Kerbal Space Program

Kerbal Space Program
Developer(s)	Squad
Publisher(s)	Squad
Director(s)	Felipe Falanghe[1]
Programmer(s)	Alejandro Mora Mike Geelan Mario Maqueo Rob Nelson Marco Salcedo[1]
Artist(s)	Daniel Rosas Juan Carlos Demeneghi Iván Vázquez[1]
Composer(s)	Kevin MacLeod Victor Machado
Engine	Unity
Platform(s)	Microsoft Windows OS X Linux PlayStation 4 Xbox One Wii U
Release date(s)	Microsoft Windows, OS X, Linux April 27, 2015[2] PlayStation 4, Xbox One, Wii U Early 2016
Genre(s)	Space flight simulator, sandbox
Mode(s)	Single-player

Kerbal Space Program (commonly abbreviated as KSP) is a space flight simulator developed by Squad for Microsoft Windows, OS X, Linux, PlayStation 4, Xbox One, and Wii U. In the game, players control an aerospace program, build and fly spacecraft or aircraft under physics simulation, and explore celestial bodies with characters called kerbals. The first publicly available version was released on the official Kerbal Space Program store on June 24, 2011.^[3][4] The game also became available on Steam's early access program on March 20, 2013.^[5][6] The game was officially released out of beta on April 27, 2015.^[2] The game has good support for game mods and a large community to create them,^[7] which developed shortly after the game's initial release.^[8] Notable members of the space industry have taken an interest in the game, including NASA^[9] and Elon Musk of SpaceX.^[10]

Gameplay

A rocket (preloaded ship "Kerbal X") sitting on the launchpad with the Vehicle Assembly Building and Mun, Kerbin's nearer moon

In-game Kerbals, Valentina and Jebediah Kerman, on the launchpad

A player-built space station with mods installed

The player controls a nascent space program operated by Kerbals, a race of small green humanoids, who have constructed a fully furnished and functional spaceport (known as the Kerbal Space Center, or KSC) on their homeworld Kerbin, which is based on Earth. Despite being shown as funny cartoon-like little green men, sometimes lacking common sense,^[11] they have shown themselves to be able to construct very well-made spacecraft parts and perform experiments.

Gameplay consists of constructing rockets and spaceplanes out of a provided set of components and launching them from the in-game space center's launch pad or runway, then going on to complete their desired mission while averting catastrophic failure, such as running out of fuel or electricity, the spacecraft breaking apart due to structural problems, or otherwise being unable to succeed.

Missions (either player-set or proposed in the form of "contracts" with set parameters to achieve) generally involve, from simplest to most complex, achieving orbit, landing on the Mun or Minmus (Kerbin's two moons), landing on any of the other 13 stock planets and moons,^[12] such as Duna or Eve, capturing asteroids, and creating space stations and bases.^[13]

Once a spacecraft is built, it is placed on the launchpad or the runway and is ready for launch. Players control a spacecraft in all three dimensions with little assistance other than a stability system to keep a rocket pointed at a certain direction.^[14] If the rocket has enough thrust and fuel, it is possible to reach orbit or even travel to other celestial bodies. In flight, to visualize the player's trajectory, the player must switch into map mode, which shows the orbit or trajectory of the current craft, and the current position of other spacecraft and planetary bodies.^[14] While in map mode, players can also access 'maneuver nodes' which can be used to plan out trajectory changes in advance.

Historical spacecraft can be recreated and their accomplishments mimicked, such as the Apollo program, the Mars Science Laboratory rover, or the International Space Station.^[15] Players may also install mods which can implement destinations, weapons, rocket parts, and goals for the game, such as mining for resources (though this has been implemented in the first official release of the game) or incrementally deploying an interplanetary communication network, Which was originally planned for 1.1 but scrapped because it would take longer than expected to implement.

Game modes

The game can be played in three different gamemodes that are selected when the player starts a new game: sandbox mode, science mode, and career mode.^[16] In sandbox mode, players are free to attempt any mission for which they can construct a suitable vehicle, with no punishments for failure^[17] (except the temporary death of Kerbals who may die during a failed mission) and using entirely user-assigned missions. Many players have constructed unrealistic spacecrafts in this mode, such as unrealistically huge, complicated, and/or extremely expensive rockets; replicas of real-life rockets and aircraft, automobiles, trains and boats.

In Science mode, the initial selection of parts is limited, with the more advanced parts unlocked via "Science",^[16] in the Research and Development building, gained by performing various scientific experiments on Kerbin and throughout the solar system. Science mode was partially designed to ease new players into the game and prevent them getting overwhelmed.^[18] Science gained on a mission needs to be received by the space port.^[19] This can be done by transmissions via antennas^[16] in the game, or recovery by a craft landing back on Kerbin.

