List of Middle-earth animals

This is a list of animals that appeared in Arda, the world of J. R. R. Tolkien's Middle-earth legendarium. In addition, this list encompasses several living creatures that were referred to at some point by Tolkien as being beast-shaped Maiar (angelic beings) rather than proper animals; such cases are annotated.

In Quenya, an Elven tongue devised by Tolkien, the general term for animals, as distinct from plants (olvar), is kelvar.^[1]

Species

Crebain

Crebain (singular: craban) were a large species of crow that inhabited the land of Dunland during the Third Age. They were often used as servants and spies by various evil powers, notably Saruman. During the War of the Ring, a flock of crebain searched for the Ring-bearer.^[2] Crebain "crows" would be the regular plural form of Sindarin *craban "crow," a word which (while unattested) seems to have been adopted by Tolkien from Indo-European languages, particularly a pre-Germanic form *krabn-, whence the proto-Germanic *hrabnaz,^[3] from which descended both Old High German hraban and English raven.

Elven-birds

A species of song-birds native to Tol Eressëa. The birds mated for life, and were described as "grey, with golden beaks and feet." A pair of Elven-birds was gifted to Erendis on her wedding to Aldarion, the crown-prince of Númenor. She later dismissed the birds when their marriage broke down.^[4]

Fell beasts

Flying creatures that were used by the Nazgûl as steeds during the later parts of the War of the Ring. Tolkien did not use this phrase as a proper name for them (it is simply a description; fell means "fierce, awful, terrible"), but absent any other name, they are usually called "fell beasts". Tolkien describes one thus:

...if bird, then greater than all other birds... ...neither quill nor feather did it bear, and its vast pinions were as webs of hide between horned fingers... A creature of an older world maybe it was...^[5]

A few paragraphs later it is said to attack with "beak and claw".^[5]

Great Eagles

A race of eagles of outstanding size, believed to have been sent to Middle-earth and Númenor by Manwë. Tolkien proposed variously that they had been either Maiar or just highly intelligent animals.

Great Spiders

The Hobbit describes a colony of sapient and over-sized spiders in the northern parts of Mirkwood at the end of the Third Age. The Elves of Thranduil's realm tried unsuccessfully to exterminate them. During the events of the book, Thorin's company of Dwarves was captured by spiders and enmeshed in webs; however, Bilbo Baggins managed to free them with the aid of his sword Sting and his magic ring.^[6]

The Lord of the Rings adds that these spiders were of the brood of Shelob, who in turn was a child of Ungoliant, and that they inhabited southern regions of Mirkwood as well.^[7] It also suggests that the spiders appeared after the Shadow fell on Mirkwood around T.A. 1050.^[8]

Kine of Araw

White oxen that lived near the inland Sea of Rhûn, called thus by the men of Gondor, who associated them with the Vala Oromë or Araw, "the huntsman of the Valar".^[9] Vorondil the Hunter fashioned a horn for blowing from one of these beasts, which became an heirloom of the Stewards of Gondor.^[10] This horn eventually came to Boromir and was cloven when he fell during the War of the Ring.

The Kine of Araw have been compared to aurochs.^[11]

Kirinki

One of the many species of birds found in Númenor that were not known in Middle-earth. The kirinki are said to have been smaller than wrens, with scarlet feathers and "piping voices on the edge of human hearing".^[12]

Mearas

The mearas (singular mearh) were a breed of wild horses in the north of Middle-earth. Their lifespan is similar to that of Men and their intelligence and strength are extraordinary. They surpass normal horses in the same manner that Elves surpass Men.

They descend from Felaróf, who was tamed by the first King of Rohan, Eorl the Young, and perhaps ultimately from Nahar, horse of the Vala Oromë. Ever since, they have been the mounts of the King and Princes of Rohan alone. During the War of the Ring, however, Gandalf the White's friendship with Shadowfax, lord of the Mearas, led to Shadowfax allowing Gandalf to ride him into the very end of the Third Age. King Théoden's mount, Snowmane, was also one of the Mearas.

Mûmakil

Mûmakil (singular: mûmak) were animals from Harad resembling elephants. The terms mûmak and mûmakil were used by the Men of Gondor. Hobbit folklore called these creatures Oliphaunts.

