese source he was referring.[23] Western Washington University historical linguist Edward Vajda cites that some DNA studies have shown genetic affinities with that of Tibetan, Burmese, and others . Vajda spent a year in Siberia studying the Ket people, and finds a relationship between the Ket language and the Na-Dene languages, of which Navajo is the most prominent and widely spoken. Vajda also suggests the tonal system of the Ket language is closer to that of Vietnamese than any of the native Siberian languages.[24]

Vyacheslav Ivanov and Vladimir Toporov compared Ket mythology with that of Uralic peoples, assuming in the studies that they are modelling semiotic systems in the compared mythologies. They have made also typological comparisons.[25][26] Among other comparisons, possibly from Uralic mythological analogies, the mythologies of Ob-Ugric peoples[27] and Samoyedic peoples[28] are mentioned. Other authors have discussed analogies (similar folklore motifs, purely typological considerations, and certain binary pairs in symbolics) may be related to a dualistic organization of society—some dualistic features can be found in comparisons with these peoples.[29] However, for Kets, neither dualistic organization of society[30] nor cosmological dualism[31] has been researched thoroughly. If such features existed at all, they have either weakened or remained largely undiscovered.[30] There are some reports of a division into two exogamous patrilinear moieties,[32] folklore on conflicts of mythological figures, and cooperation of two beings in the creation of the land,[31] the motif of the earth-diver.[33] This motif is present in several cultures in different variants. In one example, the creator of the world is helped by a waterfowl as the bird dives under the water and fetches earth so that the creator can make land out of it. In some cultures, the creator and the earth-fetching being (sometimes called a devil, or taking the shape of a loon) compete with one another; in other cultures (including the Ket variant), they do not compete at all but rather collaborate.[34]

However, if dualistic cosmologies are defined in broad sense, and not restricted to certain concrete motifs, then their existence is more widespread; they exist not only among some Uralic peoples, but there are examples in each inhabited continent.[35]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ "Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года". Archived from the original on 2011-08-21. Retrieved 2009-12-24.
  2. ↑ State statistics committee of Ukraine - National composition of population, 2001 census (Ukrainian)
  3. ↑ "Ket: Bibliographical guide". Institute of Linguistics (Russian Academy of Sciences) & Kazuto Matsumura (Univ. of Tokyo). Retrieved 2006-10-20.
  4. 1 2 3 Vajda, Edward G. "The Ket and Other Yeniseian Peoples". Retrieved 2007-06-29.
  5. ↑ "THE KETS". The Peoples of the Red Book. Retrieved 2006-08-05.
  6. ↑ http://www.orbis-quintus.net/?p=3136
  7. ↑ http://www.uaf.edu/anlc/vajda.html
  8. ↑ http://www.uaf.edu/anlc/dy2008.html
  9. ↑ http://talkingalaska.blogspot.com/2010/04/arctic-athabaskan-council-and-ket.html
  10. ↑ Hoppál 2005: 170–171
  11. 1 2 Hoppál 2005: 172
  12. ↑ Alekseyenko 1978
  13. 1 2 Hoppál 2005: 171
  14. ↑ Diószegi 1960: 128, 188, 243
  15. ↑ Diószegi 1960: 130
  16. ↑ Hoppál 1994: 75
  17. ↑ Hoppál 1994: 65
  18. ↑ Hoppál 2005: 198
  19. ↑ Hoppál 2005: 199
  20. ↑ A. A. Malygna, Dolls of the Peoples of Siberia 1988, p. 132, cited in Edward J. Vajda, Yeniseian Peoples and Languages: A History of Yeniseian Studies with an annotated bibliography and a source guide, Curzon Press, 2001.
  21. ↑ Werner Herzog, Happy People: A Year in the Taiga (documentary film) 2010.
  22. ↑ Herzog
  23. ↑ Leonid Kyzlasov. Tashtyk Era (Таштыкская эпоха). Moscow, 1953. Page 13.
  24. ↑ Edward Vajda, The Ket People at video.google.com
  25. ↑ Ivanov & Toporov 1973
  26. ↑ Ivanov 1984:390, in editorial afterword by Hoppál
  27. ↑ Ivanov 1984: 225, 227, 229
  28. ↑ Ivanov 1984: 229, 230
  29. ↑ Ivanov 1984: 229–231
  30. 1 2 Zolotaryov 1980: 39
  31. 1 2 Zolotaryov 1980: 48
  32. ↑ Zolotaryov 1980: 37
  33. ↑ Ivanov 1984: 229
  34. ↑ Paulson 1975 :295
  35. ↑ Zolotarjov 1980: 56

References

External links

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