John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts

"Kennedy Center" redirects here. For the spaceport, see Kennedy Space Center.
John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts

Kennedy Center seen from the Potomac River
Address 2700 F Street, NW
Location Washington, D.C.
Coordinates 38°53′45″N 77°03′21″W / 38.8957°N 77.0559°W / 38.8957; -77.0559Coordinates: 38°53′45″N 77°03′21″W / 38.8957°N 77.0559°W / 38.8957; -77.0559
Owner United States government
Operator John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts
David Rubenstein, Chairman
Deborah Rutter, President
Type Performing arts center
Capacity Concert Hall: 2,454
Opera House: 2,294
Eisenhower Theater: 1,161
Terrace Theater: 475
Theater Lab: 398
Family Theater: 320
Jazz Club: 160
Construction
Opened September 8, 1971 (1971-09-08)
Architect Edward Durell Stone
General contractor John McShain
Tenants
National Symphony Orchestra
Washington National Opera
Suzanne Farrell Ballet
Website
www.kennedy-center.org
The Kennedy Center as seen from the air. A portion of the Watergate complex can be seen at the left
Bust of John F. Kennedy by Robert Berks located opposite the entrance to the Opera House in the Center

The John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts (on the building itself called the John F. Kennedy Memorial Center for the Performing Arts, and commonly referred to as the Kennedy Center) is a performing arts center located on the Potomac River, adjacent to the Watergate complex in Washington, D.C. The Center, which opened September 8, 1971, produces and presents theater, dance, ballet, orchestral, chamber, jazz, popular, and folk music, in addition to multi-media performances for all ages.

It is the busiest performing arts facility in the United States and annually hosts approximately 2,000 performances for audiences totaling nearly two million; Center-related touring productions, television, and radio broadcasts welcome 20 million more. Now in its 44th season, the Center presents the greatest examples of music, dance and theater; supports artists in the creation of new work; and serves the nation as a leader in arts education. With its artistic affiliate, the National Symphony Orchestra, the Center's achievements as a commissioner, producer, and nurturer of developing artists have resulted in over 200 theatrical productions, dozens of new ballets, operas, and musical works.

Tracing its beginning to the National Cultural Center Act of Congress in 1958, which requires that its programming be sustained through private funds, the center represents a public-private partnership. It is both the nation's public memorial to President John F. Kennedy and the "national center for the performing arts." Its activities include educational and outreach initiatives, almost entirely funded through ticket sales and gifts from individuals, corporations, and private foundations.

Designed by architect Edward Durell Stone, it was built by Philadelphia contractor John McShain and is administered by a bureau of the Smithsonian Institution. It receives federal funding each year to pay for the maintenance and operation of the building.

History

The idea for the center dates to 1933 when First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt discussed ideas for the Emergency Relief and Civil Works Administration to create employment for unemployed actors during the Great Depression.[1] In 1935, Congress held hearings on plans to establish a new Department of Science, Art and Literature and to build a monumental theater and arts building on Capitol Hill near the Supreme Court building.

The Library of Congress added a small auditorium, but it had restrictions on its use. A congressional resolution in 1938 called for construction of a "public building which shall be known as the National Cultural Center" near Judiciary Square, but nothing materialized.[1]

Flags in the Hall of States

In 1950, the idea for a national theater resurfaced when U.S. Representative Arthur George Klein of New York introduced a bill to authorize funds to plan and build a cultural center. The bill included provisions that the center would prohibit any discrimination of cast or audience. In 1955, the Stanford Research Institute was commissioned to select a site and provide design suggestions for the center.[2] From 1955 to 1958, Congress debated the idea amid much controversy. In the summer of 1958, a bill was finally passed in Congress and September 4, 1958, President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed into law the National Cultural Center Act which provided momentum for the project.[3]

This was the first time in history that the federal government helped finance a structure dedicated to the performing arts. The legislation required a portion of the costs, estimated at $10–25 million, to be raised within five years of the bill's passage.[4] Edward Durell Stone was selected as architect for the project in June 1959.[5] He presented preliminary designs to the President's Music Committee in October 1959, along with estimated costs of $50 million, double the original estimates of $25–30 million. By November 1959, estimated costs had escalated to $61 million.[6] Despite this, Stone's design was well received in editorials in The Washington Post, Washington Star, and quickly approved by the United States Commission of Fine Arts, National Capital Planning Commission, and the National Park Service.[7]

The National Cultural Center was renamed the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts in 1964, following the assassination of President Kennedy.[8]