The creatures are described in The Two Towers. Samwise Gamgee expresses a desire to see one and tells of Hobbit-lore of their being "big as a house" (see below). Later, Sam then sees one as big as a "moving hill". Employed as a beast of burden by the Haradrim, the mûmakil were also used in battle during the wars of the Third Age. In the War of the Ring, they were used by troops in Ithilien and in the Battle of the Pelennor Fields, much like war elephants of the real world. In battle, they carried tower-like structures (corresponding to howdahs), bearing Haradrim archers. The only known way to kill one was to shoot it in the eye. As with real elephants, horses (other than the Haradrim's own) refused to go near them, making them effective against enemy cavalry. There are also Mûmakil in Rhûn.

"Oliphaunt" is also the title of a short comic poem about the beast quoted by the hobbit Samwise Gamgee, based on traditional bestiary lore from the Shire. The poem appears in The Two Towers and The Adventures of Tom Bombadil.

The word oliphaunt is a variant spelling of the archaic word oliphant, used in literature to denote "elephant", "ivory", "elephant-tusk", "musical horn made of an elephant tusk", or "a musical instrument resembling such a horn". The most famous use of the term in literature outside Tolkien is in The Song of Roland, wherein the knight Roland fails to call for help at the Battle of Roncevaux using his oliphant horn until it is too late for him and his comrades. Roland's horn is echoed in The Lord of the Rings by Boromir's horn and counterposed by Helm's horn and the horns of Buckland.

In the film version of The Two Towers and The Return of the King, the mûmak is shown as a giant elephant with two tusks on the upper jaw and two on the lower jaw, whereof the legs are longer and the head smaller in proportion to the body, than those of extant elephants, somewhat more like the long-legged, smaller-headed Columbian mammoth; and the mûmak's back is humped, akin to the Indian elephant.

Wargs

A species of wolves often allied with orcs. Tolkien took the name from the Old Norse word vargr (for "wolf"). Sometimes called 'Hound of Sauron', they appear in The Lay of Leithian, The Hobbit, and The Fellowship of the Ring.

Individual birds

Carc

An intelligent raven that lived upon Ravenhill beneath the Lonely Mountain in the days of King Thrór. He and his mate nested above the guard-chamber there. Carc fathered Roäc, who featured in The Hobbit in T.A. 2788.

Gwaihir

One of the great eagles, Gwaihir is perhaps best known for rescuing Gandalf from the tower of Orthanc, ending Gandalf's captivity by Saruman. Also, Gwaihir rescued Gandalf after his battle with the balrog in Moria. He, his brother Landroval, and Meneldor accompanied Gandalf to rescue Sam and Frodo from Mount Doom at the end of the War of the Ring.^[13][14]

Roäc

The son of Carc the raven, born in T.A. 2788. By the time of the Quest of Erebor organised by Thorin II Oakenshield, Roäc had become the leader of the great ravens of the Lonely Mountain, although it is stated that "he was getting blind, he could hardly fly, and the top of his head was bald." With his and his flock's help, Thorin's company gathered news and communicated with Dáin II Ironfoot before the Battle of Five Armies.

Thorondor

The Lord of Eagles in the First Age, said in The Silmarillion to be the "mightiest of all birds that have ever been", with a wingspan of thirty fathoms (54.9 meters, or 180 feet) and a beak of gold.^[15][16] His name translates from Sindarin, an Elven tongue devised by Tolkien, as 'King of Eagles';^[17] its cognate form in Quenya, another Elven language, is Sorontar.^[17][18] He led the eagles during most of their appearances in The Silmarillion, and has a significant role of his own.

Thorondor first enters the narrative when he helped the Elven-prince Fingon rescue his kinsman Maedhros from imprisonment upon Thangorodrim.^[15] After the Dagor Bragollach, he saved Fingolfin's body from defilement by his slayer Morgoth, giving the Dark Lord a scar on his face and carrying the Elven-king's corpse to the Encircling Mountains north of Gondolin, where it was buried by Turgon.^[19] Shortly afterwards, Thorondor espied Húrin and Huor at the feet of the Mountains, and sent two of his servants to fetch them and bear to Gondolin, fulfilling thus the intentions of the Vala Ulmo.^[19] Thorondor and two other eagles rescued Lúthien and the wounded Beren from the doors of Angband during their Quest of the Silmaril, taking them to Doriath.^[20]

Individual horses and ponies

Arod

The grey horse given to Legolas by the Riders of Rohan in The Two Towers. Gimli also rides him behind Legolas, until they reach Minas Tirith. The epilogue to The Lord of the Rings (published in The History of Middle-earth, volume IX, Sauron Defeated) has Sam saying that "Legolas let his horse run back free to Rohan from Isengard", presumably after the war, when Legolas and Gimli left the rest of the Company to visit Aglarond and Fangorn.

