Perverting the course of justice

Perverting the course of justice is a criminal offence in England and Wales. The offence is committed when a person prevents justice from being served on him/herself or on another party. It is a common law offence, carrying a maximum sentence of life imprisonment.

Statutory versions of the offence exist in Australia, Canada, Hong Kong, Ireland and New Zealand.

England and Wales

Doing an act tending and intending to pervert the course of public justice^[1] is an offence under the common law of England and Wales.

Perverting the course of justice can be any of three acts:

• Fabricating or disposing of evidence
• Intimidating or threatening a witness or juror
• Intimidating or threatening a judge

Also criminal are:

1. conspiring with another to pervert the course of justice, and
2. intending to pervert the course of justice.

This offence, and the subject matter of the related forms of criminal conspiracy, has been referred to as:

• Perverting the course of justice
• Interfering with the administration of justice
• Obstructing the administration of justice
• Obstructing the course of justice
• Defeating the due course of justice
• Defeating the ends of justice
• Effecting a public mischief^[2]

This proliferation of alternative names is "somewhat confusing".^[3]

This offence is also sometimes referred to as "attempting to pervert the course of justice". This is potentially misleading. An attempt to pervert the course of justice is a substantive common law offence and not an inchoate offence. It is not a form of the offence of attempt and it would be erroneous to charge it as being contrary to section 1(1) of the Criminal Attempts Act 1981.^[4]

This offence is triable only on indictment.^[5]

Canada

In Canada, the equivalent offence is referred to as "obstructing justice." It is set out s 139 of the Criminal Code:

139. (1) Every one who wilfully attempts in any manner to obstruct, pervert or defeat the course of justice in a judicial proceeding,

(a) by indemnifying or agreeing to indemnify a surety, in any way and either in whole or in part, or

(b) where he is a surety, by accepting or agreeing to accept a fee or any form of indemnity whether in whole or in part from or in respect of a person who is released or is to be released from custody,

is guilty of

(c) an indictable offence and is liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding two years, or

(d) an offence punishable on summary conviction.

(2) Every one who wilfully attempts in any manner other than a manner described in subsection (1) to obstruct, pervert or defeat the course of justice is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding ten years.

(3) Without restricting the generality of subsection (2), every one shall be deemed wilfully to attempt to obstruct, pervert or defeat the course of justice who in a judicial proceeding, existing or proposed,

(a) dissuades or attempts to dissuade a person by threats, bribes or other corrupt means from giving evidence;

(b) influences or attempts to influence by threats, bribes or other corrupt means a person in his conduct as a juror; or

(c) accepts or obtains, agrees to accept or attempts to obtain a bribe or other corrupt consideration to abstain from giving evidence, or to do or to refrain from doing anything as a juror.^[6]

Australia

In New South Wales, the equivalent offence is set out in section 319 of the Crimes Act 1900 (NSW).^[7] The maximum penalty is 14 years' imprisonment.

Notable convictions

• Jonathan Aitken, a politician and British government cabinet minister – perjury and perverting the course of justice^[8]
• Jeffrey Archer, an English author and former politician – perjury and perverting the course of justice^[9][10][11]
• Ali Dizaei, a former commander in London's Metropolitan Police Service – initially found guilty of perverting the course of justice and gaoled; later released on appeal; subsequently re-convicted^[12]
• Marcus Einfeld, an Australian retired Federal Court and NSW, WA and ACT Supreme Court judge – perjury and attempting to pervert the course of justice^[13]
• Chris Huhne, a journalist and former British government cabinet minister and his former wife, Vicky Pryce – perverting the course of justice (see R v Huhne and Pryce)^[14][15]
• John Humble, a former labourer – perverting the course of justice^[16]
• Bruce Hyman, an English barrister – attempting to pervert the course of justice^[17]
• Karen Matthews and Michael Donovan – found guilty of kidnapping, false imprisonment, and perverting the course of justice^[18]
• Lionel Murphy, a former Australian politician and High Court of Australia judge – initially found guilty of perverting the course of justice; the NSW Appeal Court subsequently quashed the conviction and ordered a retrial; subsequently found not guilty^[19]

See also

• Compounding a felony
• Compounding treason
• Contempt of Court
• Embracery
• Misprision of felony
• Misprision of treason
• Obstruction of justice, a similar concept in American law
• Perjury

References

• Perjury and Perversion of the Course of Justice Considered (PDF), a primer on the legal details of the offence

English criminal law Classes of crimes Common law Indictable Either way Summary Regulatory Lesser included Elements of crimes Actus reus Causation Mens rea Intention (criminal law) Intention in English law Recklessness Criminal negligence Corporate / Vicarious / Strict liability Omissions Concurrence Ignorantia juris non excusat Inchoate offences Encouraging or assisting crime Conspiracy Accessory Attempt Common purpose Defences Self-defence Duress Necessity Marital coercion Consent Insanity Diminished responsibility Intoxication Category:Criminal defences Offences against the person Homicide (Murder / Manslaughter / Corporate manslaughter / Infanticide) Child destruction Wounding or causing grievous bodily harm Assault occasioning actual bodily harm Common assault Battery Kidnapping False imprisonment Harassment Offences against the Person Act 1861 Sexual offences Rape Sexual assault Sexual Offences Act 2003 Public order offences Riot Violent disorder Affray Fear or provocation of violence Intentional harassment, alarm or distress Harassment, alarm or distress Public Order Act 1986 Nuisance Public nuisance Offences against property Dishonesty Burglary Robbery Theft Taken Without Owner's Consent (TWOC) Deception Handling stolen goods Blackmail Cybercrime Theft Act 1968 Theft Act 1978 Fraud Act 2006 Criminal damage Conspiracy to defraud Webcam blackmail Forgery, personation and cheating Forgery Cheating the public revenue Offences against justice Bribery Perjury Perverting the course of justice Other common law areas Contract Tort Property Wills Trusts and estates Evidence Criminal procedure History LEW portal CJ portal