Fundraising

The National Cultural Center Board of Trustees, a group Eisenhower established January 29, 1959, led fundraising.[4] Fundraising efforts were not successful, with only $13,425 raised in the first three years.[9] President John F. Kennedy was interested in bringing culture to the nation's capital, and provided leadership and support for the project.[10] In 1961, President Kennedy asked Roger L. Stevens to help develop the National Cultural Center, and serve as chairman of the Board of Trustees. Stevens recruited First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy as Honorary Chairman of the Center, and former First Lady Mamie Eisenhower as co-chairman.[11]

The total cost of construction was $70 million.[8] Congress allocated $43 million for construction costs, including $23 million as an outright grant and the other $20 million in bonds.[10] Donations also comprised a significant portion of funding, including $5 million from the Ford Foundation, and approximately $500,000 from the Kennedy family.[12][13] Other major donors included J. Willard Marriott, Marjorie Merriweather Post, John D. Rockefeller III, and Robert W. Woodruff, as well as many corporate donors.[13] Foreign countries provided gifts to the Kennedy Center, including a gift of 3,700 tons of Carrara marble from Italy (worth $1.5 million) from the Italian government, which was used in the building's construction.[14]

Construction

Roger L. Stevens (left) watches as President Johnson breaks ground December 2, 1964. This photograph is autographed by Johnson to Stevens

President Lyndon B. Johnson dug the ceremonial first-shovel of earth at the groundbreaking for the Kennedy Center December 2, 1964.[15] However, debate continued for another year over the Foggy Bottom site, with some advocating for another location on Pennsylvania Avenue.[12] Excavation of the site got underway on December 11, 1965, and the site was cleared by January 1967.[16]

The first performance was September 5, 1971, with 2,200 members of the general public in attendance to see a premiere of Leonard Bernstein's Mass in the Opera House,[8] while the Center's official opening took place September 8, 1971, with a formal gala and premiere performance of the Bernstein Mass.[17] The Concert Hall was inaugurated September 9, 1971, with a performance by the National Symphony Orchestra conducted by Antal Doráti.[17] Alberto Ginastera's opera, Beatrix Cenci premiered at the Kennedy Center Opera House September 10, 1971. The Eisenhower Theater was inaugurated October 18, 1971, with a performance of A Doll's House starring Claire Bloom.[18]

Architecture

Architect Edward Durell Stone designed the Kennedy Center.[19] Overall, the building is 100 feet (30 m) high, 630 feet (190 m) long, and 300 feet (91 m) wide. The Kennedy Center features a 630-foot-long (190 m), 63-foot-high (19 m) grand foyer, with 16 hand-blown Orrefors crystal chandeliers (a gift from Sweden) and red carpeting. The Hall of States and the Hall of Nations are both 250-foot-long (76 m), 63-foot-high (19 m) corridors. The building has drawn criticism about its location (far away from Washington Metro stops), and for its scale and form,[19] although it has also drawn praise for its acoustics, and its terrace overlooking the Potomac River.[19] In her book On Architecture, Ada Louise Huxtable called it "gemütlich Speer."[20]

Cyril M. Harris designed the Kennedy Center's auditoriums and their acoustics.[21] A key consideration is that many aircraft fly along the Potomac River and overhead the Kennedy Center, as they take off and land at the nearby Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport. Helicopter traffic over the Kennedy Center is also fairly high. To keep out this noise, the Kennedy Center was designed as a box within a box, giving each auditorium an extra outer shell.[22]

Artwork

The plaza entrance of the Kennedy Center features two tableaus by German sculptor Jürgen Weber; created between 1965 and 1971, which were a gift to the Kennedy Center from the West German government. Near the north end of the plaza is a display of nude figures in scenes representing war and peace, called War or Peace. The piece, 8 ft × 50 ft × 1.5 ft (2.44 m × 15.24 m × 0.46 m), depicts five scenes showing the symbolism of war and peace: a war scene, murder, family, and creativity.[23] At the south end is America which represents Weber's image of America (8 x 50 x 1.5 ft.). Four scenes are depicted representing threats to liberty, technology, foreign aid and survival, and free speech.[24] It took the artist four years to sculpt the two reliefs in plaster, creating 200 castings, and another two years for the foundry in Berlin to cast the pieces. In 1994, the Smithsonian Institution's Save Outdoor Sculpture! program surveyed War or Peace and America and described them as being well maintained.[23][24] Another sculpture Don Quixote by Aurelio Teno occupies a site near the northeast corner of the building. King Juan Carlos I and Queen Sofia of Spain gave the sculpture to the United States for its Bicentennial, June 3, 1976.[25]

Venues

Layout of the three main theaters at the Kennedy Center

The Kennedy Center has three main theaters: the Concert Hall, the Opera House, and the Eisenhower Theater.