Arroch

The horse that Húrin Lord of Dor-lómin rode to the battle of Nírnaeth Arnoediad. Neither horse nor rider returned, and Morwen Húrin's wife "listened for his footfall in the sleepless watches of the night, or would wake thinking that she had heard in the courtyard the neigh of Arroch his horse".

Asfaloth

The horse ridden by Glorfindel when he meets Strider and the Hobbits before they arrive at Rivendell. Asfaloth (meaning "Foam Flower" in Sindarin) carries Frodo alone to the Ford of Bruinen.

'Ride on! Ride on!' cried Glorfindel, and then loud and clear he called to the horse in the elf-tongue: noro lim, noro lim, Asfaloth!" (Sindarin for 'run quickly').
--The Fellowship of the Ring, "Flight to the Ford"

In the film version of The Fellowship of the Ring, Asfaloth is Arwen's horse and the two flee with the wounded Frodo across the ford from the Black Riders.

Bill

A pony bought, for the exorbitant price of twelve silver pennies, by Barliman Butterbur, for Frodo Baggins and his companions, to replace the ponies stolen from them. Butterbur purchased Bill from Bill Ferny, a neighbor in league with the spies who stole the other ponies. In the hobbits' service Bill became a fatter and happier pony. He was named 'Bill' by Sam Gamgee shortly after the party left Bree.

Bill became acquainted with elvish horses in Rivendell, to his advantage; and accompanied the Fellowship of the Ring from Rivendell to the doors of Moria, but had to be left behind there. An attack by the Watcher in the Water left the Company thinking him slain; but he returned to Bree, where he was nursed back to health and reunited with Sam on the return journey to the Shire. Bill's old master, Bill Ferny, had been set by Lotho Sackville-Baggins to watch the gate at the Brandywine bridge into the Shire; and after he was cowed into submission by the hobbits, Bill the pony gave him a kick. Sam later took the pony to Hobbiton.

Brego

Brego is a horse of Rohan ridden by Aragorn in Peter Jackson’s film adaptations of The Two Towers and The Return of the King. He was originally Théodred's horse. Aragorn first meets him in the stables at Edoras, where two of the Rohirrim are struggling to bring him under control, and Aragorn calms him by speaking Elvish to him, and then tells Éowyn to set him free. After Aragorn’s fall in the skirmish with the Warg riders, Brego carries him to Helm's Deep. Aragorn continues to ride Brego until their arrival at the door to the Paths of the Dead, at which point Brego and Arod bolt.

In Tolkien’s writings, the name Brego refers only to the second King of Rohan. This is noted in the film version of The Two Towers when Aragorn, speaking in Elvish to Brego at Edoras, tells him, "Your name is kingly".

Bumpkin

One of five ponies obtained by Meriadoc Brandybuck and used by the hobbits to ride from the Shire to Bree. The ponies are named by Tom Bombadil after the hobbits' encounter with the barrow-wight and from then answered only to those names. They later vanish during the attack on Bree by the Black Riders. The reader is told that the ponies find their way to Bombadil and his pony, Fatty Lumpkin, and are eventually sent back to Bree, to be looked after by Butterbur.

Fatty Lumpkin

The pony kept by Tom Bombadil. Fatty Lumpkin (sometimes just "Lumpkin") was rarely ridden by Tom, and spent much of his time roaming free on the Barrow-downs. The ponies of Frodo, Sam, Merry, and Pippin got to know Fatty Lumpkin and managed to find him after the hobbits encounter a wight in the Barrow-downs. When the hobbits' ponies escaped from Bree, their familiarity with Fatty Lumpkin led them back to Tom's house.

Felaróf

The first of the Mearas, a stallion, described as being as intelligent and long-lived as any human, and capable of understanding the speech of Men.

