Juliette Peirce

Juliette Peirce in 1883, the year she married Charles

Juliette Peirce (/ˈpɜːrs/;^[2] d. October 4, 1934) was the second wife of the mathematician and philosopher Charles Sanders Peirce.

History

Almost nothing is known about Juliette Peirce's life before she met Charles—not even her name, which is variously given as Juliette Annette Froissy or Juliette Pourtalai.^[3] Some historians believe she was French, but others have speculated that she had a Gypsy heritage (Ketner 1998, p. 279ff).^[4] On occasion, she claimed to be a Habsburg princess.^[5] Scanty facts about her provide only a few possible clues to her past. She spoke French,^[6] had her own income,^[5] had gynecological illnesses^[7] that prevented her from having children, and owned a deck of tarot cards said to have predicted the downfall of Napoleon. She probably first met Charles in New York City at the Hotel Brevoort's New Year's Eve ball in December 1876.^[8]

Controversy

Charles Peirce's first wife, Harriet Melusina Fay, had left him in 1875, but he was not divorced from her until 1882. Charles and Juliette became close friends and travel companions, and were likely romantically involved before his divorce was official. This indiscretion is sometimes said to have cost him his career. Charles had a teaching position at Johns Hopkins University.

When he was being considered for a permanent post, one of the major American scientists of the day, Simon Newcomb, who apparently did not like Charles, pointed out to a Johns Hopkins trustee that Charles, while an employee of the university, had traveled with a woman to whom he was not married. The ensuing scandal led to Charles's dismissal. His later applications to many universities for teaching posts were all unsuccessful, and in fact he never again held a full-time permanent position anywhere. As a result, Juliette was often blamed for Charles's failure to reach the eminent social stature his intellect might have commanded.

There were strains with Charles's mother Sarah, brother Jem (James Mills Peirce), and most of all his aunt Lizzie, who owned the house in which Sarah and Jem lived, but despite that and strains in the marriage itself, Charles remained powerfully attached to Juliette. In a diary entry for January 6, 1889, Charles wrote, regarding Juliette's health, "If I should lose her, I would not survive her. Therefore, I must turn my whole energy to saving her."^[9] Except during occasional travels by one or the other, they remained together until his death in 1914, and she never remarried.

Juliette and Charles by the well at their home, Arisbe, in 1907

"Arisbe" in 2011

Arisbe

In 1887 Peirce spent part of his inheritance from his parents to buy 2,000 acres (8 km²) of rural land near Milford, Pennsylvania, land that never yielded an economic return.^[10] There he had an 1854 farmhouse remodeled to his design.^[11] The Peirces named the house and land Arisbe. The local people, many of whom were French, accepted Juliette. The Peirces led an active social life there and became friends with relatives of Gifford Pinchot. Except for occasional travels and stays elsewhere, the Peirces spent the rest of their lives there. They named their property Arisbe for possibly any or all of the following reasons:

• The ancient city of Arisbe was a colony of the city-state of Miletus,^[12] which was the scene of much early Greek philosophy and science.^[13]
• The Iliad tells of Axylus, who welcomed all passers-by into his house near a public road in Arisbe, Homer remarking that later none of them stood between Axylus and death in battle.^[14]
• Reasons connected with other meanings of "Arisbe" (see Arisbe (disambiguation)).^[15]
• "Arisbe" is an anagram of French baiser, "to kiss".^[16]

Even as they sank into poverty, they continued to make expansions to the house, almost losing it and their land because of unpaid debts.

A Santiago conjecture

In His Glassy Essence^[4] (1998), p. 279ff, Kenneth Ketner speculates that Juliette was of Spanish Gypsy origin, and that Charles's adding "Santiago" to his name was his way of "informally ... paying tribute to his wife ... and to her cultural origins as a Spanish woman who was a Gitano, or Spanish Gypsy of Andalusia." It involves the movement of Gypsies into Spain along the pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela, Santiago's being the patron saint of Spain, Juliette's being in Spain at the time when Peirce's friend and colleague Ernst Schröder's Logik was published, and other reasons.

Illnesses and Juliette's widowhood

Charles suffered from his late teens through the rest of his life with an ailment then known as "facial neuralgia" which would today be diagnosed as trigeminal neuralgia,^[17] a chronic, intensely painful condition (whose sufferers, oftener women than men, usually develop it after age 50) against which he self-medicated with drugs such as morphine, cocaine, and alcohol. His mental and physical illnesses worsened with time, and he suffered numerous breakdowns over the course of his life, rendering him increasingly unreliable. His earnings from temporary posts, lectures and articles dwindled, until he and Juliette lived in poverty. At his death he had more than 100,000 pages of unpublished writing.

In her later years, Juliette was described as increasingly frail. She contracted, and eventually died of, tuberculosis. When Charles died in 1914, Juliette was left destitute and alone. She lived another twenty years, dedicated to bringing Charles and his ideas the recognition she believed they deserved. An obituary in Science described her^[18] as a "gracious lady" who "lived and passed away...in the distinction of her devotion."

In popular culture

Pierce-Arrow, by Susan Howe, New Directions, 1999, consists of an essay and poems focusing on Charles and his wife Juliette. The spelling of the title is correct, referring to the old motor car company, as well as punning for example on the Peirce arrow (""), logical symbol for "neither...nor...".

The historical novel The Queen of Cups by Mina Samuels, Unlimited Publishing LLC, 2006, imagines what Juliette's background and history may have been. In his review (see under "Bibliography" below), de Waal says that Samuels invents a plausible explanation tying together Juliette's sudden break with her past, her coming to the USA, and her lifelong gynecological problems, but de Waal is mostly critical, saying, among other things, that the novel includes fictional accounts of misbehavior and even violence by C. S. Peirce for which there is no real evidence, and includes fictions contrary to the evidence, for example about the nature of C. S. Peirce's drug use.

References

Notes

Bibliography

• Peirce, Charles Sanders and Ketner, Kenneth Laine (1998), His Glassy Essence: An Autobiography of Charles Sanders Peirce, Vanderbilt University Press, Nashville, TN, 416 pages, hardcover. Uses a fictional framing device, but most of the book presents Peirce's own words and the words of his family and friends. Book's Internet homepage: http://www.wyttynys.net/
• Brent, Joseph L. (1993, 1998), Charles Sanders Peirce: A Life, Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN, first edition 1993. Revised and enlarged edition, 1998, 432 pages, Indiana University Press, and 1998, NetLibrary.
• Houser, Nathan (2000), "Introduction", Writings of Charles S. Peirce: A Chronological Edition, v. 6. Eprint of "Introduction". Biographical account of C. S. Peirce along with Juliette during 1887 through spring 1890.
• Kiryushchenko, Vitaly (2008), "In the Net of Abductions", PDF Eprint (University of Helsinki Commens papers), a 2008 translation of Chapter 9, which focuses on Juliette, in a Russian biography of C. S. Peirce Чарльз Сандерс Пирс, или Оса в бутылке: введение в интеллектуальную историю Америки (Charles Sanders Peirce, or the Wasp in the Bottle: An Introduction to the Intellectual History of America), Territorija buduschego Publishing House, Moscow, March 2009.
• de Waal, Cornelis (2008), "Mina Samuels: The Queen of Cups", Transactions of the Charles S. Peirce Society 44:1, winter, Inscribe, Indiana University Press. Mostly but not entirely critical review, itself informative about Juliette and Charles. Eprint (requires purchase or subscription).
• Walther, Elisabeth (1989), Charles Sanders Peirce: Leben und Werk, Agis-Verlag, in German. Recommended by Houser in his Introduction (Eprint), footnote 2, in Writings v. 6.