Concert Hall

The Concert Hall, located at the south end of the Center, seats 2,442 including chorister seats and stage boxes, and has a seating arrangement similar to that used in many European halls such as Musikverein in Vienna. The Concert Hall is the largest performance space in the Kennedy Center and is the home of the National Symphony Orchestra. A 1997 renovation brought a high-tech acoustical canopy, handicap-accessible locations on every level, and new seating sections (onstage boxes, chorister seats, and parterre seats). The Hadeland crystal chandeliers, given by the government of Norway, were repositioned to provide a clearer view.[14] Canadian organbuilder Casavant Frères constructed and installed a new pipe organ in 2012.[26]

Opera House

The Opera House, in the middle, has about 2,300 seats. Its interior features include walls covered in red velvet, a distinctive red and gold silk curtain, given by the Japanese government, and Lobmeyr crystal chandelier with matching pendants, which were a gift from the government of Austria.[14] It is the major opera, ballet, and large-scale musical venue of the Center, and closed during the 2003/2004 season for extensive renovations which provided a revised seating arrangement and redesigned entrances at the orchestra level. It is the home of the Washington National Opera and the annual Kennedy Center Honors.

Eisenhower Theater

The Eisenhower Theater, on the north side, seats about 1,163 and is named for President Dwight D. Eisenhower, who signed the National Cultural Center Act into law on September 2, 1958. It primarily hosts plays and musicals, smaller-scale operas, ballet and contemporary dance. The theater contains an orchestra pit for up to 35 musicians that is convertible to a forestage or additional seating space. The venue reopened in October 2008, following a 16-month renovation which altered the color scheme and seating arrangements.

Other performance venues

Entrance to the Theater Lab

Other performance venues in the Center include:

River and rooftop terraces

The Kennedy Center offers one of the only open air rooftop terraces in downtown Washington, DC free of charge to the public, open from 10:00 a.m. until midnight each day, except when closed for private events. The wide terrace provides views in all four directions overlooking the Rosslyn skyline in Arlington, Virginia to the West; the Potomac River and National Airport to the South; the Washington Harbor and the Watergate Complex to the North; and the Lincoln Memorial, Department of State buildings, George Washington University and the Saudi Embassy to the East.

The Grand Foyer, at 63 feet (19 m) high and 630 feet (190 m) long, is one of the largest rooms in the world. If laid on its side, the Washington Monument would fit in this room with 75 feet (23 m) to spare.

Productions

Dance

World premiere performances of Kennedy Center-commissioned works have been offered through a commissioning program for new ballet and dance works. These works have been created by America's foremost choreographers—Paul Taylor, Lar Lubovitch, and Merce Cunningham—for leading American dance companies including American Ballet Theatre, Ballet West, Houston Ballet, Pacific Northwest Ballet, Pennsylvania Ballet, and the San Francisco Ballet. Since 1999, the Kennedy Center has supported and produced the Suzanne Farrell Ballet in performances at the Center and on extended tours.

The Center sponsors two annual dance residency programs for young people; Exploring Ballet with Suzanne Farrell and the Dance Theatre of Harlem Residency Program, both now in their second decade. The Kennedy Center's Contemporary Dance series offers a wide range of artistic perspectives, from the foremost masters of the genre to the art form's newest and most exciting artists. In the 2008/2009 series, the Kennedy Center recognized Modern Masters of American Dance, bringing Martha Graham Dance Company, Merce Cunningham Dance Company, Limón Dance Company, Mark Morris Dance Group, Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater, Bill T. Jones/Arnie Zane Dance Company and Paul Taylor Dance Company.

Education

In recent years the Kennedy Center has dramatically expanded its education programs to reach young people, teachers, and families throughout the nation. The 2005 opening of the Family Theater has helped achieve this.

For over 35 years, the Kennedy Center Education Department has provided arts experiences through performances, residencies, workshops, conferences, career development programs, symposia, and on-line and print resources. In the past year, the Center's education programs have directly impacted more than 11 million people across the nation. The Education Department fosters understandings and participation in the performing arts through programs and performances for diverse populations of all ages.

Performances for Young Audiences

Theater for Young Audiences (TYA)

The 2008–2009 season programming for Performances for Young Audiences reached more than 100 performances for young people and their families and over 110 performances for school audiences. The season included four Kennedy Center-commissioned world premieres: The Trumpet of the Swan, a musical adapted by Pulitzer Prize winner Marsha Norman from the book by E.B. White with music by Jason Robert Brown; Mermaids, Monsters, and the World Painted Purple, a new play by Marco Ramirez; Unleashed! The Secret Lives of White House Pets, a new play by Allyson Currin in collaboration with the White House Historical Association; and OMAN...O man!, a new dance production conceived and directed by Debbie Allen and is part of the Center's Arab festival, Arabesque: Arts of the Arab World. Theater for Young Audiences on Tour toured with two nationally touring productions of The Phantom Tollbooth and Blues Journey.