Felaróf was a wild foal captured by Léod, father of Eorl the Young and a tamer of horses. Though no one could tame the horse, Léod attempted to mount him, and was killed when the horse threw him.

Eorl vowed to avenge his father, commanding the horse to serve him as weregild for his father. Eorl named the horse Felaróf (meaning "very valiant, very strong" in the Anglo-Saxon poetic vocabulary)^[21] and rode him without bit or bridle. They took part in the Battle of the Field of Celebrant. Felaróf was buried in Eorl's burial mound.^[22]

Firefoot

The horse of Éomer of Rohan; he bore Éomer and Gimli from Edoras to Helm's Deep before the Battle of the Hornburg.

Hasufel

The horse given to Aragorn by the Riders of Rohan in The Two Towers. Previously, this horse had been ridden by a Rider named Garulf, killed in the recent skirmish with the band of orcs that had captured Merry and Pippin ("May he bear you well and to better fortune than Garulf, his late master!" — Éomer to Aragorn). Aragorn later rode his own horse, Roheryn, who came to Rohan with a company of Dúnedain from the north.

Lightfoot

A horse of Rohan, sire of Snowmane. Lightfoot is mentioned on the inscription on Snowmane's grave (Snowmane's Howe).

Nahar

Nahar (from the Valarin Næχærra) was the horse of the Vala Oromë. It was the neighing of Nahar that alerted Oromë to the presence of the Quendi when he came upon them for the first time, and light from the sparks his hooves threw up were the first light in Valinor after the darkening of the trees.

Rochallor

The horse of Fingolfin, High King of the Noldor. Rochallor bore the King to the gates of Angband, where a desperate and fearless Fingolfin challenged Morgoth to single combat. Rochallor stayed by his master throughout the duel, but was driven away by wolves. He died of a burst heart in Hithlum soon afterwards.

Roheryn

The name Roheryn means 'horse of the lady' in Tolkien's invented Elven language, Sindarin; this stems from the gift of the horse to Aragorn by Arwen. Roheryn was brought to Aragorn in the South by his kinsman Halbarad during the War of the Ring, prior to the Battle of the Pelennor Fields. He, Arod, and the other horses of the Dúnedain went with their masters on the Paths of the Dead and made the great march to Pelargir.

Shadowfax

A horse of Rohan, the chief of the Mearas. Like the other mearas, Shadowfax was a grey or silver stallion and could understand the speech of Men. No one except Gandalf could ride Shadowfax, and he was given to Gandalf by King Théoden. His name means Shadow-mane (Old Norse fax meaning "mane"); the same element appears in the names of the horses Skinfaxi and Hrímfaxi in Norse Mythology.

Shadowfax also carried the halfling Pippin at Gandalf's request.

In an unpublished epilogue^[23] and a letter^[24] Tolkien stated that Shadowfax passed West over the Sea with Gandalf; in The Lord of the Rings Gandalf appears with a "great grey horse" on the quay just before departing, and he had earlier promised Shadowfax (in the chapter "The White Rider") that they would not be parted again in this world.

Sharp-ears

See Bumpkin.

Snowmane

The horse of King Théoden of Rohan, who accompanied Théoden to the Battle of the Hornburg, and was ridden on the final charge out of the fortress. At the Battle of the Pelennor Fields, Snowmane was pierced by a black dart, causing him to fall onto Théoden. He was buried with honour on the field of battle; his grave, known as Snowmane's Howe, bore the inscription:

Faithful servant yet master's bane

Lightfoot's foal, swift Snowmane.

— The Return of the King, "The Battle of the Pelennor Fields", p. 120

Strider

The pony ridden by Frodo Baggins from Minas Tirith back to the Shire, and from the Shire to the Grey Havens. The pony came to be known as Strider during or after the journey from Minas Tirith.^[25]

Stybba

The pony given by King Théoden of Rohan to Merry Brandybuck. He is described as small, shaggy, and grey. Théoden's reason for leaving Merry in Edoras while he rides to Gondor to do battle is that Stybba cannot keep up with the horses of the Rohirrim, and none of the riders can carry Merry. The name is from Old English styb "stub, stump". Icelandic stubbur is a common name for sheep.

Swish-tail

See Bumpkin.

White-socks

See Bumpkin.

