Kakuyids

Kakuyids
آل کاکویه
← 1008–1141 →   →
The Kakuyids at their greatest extent
Capital		Isfahan (1008–1051) Yazd (1051–1141)
Languages		Persian
Religion		Shia Islam
Government		Monarchy
Emir
•	1008-1041	Muhammad ibn Rustam Dushmanziyar
•	1095-1141	Garshasp II
Historical era		Middle Ages
•	Established	1008
•	Disestablished	1141

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Medieval period Umayyad Caliphate 661–750 Abbasid Caliphate 750–1258 Dabuyids 642–760 Bavandids 651–1349 Masmughans of Damavand 651–760 Paduspanids 665–1598 Qarinvandids 7th – 11th century Justanids 791–974 Alid dynasties 864 – 14th century Tahirid dynasty 821–873 Samanid Empire 819–999 Saffarid dynasty 861–1002 Ghurid dynasty pre-879 – 1141 Sajid dynasty 889–929 Sallarid dynasty 919–1062 Ziyarid dynasty 930–1090 Ilyasids 932–968 Buyid dynasty 934–1062 Ghaznavid Empire 977–1186 Kakuyids 1008-1141 Nasrids 1029-1236 Seljuq Empire 1037–1194 Khwarazmian Empire 1077–1231 Atabegs of Yazd 1141–1319 Eldiguzids 1135–1225 Mihrabanids 1236–1537 Kurt dynasty 1244–1396 Ilkhanate Empire 1256–1335 Chobanid dynasty 1335–1357 Muzaffarid dynasty 1335–1393 Jalayirid dynasty 1337–1376 Sarbadars 1337–1376 Injuids 1335–1357 Afrasiyab dynasty 1349–1504 Marashis 1359–1596 Timurid Empire 1370–1507 Kia'i dynasty 1389–1592 Qara Qoyunlu 1406–1468 Aq Qoyunlu 1468–1508
Early modern period Safavid Empire 1501–1736 (Hotaki dynasty) 1722–1729 Afsharid dynasty 1736–1796 Talysh Khanate 1747–1826 Zand dynasty 1750–1794 Qajar dynasty 1785–1925
Modern period Pahlavi dynasty 1925–1979 Interim Government of Iran 1979–1980 Islamic Republic of Iran 1980–present
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The Kakuyids (also called Kakwayhids, Kakuwayhids or Kakuyah) (Persian: آل کاکویه‎‎) were a Daylamite dynasty that held power in western Persia, Jibal and Kurdistan (c. 1008–c. 1051). They later became atabegs (governors) of Yazd, Isfahan and Abarkuh from c. 1051 to 1141. They were related to the Buyids.^[1]

Origins

Although the historian Margaretha states that the Kakuyids were of Kurdish origin,^[2] however, many other scholars consider them relatives of Sayyida Shirin,^[3][4][5] who was from the Dailamite^[5] Bavand dynasty.^[5][6][7] Encyclopædia Iranica also states that; “it should be remembered that “Kurd” in the sources of the 10th-11th centuries refers to all the transhumants of the Zagros region including the Lors.”^[8] According to historian James Boris, the word “Kurd” first became an ethnic identity in the 12th and 13th century.^[9] However, he further states that the term was even then also being used as a communal sense.^[10]

History

The Kakuyids were given control of Isfahan in or before 1008 by Sayyida Shirin, who held the regencies of her young Buyid sons Majd al-Dawla of Ray and Shams al-Dawla of Hamadan. The man who was given the administration of the city was Muhammad ibn Rustam Dushmanziyar. Over time, he effectively became independent of Buyid control.

At times Muhammad ibn Rustam Dushmanziyar acted as an ally of the Buyids; when Shams al-Dawla was faced with a revolt in Hamadan, for example, he turned to the Kakuyids for aid. Shortly after Shams al-Daula died, he was succeeded by Sama' al-Dawla, however, the Kakuyids invaded and took control of Hamadan in 1023 or 1024. They then moved on and seized Hulwan from the 'Annazids. The Buyid Musharrif al-Dawla, who ruled over Fars and Iraq, forced the Kakuyids to withdraw from Hulwan, but they retained Hamadan. Peace was made between the two sides, and a matrimonial alliance was eventually arranged.

Muhammad ibn Rustam Dushmanziyar was succeeded in 1041 by his son Faramurz. While in Hamadan another Kakuyid, Garshasp I, took power. In 1095, Garshasp II became the new Emir of the Kakuyid dynasty, and was later killed at the Battle of Qatwan.^[11] Faramurz's reign was cut short by the Seljuks, who after a year-long siege of Isfahan took the city in 1051 or 1052. Despite this, Faramurz was given Yazd and Abarkuh in fief by the Seljuks. The Kakuyids remained the governors of these provinces until sometime in the mid-12th century; their rule during this time was known for the construction of mosques, canals and fortifications.

Kakuyid rulers

• Muhammad ibn Rustam Dushmanziyar (1008 - 1041)
• Faramurz ibn Muhammad (1041 - 1070's) - Isfahan, later in Yazd and Abarkuh
• Garshasp I ibn Muhammad (1041 - 1048) - Hamadan, Nihawand, Borujerd and western Jibal
• Ali ibn Faramurz (1070's - 1095) - Yazd. Married Chaghri Beg's daughter, Arslan Khatun Khadija, in 1076-1077.^[12]
• Garshasp II (1095 - 1141)

Family tree

References

Sources

Kakuyid dynasty Early members Rustam Dushmanziyar In Isfahan (1008–1051) and Yazd (1008–1141) Muhammad ibn Rustam Dushmanziyar Faramurz Ali ibn Faramurz Garshasp II In Hamadan (1023–1047) Muhammad ibn Rustam Dushmanziyar Garshasp I Other family members Abu Harb