National Symphony Orchestra Performances for Young Audiences

Members of the National Symphony Orchestra will continue to present Teddy Bear Concerts throughout its seasons. During these concerts, children aged three to five bring their favorite stuffed animal to interactive musical programs featuring members of the NSO. Members of the NSO present NSO Ensemble Concerts, connecting music with various school subjects such as science and math, Kinderkonzerts, introducing kids to orchestral instruments and classical composers, as well as NSO Family Concerts.

Kennedy Center American College Theater Festival (KCACTF)

Started in 1969 by Roger L. Stevens, the Kennedy Center's founding chairman, the Kennedy Center American College Theater Festival (KCACTF) is a national theater program involving 18,000 students from colleges and universities nationwide which has served as a catalyst in improving the quality of college theater in the United States. The KCACTF has grown into a network of more than 600 academic institutions throughout the country, where theater departments and student artists showcase their work and receive outside assessment by KCACTF respondents. Since its establishment in 1969, KCACTF has reached more than 17.5 million theatergoing students and teachers nationwide.

Changing Education Through the Arts (CETA)

The Kennedy Center's CETA program's mission is make the arts a critical component in every child's education. CETA, which stands for Changing Education Through the Arts, creates professional development opportunities for teachers and school administrators. Each year over 700 teachers participate in approximately 60 courses that focus on ways to integrate the arts into their teaching.[27] The Kennedy Center's CETA program also partners with sixteen schools in the Washington DC Metro area to develop long-range plan for arts integration at their school. Two of these schools, Kensington Parkwood Elementary School in Kensington, MD and Woodburn Elementary School for the Fine and Communicative Arts in Falls Church, Virginia serve as Research and Development schools for CETA.

Exploring Ballet with Suzanne Farrell (EBSF)

Exploring Ballet with Suzanne Farrell is a three-week summer ballet intensive for international pre-professional ballerinas ages 14–18. Suzanne Farrell, one of the most revered ballerinas of the 20th century, has been hosting this Balanchine-inspired intensive at the Kennedy Center since 1993.[28][29] During their three weeks in Washington, D.C., Farrell's students practice technique and choreography during twice daily classes, six days per week. Outside of the classroom, excursions, activities and performance events are planned for EBSF students to fully immerse themselves in the culture of the nation's capital.[28]

Festivals

The Kennedy Center presents festivals celebrating cities, countries, and regions of the world. The festivals are filled with a wide range of performing arts, visual arts, cuisine, and multi-media. In 2008, the Center presented an exploration of the culture of Japan entitled Japan! culture + hyperculture. The 2009 Arab festival was an unprecedented exploration of the culture of the 22 Arab countries in the League of Arab States, titled Arabesque: Arts of the Arab World. In 2011, the Kennedy Center presented maximum INDIA, a three-week-long celebration of the arts and culture of the sub-continent.

Jazz

Since its establishment in September 1971, the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts has showcased world-class jazz in solo, various ensembles, and big band settings. In 1994, the Kennedy Center appointed Dr. Billy Taylor as Artistic Advisor for Jazz, and his first installation was his own radio show Billy Taylor's Jazz at the Kennedy Center. Featuring his trio and guest artists in performance and discussion, the series ran for seven seasons on NPR. Since Taylor's appointment in 1994, the Center has initiated numerous performance programs to promote jazz on a national stage, featuring leading international artists and rising stars, including: the Art Tatum Piano Panorama, named after Dr. Taylor's mentor; the Louis Armstrong Legacy, highlighting vocalists; the Mary Lou Williams Women in Jazz Festival, the first festival by a major institution promoting outstanding female jazz artists; Beyond Category, featuring artists whose work transcends genre; the Platinum Series, with internationally acclaimed headliners; Jazz Ambassadors with the United States Department of State, sending musicians on worldwide goodwill tours (1998–2004); the KC Jazz Club, a highly praised intimate setting; and Discovery Artists in the KC Jazz Club, highlighting up-and-coming talent. Kennedy Center and NPR annually collaborate on the beloved holiday broadcast NPR's Piano Jazz Christmas. Since 2003, the Center's jazz programs have been regularly broadcast on NPR's JazzSet with Dee Dee Bridgewater. Recent highlights, produced by the Center, have included Great Vibes, A Salute to Lionel Hampton (1995); Billy Taylor's 80th Birthday Celebration (2002); Nancy Wilson, A Career Celebration (2003); Michel Legrand with Patti Austin, part of the Center's Festival of France (2004); A Tribute to Shirley Horn (2004); James Moody's 80th Birthday (2005); and Benny Golson at 80 (2009). In March 2007, the Center hosted a once-in-a-lifetime celebration, Jazz in Our Time, which bestowed the Center's Living Jazz Legend Award to over 30 revered artists. During Dr. Taylor's tenure, the Center has created recognized educational initiatives, including national jazz satellite distance-learning programs; adult lecture series; master classes and workshops with national artists and local metropolitan Washington, D.C. students; and Betty Carter's Jazz Ahead—continuing the singer's legacy of identifying outstanding young talent.