Windfola

Éowyn's grey horse. Disguised as Dernhelm, Éowyn rode with Merry on Windfola to the Battle of the Pelennor Fields. During the battle, Windfola was terrified by the Nazgûl's fell beast; Éowyn and Merry were thrown from Windfola's back, and Windfola ran wild over the plain.

Wise-nose

See Bumpkin.

Other individual animals

Carcharoth

The "mightiest of all wolves", bred by Morgoth and set to guard the gates of Angband. He bit off Beren's hand together with the Silmaril and was maddened by its touch. Carcharoth was slain by Huan, but not before he managed to wound mortally both the hound and Beren.

Draugluin

A werewolf (the first to exist) in the service of Sauron in the First Age.

Bred from the wolves and inhabited with an evil spirit sent by Morgoth himself, Draugluin was the sire of all werewolves of Beleriand, including Carcharoth, and lived with his master Sauron in Tol-in-Gaurhoth, the former watchtower of Finrod Felagund.

Draugluin was slain by the hound Huan during the Quest for the Silmaril, and Beren and Lúthien used his pelt to sneak into Angband.

An earlier form of the name was Drauglir. While Draugluin translates as "blue wolf" in Sindarin, a closer translation is believed to be "pale wolf."

Huan

Huan, also known as the Hound of Valinor, was a great hound, approximately the same size as a small horse, given to Celegorm, one of the Sons of Fëanor, by the Vala Oromë the Hunter. When the Noldor under Fëanor rebelled, Huan went to Middle-earth with his master. For this reason, he fell under the Doom of Mandos.

When Beren had gone with Finrod Felagund to Angband but had been captured in Tol-in-Gaurhoth, Lúthien set out to rescue him. She was intercepted by Celegorm and Curufin; whereas Huan captured her, and she was brought before Celegorm. Celegorm and Curufin took her as a prisoner to Nargothrond, secretly plotting to wed her to Celegorm and thereby force an alliance with Lúthien's father Thingol. Huan felt pity for Lúthien, and therefore told her of a way to escape, and accompanied her to Tol-in-Gaurhoth to rescue Beren, where he killed all of Sauron's werewolves, as well as Sauron himself in wolf form. Thereafter Huan returned to Celegorm, who had been exiled from Nargothrond by Orodreth.

On their way to Himring, Celegorm, Curufin, and Huan came across Beren and Lúthien in the north of Doriath. Curufin tried to kill Lúthien, but Huan drove Celegorm and Curufin away, and told Beren and Lúthien of his plan to gain entrance to Angband, disguised as the werewolf Draugluin and the vampire Thuringwethil. After Beren and Lúthien had won the Silmaril but Beren had lost his hand to the wolf Carcharoth, Huan joined Beren, Thingol, Beleg Cúthalion, and Mablung to capture the latter. Huan and Beren killed Carcharoth; but Huan was mortally wounded, wished Beren fare-well, and died.

Tolkien wrote he was either a beast-shaped Maia or a common animal told to speak by the Valar.^[13]

Queen Berúthiel's cats

Cats used as spies by the Black Númenórean Queen Berúthiel.

Shelob

An "evil thing in spider form"^[7] that dwelt beneath the Pass of Cirith Ungol on the borders of Mordor. During the events of The Lord of the Rings, she attacked the Ring-bearer Frodo Baggins, who passed through her lair, but was finally repelled by Sam Gamgee. She is called the "last child of Ungoliant to trouble the unhappy world".^[7]

Ungoliant

Described as an evil spirit in the form of a spider. She is mentioned briefly in The Lord of the Rings, and plays a supporting role in The Silmarillion. She is said to have given birth to Shelob. Her origins are unclear, as Tolkien's writings don't explicitly reveal her nature, other than that she is from "before the world".

Watcher in the Water

A mysterious creature with tentacles appearing in The Lord of the Rings. At the end of the Third Age, it lived in a lake before the West-door of Moria, and attacked the Company of the Ring during the events of the book. In Peter Jackson's film adaptation the Watcher somewhat resembles a cephalopod with an eversible, many-toothed mouth.

See also

• Beorn
• Farmer Maggot
• Fastitocalon
• Gorcrows
• List of Middle-earth plants
• Radagast

References

External links

• Quenya and Sindarin wordlists at Wiktionary, which include Elvish names devised by Tolkien for real-world animals
• Brego Information on the horses who worked in Peter Jackson’s film trilogy

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