Career mode is an extension upon science mode, adding funds, reputation, and contracts. In order to build and launch new rockets, the players must complete contracts to earn funds to pay for the new parts. Reputation will affect how many contracts are given to the player in a future update (less reputation leads to fewer and lower-quality contracts).

Physics

While the game is not a perfect simulation of reality, it has been praised for its representation of orbital mechanics.^[20][21] Every object in the game except the celestial bodies themselves are under the control of a Newtonian dynamics simulation. Rocket thrust is applied accurately to a vehicle's frame based on the positions in which the force-generating elements are mounted. The strength of the joints connecting parts together is finite and vehicles can be torn apart by excessive or inappropriately directed forces.

The game simulates trajectories and orbits using patched conic approximation instead of a full n-body simulation, and thus does not support Lagrange points, perturbations, Lissajous orbits, halo orbits and tidal forces. According to the developers, full n-body physics would require the entire physics engine to be rewritten.^[22]

The in-game astronauts, known as "Kerbals", have some physics calculations applied to them when they are on extra vehicular activities. For example, hitting an object with only the Kerbal's feet will send them into a tumble, which is a potential hazard in real-life spaceflight as well. While on EVA, Kerbals may use their space suit propellant system to maneuver around.

Some celestial bodies have atmospheres of varying heights and densities, affecting the efficiency of wings and parachutes and causing drag during flight. The simulations are accurate enough that real-world techniques such as Hohmann transfers and aerobraking are viable methods of navigating the solar system. Aerobraking, however, has become a much more difficult method of velocity reduction since the full 1.0 release due to the addition of a better aerodynamics model and optional atmospheric entry/reentry heating. Atmospheres thin out into space, but have finite, set heights unlike real atmospheres.

Kerbal Space Program takes some liberties with the scaling of its solar system for gameplay purposes. For example, Kerbin (the game's analog of Earth) is only 1200 km in diameter (approximately 1/10th of Earth's). Kerbin's density is over 10 times that of Earth's, in order to produce similar gravitational accelerations at the surface. The planets themselves are also significantly closer together than the planets in our solar system. However, there are mods that port our own solar system into the game, with accurate scaling and environments, and provide additional parts to make up the extra power requirements.

Development

The game's first public release was on June 24, 2011.^[3][4] The game entered beta on December 14, 2014, and was officially released out of beta on April 27, 2015.^[2]

New features have been added regularly in updates to the game, although Squad makes a point of not announcing release dates in advance. Squad publishes a developer blog,^[23] where upcoming features are discussed. Squad has said they are committed to continually update the released game with further content.

On January 27, 2014, it was revealed that Squad is working on an education-themed mod entitled KerbalEdu in collaboration with TeacherGaming LLC (of MinecraftEdu). It will include an improved user interface for easier data gathering and summary, pre-made lessons that focus on certain constructions, options to use the metric system, and a "robust pedagogy" that includes information outside of the game that ties into its content.^[24][25]

Squad has also made an Asteroid Mission Pack, with full support from NASA. Released on April 1, 2014, it is based on the real-life initiative to send humans out to study asteroids.^[13][26]

The majority of the game's music was provided by royalty-free composer Kevin MacLeod, with the rest of the soundtrack having been written by Squad in-house composer Victor Machado. The game's main theme was composed by lead designer Felipe Falanghe, and arranged by Machado.^[27]

On June 5, 2015, it was announced that Kerbal Space Program was being ported to the PlayStation 4 by Flying Tiger Entertainment.^[28][29] In August 2015, it was announced that Xbox One and Wii U ports were also in development by Flying Tiger Entertainment.^[30][31]

Reception

Commercial

In the hours after its Steam early access release on March 20, 2013, it reached the top 5 of best sold games,^[6] as well as the best seller on Steam for Linux.^[45] Squad have also released many non-digital products such as clothing and plush toys.^[46]

Press

The public alpha and beta releases were well received. Many publications and individual people have referred fondly to Kerbal Space Program and praised the game's replayability and creative aspects, including Kotaku,^[47] Rock, Paper, Shotgun,^[14][48] IGN,^[49] PC Gamer,^[50] GameSpy,^[51] Eurogamer,^[12] Polygon,^[21] Destructoid,^[52] and The Torch.^[53]

In May 2015, PC Gamer awarded Kerbal Space Program 1.0 a score of 96 out of 100.^[39]

Scientific community

The game has notably crossed over into the scientific community with scientists and members of the space industry displaying an interest in the game – including NASA,^[9] SpaceX's Elon Musk,^[54] and ESA.^[55]

See also

• List of space flight simulator games
• Buzz Aldrin's Race Into Space
• Microsoft Space Simulator
• Noctis
• Orbiter
• Shuttle
• Space Shuttle Mission 2007
• SimplePlanes

References

External links

• Official website