National Symphony Orchestra (NSO)

The National Symphony Orchestra, the Kennedy Center's artistic affiliate since 1987, has commissioned dozens of new works, among them Stephen Albert's RiverRun, which won the Pulitzer Prize for Music; Morton Gould's Stringmusic, also a Pulitzer Prize-winner; William Bolcolm's Sixth Symphony, and Michael Daugherty's UFO, a concerto for solo percussion and orchestra.

In addition to its regular season concerts, the National Symphony Orchestra presents a host of outreach, education, and pops programs, as well as concerts at Wolf Trap each year. The annual American Residencies for the Kennedy Center is a program unique to the National Symphony Orchestra and the Center. The Center sends the Orchestra to a different state each year for an intensive period of performances and teaching encompassing full orchestral, chamber, and solo concerts, master classes and other teaching sessions. The Orchestra has given these residencies in 20 states so far: Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, Kansas, Louisiana, Maine, Mississippi, Nebraska, Nevada, North and South Carolina, Oklahoma, North and South Dakota, Tennessee, Vermont, Nevada, and Wyoming/Montana.

The NSO recording of John Corigliano's Of Rage and Remembrance won a Grammy Award in 1996.

Performing Arts for Everyone (PAFE)

The Kennedy Center is the only U.S. institution that presents a free performance 365 days a year. The Millennium Stage, created as part of the Center's Performing Arts for Everyone initiative in 1997 and underwritten by James A. Johnson and Maxine Isaacs, features a broad spectrum of performing arts, from dance and jazz, to chamber music and folk, comedy, storytelling and theater. In the past twelve years, over three million people have attended Millennium Stage performances. The Millennium Stage has presented more than 42,000 artists, which includes over 4,000 international artists from more than 70 countries; performers representing all 50 states; and 20,000 Washington-area ensembles and solo artists. The Charlie Byrd Trio and the Billy Taylor Trio were the first artists to delight audiences with a free performance on March 1, 1997. In 1999, the Center began web-casting each night's live performance, and continues to archive and maintain each event in a database of over 3,000 performances which may be accessed via the Center's website. Performing Arts for Everyone initiatives also include low- and no-cost tickets available to performances on every stage of the Kennedy Center, and several outreach programs designed to increase access to Kennedy Center tickets and performances.

Theater

The Center has co-produced more than 300 new works of theater over the past 43 years, including Tony-winning shows ranging from Annie in 1977 to A Few Good Men, How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying, The King and I, Titanic, and the American premiere of Les Misérables. The Center also produced the Sondheim Celebration (six Stephen Sondheim musicals) in 2002, Tennessee Williams Explored (three of Tennessee Williams' classic plays) in 2004, Mame starring Christine Baranski in 2006, Carnival! in 2007, August Wilson's Pittsburgh Cycle (Wilson's complete ten-play cycle performed as fully staged readings) and Broadway: Three Generations both in 2008, and a new production of Ragtime in 2009. The Kennedy Center Fund for New American Plays has provided critical support in the development of 135 new theatrical works. In 2011, a new production of Follies starring Bernadette Peters opened at the Eisenhower Theater, and transferred to Broadway that fall.

Kennedy Center Honors

Wikinews has related news: Kennedy Center names 2007 honors recipients
Main article: Kennedy Center Honors

Since 1978, the Kennedy Center Honors have been awarded annually by the Center's Board of Trustees. Each year, five artists or groups are honored for their lifetime contributions to American culture and the performing arts, including dance, music, theater, opera, film, and television.[30] The Center has awarded the Mark Twain Prize for American Humor since 1998.

Local performing arts organizations

Many local arts organizations present (or have presented) their work at the Kennedy Center. Some of these include:

Other events

During the American Bicentennial, the Kennedy Center hosted numerous special events throughout 1976, including six commissioned plays.[33] The center hosted free performances by groups from each state.[34] In December 1976, Mikhail Baryshnikov's version of The Nutcracker ballet played for two weeks.[35]

The Kennedy Center also hosts special inauguration events and galas.

In 1977, the Opera House hosted George Bernard Shaw's Caesar and Cleopatra with Rex Harrison and Elizabeth Ashley.[36] The American Ballet Theatre has also frequently performed at the Kennedy Center.[37] The troupe's 2004 production of Swan Lake, choreographed by Kevin McKenzie, was taped there, shown on PBS in June 2005, and released on DVD shortly after.

Productions of Disney's The Lion King and Trevor Nunn's production of My Fair Lady (choreographed by Matthew Bourne) were presented in the 2007–2008 season, to name a few.[38]

Millennium Stage Archives

The Kennedy Center stages free daily performances on its Millennium Stage in the Grand Foyer. Featured on the Millennium Stage are a range of art forms, including performing artists and groups.

The two theaters of The Millennium Stage are equipped with lights, sound systems, and cameras. Every free event performed at this stage is recorded and archived on the Kennedy Center's website. These archives have been available to the public for free since 2009.[39]

VSA

Main article: VSA (Kennedy Center)

VSA (formerly VSA arts) is an international nonprofit organization founded in 1974 by Ambassadress Jean Kennedy Smith to create a society where people with disabilities learn through, participate in, and enjoy the arts. VSA provides educators, parents, and artists with resources and the tools to support arts programming in schools and communities. VSA showcases the accomplishments of artists with disabilities and promotes increased access to the arts for people with disabilities. Each year 7 million people participate in VSA programs through a nationwide network of affiliates and in 54 countries around the world. Affiliated with the Kennedy Center since 2005, VSA was officially merged into the organization in 2011 to become part of the Center's Department of VSA and Accessibility.

Kennedy Center at night

Renovations

On June 16, 1971, Congress authorized appropriations for one year to the Board of Trustees for operating and maintenance expenses. In following years, the appropriations were provided to the National Park Service for operations, maintenance, security, safety and other functions not directly related to the performing arts activities.[40] The National Park Service and the Kennedy Center signed a cooperative agreement requiring each party to pay a portion of the operating and maintenance costs based on what proportion of time the building was to be used for performing arts functions. The agreement did not specify who was responsible for long-term capital improvement projects at the Kennedy Center, along with only periodic funding by Congress for one-time projects.[41]

Changes 1990-2005

In fiscal years 1991 and 1992, Congress recommended that $27.7 million be allocated for capital improvement projects at the Center, including $12 million for structural repairs to the garage and $15.7 million for structural and mechanical repairs, as well as projects for improving handicapped access.[42] In 1994, Congress gave full responsibility to the Kennedy Center for capital improvement projects and facility management.[43] From 1995 to 2005, over $200 million of federal funds were allocated to the Kennedy Center for long-term capital projects, repairs, and to bring the center into compliance with modern fire safety and accessibility codes.[43] Improvements included renovation of the Concert Hall, Opera House, plaza-level public spaces, and a new fire alarm system.[44] The renovations projects were completed 13 to 50 percent over budget, due to modifications of plans during the renovations resulting in overtime and other penalties.[45] Renovations to the Eisenhower Theater were completed in 2008.[38]

Proposed changes in 2013

In 2013, the center announced plans for a $100 million 65,000 square feet (6,000 m2) addition of three land-based pavilions on the Kennedy Center's South Plaza, and a newly imagined pedestrian bridge that will connect the Potomac River waterfront to the Kennedy Center. The project will include rehearsal space as well as dedicated classroom space, and multipurpose rooms for the Center's extensive arts education and arts management education programs.[46] Public access spaces will include gardens, an outdoor video wall upon which simulcast performances and other multimedia events may be projected, and an outdoor performance space. They are to be designed by Steven Holl with help by architect firm BNIM. The proposed design is somewhat similar to the Bloch Addition to the Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art in Kansas City, Missouri, on which the two architectural firms collaborated in 2007. The plans call for the pavilions to be built with translucent Okalux light diffusing insulated glass and the same Carrara marble used for the Kennedy Center. Landscaping of the pavilions includes pools with the same dimension as the PT-109. Plans for the project began after David M. Rubenstein donated $50 million to the center.[47]

Management

Prior to 1980, daily operations of the Kennedy Center were overseen by the chairman of the board of directors, and by the board itself. Aspects of the center's programming and operations were overseen by various other people. George London was the Kennedy Center's first executive director (often called "artistic director" by the press, although that was not the formal title), serving from 1968 to 1970,[48] while William McCormick Blair, Jr. was its first administrative director.[49] Julius Rudel took over as music director in 1971.[50] In 1972, Martin Feinstein replaced London and held the position of artistic director until 1980.[51] Marta Casals Istomin was named the first female artistic director in 1980, a position she held until 1990;[52] she was also the first person to be formally invested with that title.[53][54]

In 1991, the board created the position of chief operating officer to remove the day-to-day operations of the Kennedy center from the chairman and board. Lawrence Wilker was hired to fill the position, which later was retitled president.[55] The artistic director continued to oversee artistic programming, under the president's direction.

Michael Kaiser became president of the Kennedy Center in 2001. He left the organization when his contract expired in September 2014.[55][56]

In September 2014 Deborah F. Rutter became its third president; she is the first woman to hold that post. Rutter had previously been president of the Chicago Symphony Orchestra Association, a position she held from 2003.[52]

Board of Trustees

The Kennedy Center Board of Trustees (more formally known as the Trustees of the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts), maintains and administers the Center and its site. David M. Rubenstein is the chairman of this board.

The honorary chairmen of the board are the First Lady and her living predecessors. Members of the board are specified by 20 USC 76h and include ex officio members such as the Secretary of Health and Human Services, the Librarian of Congress, the Secretary of State (substituting for the Director of the United States Information Agency after that agency was abolished), the Chairman of the Commission of Fine Arts, the Mayor of the District of Columbia, the Superintendent of Schools of the District of Columbia, the Director of the National Park Service, the Secretary of Education and the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, as well as 36 general trustees appointed by the President of the United States for six-year terms.[57]

References

Notes

  1. 1 2 Meersman, Roger (1980). "The Kennedy Center: From Dream to Reality". Records of the Columbia Historical Society 50: 527–528.
  2. ↑ "Timeline of SRI International Innovations: 1940s - 1950s". SRI International. Archived from the original on 2006-11-29. Retrieved 2012-07-01.
  3. ↑ Meersman, Roger (1980). "The Kennedy Center: From Dream to Reality". Records of the Columbia Historical Society 50: 529.
  4. 1 2 Meersman, Roger (1980). "The Kennedy Center: From Dream to Reality". Records of the Columbia Historical Society 50: 541.
  5. ↑ Meersman, Roger (1980). "The Kennedy Center: From Dream to Reality". Records of the Columbia Historical Society 50: 542.
  6. ↑ Meersman, Roger (1980). "The Kennedy Center: From Dream to Reality". Records of the Columbia Historical Society 50: 543.
  7. ↑ Meersman, Roger (1980). "The Kennedy Center: From Dream to Reality". Records of the Columbia Historical Society 50: 544.
  8. 1 2 3 Robertson, Nan (September 6, 1971). "At Last, the Performances Begin". The New York Times. Retrieved 2014-11-04. (subscription required (help)).
  9. ↑ Meersman, Roger (1980). "The Kennedy Center: From Dream to Reality". Records of the Columbia Historical Society 50: 545.
  10. 1 2 Lydon, Christopher (September 6, 1971). "Kennedy Arts Center Primps for Opening and Hopes to Make Profit". The New York Times. (subscription required (help)).
  11. ↑ Meersman, Roger (1980). "The Kennedy Center: From Dream to Reality". Records of the Columbia Historical Society 50: 546.
  12. 1 2 Meersman, Roger (1980). "The Kennedy Center: From Dream to Reality". Records of the Columbia Historical Society 50: 564.
  13. 1 2 Curtis, Charlotte (September 3, 1971). "Clamor Continues for Seats at Kennedy Center Opening". The New York Times. (subscription required (help)).
  14. 1 2 3 "$3-Million in Gifts Adorn Center". The New York Times. September 6, 1971. (subscription required (help)).
  15. ↑ Meersman, Roger (1980). "The Kennedy Center: From Dream to Reality". Records of the Columbia Historical Society 50: 560.
  16. ↑ Meersman, Roger (1980). "The Kennedy Center: From Dream to Reality". Records of the Columbia Historical Society 50: 568–569.
  17. 1 2 Schonberg, Harold C. (September 2, 1971). "Kennedy Hall Gets Acoustics Workout". The New York Times. (subscription required (help)).
  18. ↑ Hutchinson, Louise (October 19, 1971). "Eisenhower Theater Opening Performance Seen by Nixons". Chicago Tribune.
  19. 1 2 3 Weeks, Christopher (1994). AIA Guide to the Architecture of Washington, D.C. (Third ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press.
  20. ↑ Huxtable, Ada Louise (2008). On Architecture: Collected Reflections on a Century of Change. Bloomsbury. p. 82. ISBN 978-0-8027-1707-8. (subscription required (help)).
  21. ↑ Roth, Leland M. (1982). A Concise History of American Architecture. Westview Press. p. 337. ISBN 978-0064300865.
  22. ↑ Raichel, Daniel R. (2000). The Science and Applications of Acoustics. Springer. p. 252. ISBN 978-0387989075. (subscription required (help)).
  23. 1 2 "War or Peace, (sculpture)". Save Outdoor Sculpture, District of Columbia survey. Smithsonian Institution. 1994. Retrieved 2014-11-04.
  24. 1 2 "America, (sculpture)". Save Outdoor Sculpture, District of Columbia survey. Smithsonian Institution. 1994. Retrieved 2014-11-04.
  25. ↑ "Kennedy Unit to Get King's Gift". =Spartanburg Herald-Journal. Associated Press. May 9, 1976. Retrieved 2014-11-04.
  26. ↑ Wakin, Daniel J. (September 27, 2011). "Kennedy Center to Replace Its Pipe Organ". The New York Times.
  27. ↑ "Ceta: Program Overview". Retrieved December 18, 2011.
  28. 1 2 "Exploring Ballet with Suzanne Farrell". Retrieved July 16, 2015.
  29. ↑ "Dance Spotlight: Learning Curve". Retrieved July 16, 2015.
  30. ↑ Boliek, Brooks (September 8, 1994). "Kennedy nods to Douglas, Gould". The Hollywood Reporter.
  31. ↑ Washington Performing Arts Society website
  32. ↑ Young Concert Artists of Washington website
  33. ↑ Darling, Lynn (January 1, 1977). "Bicentennial Hailed for Its Legacies". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2014-11-04. (subscription required (help)).
  34. ↑ "Critics' Roundtable The Arts: Poised for 1977". The Washington Post. January 2, 1977. Retrieved 2014-11-04. (subscription required (help)).
  35. ↑ Kriegsman, Alan M. (January 2, 1977). "The New Nutcracker: An Artistic Coup". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2014-11-04. (subscription required (help)).
  36. ↑ Quinn, Sally (January 12, 1977). "Rex Harrison: 'The World Was A Rather Different Place Then'". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2014-11-04. (subscription required (help)).
  37. ↑ Kriegsman, Alan M. (April 11, 1977). "ABT's Final Weekend: Upbeat Performances". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2014-11-04. (subscription required (help)).
  38. 1 2 Smith, Tim (March 6, 2007). "Kennedy Center announces details of 2007–2008 season". The Baltimore Sun.
  39. ↑ "Millennium Stage". Kennedy Center. Retrieved 2014-11-04.
  40. ↑ General Accounting Office (February 1993). "Kennedy Center: Information on the Capital Improvement Program" (PDF). p. 2.
  41. ↑ General Accounting Office (February 1993). "Kennedy Center: Information on the Capital Improvement Program" (PDF). p. 3.
  42. ↑ General Accounting Office (February 1993). "Kennedy Center: Information on the Capital Improvement Program" (PDF). GAO Report to Congress. p. 4.
  43. 1 2 Government Accountability Office (April 2005). "Stronger Oversight of Fire Safety Issues, Construction Projects, and Financial Management Needed" (PDF). p. 1.
  44. ↑ Government Accountability Office (April 2005). "Stronger Oversight of Fire Safety Issues, Construction Projects, and Financial Management Needed" (PDF). p. 3.
  45. ↑ Government Accountability Office (April 2005). "Stronger Oversight of Fire Safety Issues, Construction Projects, and Financial Management Needed" (PDF). p. 4.
  46. ↑ "News - Expansion Project". www.kennedy-center.org. Retrieved 2016-02-05.
  47. ↑ "KC firm BNIM will help design $100 million expansion of Kennedy Center". Kansas City Star. April 4, 2013. Retrieved 2014-11-04. (subscription required (help)).
  48. ↑ Davis, Peter G. (September 17, 1981). "Nov. 4 Gala to Honor George London". The New York Times. Retrieved 2014-11-04.
  49. ↑ Robertson, Nan (February 1, 1968). "Rudel and Blair Accept Kennedy Arts Center Jobs". The New York Times. Retrieved 2014-11-04. (subscription required (help)).
  50. ↑ Taubman, Howard (August 30, 1971). "Rudel Logs a Hectic Day In Kennedy Center Roles". The New York Times. Retrieved 2014-11-04. (subscription required (help)).
  51. ↑ Saxon, Wolfgang (February 7, 2006). "2":"RI:14"}&adxnnl=1&module=Search&adxnnlx=1415136980-FBHAFEbzbWlEw0shjbWdZA "Martin Feinstein, 84, Dies; Led the National Opera". The New York Times. Retrieved 2014-11-04.
  52. 1 2 Boyle, Katherine (December 10, 2013). "Deborah F. Rutter to Become Kennedy Center's Third President". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2014-11-04.
  53. ↑ "Kennedy Center Artistic Director". Christian Science Monitor. February 29, 1980. Retrieved 2014-11-04.
  54. ↑ Cummings, Judith; Krebs, Albin (February 27, 1980). "The Kennedy Center Names a New Artistic Director". The New York Times. Retrieved 2014-11-04. (subscription required (help)).
  55. 1 2 Boyle, Katherine (January 23, 2013). "Kennedy Center Will Begin Search to Replace President Michael M. Kaiser". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2014-11-04.
  56. ↑ Pogrebin, Robin (December 10, 2013). "Kennedy Center Names New Chief". The New York Times. Retrieved 2014-11-04.
  57. ↑ "The Kennedy Center: Board of Trustees". Retrieved 2014-11-04.

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