Judo

This article is about the martial art and sport. For the computer programming environment, see JUDO (computer programming environment).
Judo
柔道

Kyuzo Mifune (left) and Jigoro Kano (right)

Kyuzo Mifune (left) and Jigoro Kano (right)
Focus Grappling
Hardness Full contact
Country of origin Japan
Creator Jigoro Kano
Famous practitioners See: List of judoka
Parenthood Various koryū jujutsu schools, principally Tenjin Shin'yō-ryū and Kito-ryū
Descendant arts Brazilian jiu-jitsu, Kosen judo, Sambo, Krav Maga
Olympic sport Since 1964[1] (men) and 1992[2] (women)
Official website International Judo Federation (IJF)
The Kodokan

Judo (柔道 jūdō, meaning "gentle way") is a modern martial art, combat and Olympic sport created in Japan in 1882 by Jigoro Kano (嘉納治五郎). Its most prominent feature is its competitive element, where the objective is to either throw or takedown an opponent to the ground, immobilize or otherwise subdue an opponent with a pin, or force an opponent to submit with a joint lock or a choke. Strikes and thrusts by hands and feet as well as weapons defenses are a part of judo, but only in pre-arranged forms (kata, 形) and are not allowed in judo competition or free practice (randori, 乱取り). A judo practitioner is called a judoka.

The philosophy and subsequent pedagogy developed for judo became the model for other modern Japanese martial arts that developed from koryū (古流?, traditional schools) . The worldwide spread of judo has led to the development of a number of offshoots such as Sambo and Brazilian jiu-jitsu.

History and philosophy

Early life of the founder

Jigoro Kano

The early history of judo is inseparable from its founder, Japanese polymath and educator Kanō Jigorō (嘉納 治五郎?, Jigoro Kano, 1860–1938) , born Kanō Shinnosuke (嘉納 新之助?, Shinnosuke Kano) . Kano was born into a relatively affluent family. His father, Jirosaku, was the second son of the head priest of the Shinto Hiyoshi shrine in Shiga Prefecture. He married Sadako Kano, daughter of the owner of Kiku-Masamune sake brewing company and was adopted by the family, changing his name to Kano, and ultimately became an official in the Shogunal government.[3]

Jigoro Kano had an academic upbringing and, from the age of seven, he studied English, shodō (書道?, Japanese calligraphy) and the Four Confucian Texts (四書 Shisho) under a number of tutors.[4] When he was fourteen, Kano began boarding at an English-medium school, Ikuei-Gijuku in Shiba, Tokyo. The culture of bullying endemic at this school was the catalyst that caused Kano to seek out a Jūjutsu (柔術?, Jujutsu) dōjō (道場?, dojo, training place) at which to train.[4]

Early attempts to find a jujutsu teacher who was willing to take him on met with little success. With the fall of the Tokugawa shogunate in the Meiji Restoration of 1868, jujutsu had become unfashionable in an increasingly westernised Japan. Many of those who had once taught the art had been forced out of teaching or become so disillusioned with it that they had simply given up. Nakai Umenari, an acquaintance of Kanō's father and a former soldier, agreed to show him kata, but not to teach him. The caretaker of Jirosaku's second house, Katagiri Ryuji, also knew jujutsu, but would not teach it as he believed it was no longer of practical use. Another frequent visitor, Imai Genshiro of Kyūshin-ryū (扱心流?) school of jujutsu, also refused.[5] Several years passed before he finally found a willing teacher.[5]

In 1877, as a student at the Tokyo-Kaisei school (soon to become part of the newly founded Tokyo Imperial University), Kano learned that many jujutsu teachers had been forced to pursue alternative careers, frequently opening Seikotsu-in (整骨院?, traditional osteopathy practices) .[6] After inquiring at a number of these, Kano was referred to Fukuda Hachinosuke (c.1828–1880),[7] a teacher of the Tenjin Shin'yō-ryū (天神真楊流?) of jujutsu, who had a small nine mat dojo where he taught five students.[8] Fukuda is said to have emphasized technique over formal exercise, sowing the seeds of Kano's emphasis on randori (乱取り?, randori, free practice) in judo.

On Fukuda's death in 1880, Kano, who had become his keenest and most able student in both randori and kata (形?, kata, pre-arranged forms) , was given the densho (伝書?, scrolls) of the Fukuda dojo.[9] Kano chose to continue his studies at another Tenjin Shin'yō-ryū school, that of Iso Masatomo (c.1820–1881). Iso placed more emphasis on the practice of "kata", and entrusted randori instruction to assistants, increasingly to Kano.[10] Iso died in June 1881 and Kano went on to study at the dojo of Iikubo Tsunetoshi (1835–1889) of Kitō-ryū (起倒流?) .[11] Like Fukuda, Iikubo placed much emphasis on randori, with Kitō-ryū having a greater focus on nage-waza (投げ技?, throwing techniques) .[12]

Founding of the Kodokan

Eisho-ji temple, Tokyo

In February 1882, Kano founded a school and dojo at the Eisho-ji (永昌寺?) , a Buddhist temple in what was then the Shitaya ward of Tokyo (now the Higashi Ueno district of Taitō ward).[13] Iikubo, Kano's Kitō-ryū instructor, attended the dojo three days a week to help teach and, although two years would pass before the temple would be called by the name Kōdōkan (講道館?, Kodokan, "place for expounding the way") , and Kano had not yet received his Menkyo (免許?, certificate of mastery) in Kitō-ryū, this is now regarded as the Kodokan founding.

The Eisho-ji dojo was a relatively small affair, consisting of a twelve mat training area. Kano took in resident and non-resident students, the first two being Tsunejiro Tomita and Shiro Saigo.[14] In August, the following year, the pair were granted shodan (初段?, first rank) grades, the first that had been awarded in any martial art.[15]

Judo versus jujutsu

jūdō (柔道?, "Judo") , written in kanji

Central to Kano's vision for judo were the principles of seiryoku zen'yō (精力善用?, maximum efficiency, minimum effort) and jita kyōei (自他共栄?, mutual welfare and benefit) . He illustrated the application of seiryoku zen'yō with the concept of jū yoku gō o seisu (柔よく剛を制す?, softness controls hardness) :

In short, resisting a more powerful opponent will result in your defeat, whilst adjusting to and evading your opponent's attack will cause him to lose his balance, his power will be reduced, and you will defeat him. This can apply whatever the relative values of power, thus making it possible for weaker opponents to beat significantly stronger ones. This is the theory of ju yoku go o seisu.[16]

Kano realised that seiryoku zen'yō, initially conceived as a jujutsu concept, had a wider philosophical application. Coupled with the Confucianist-influenced jita kyōei, the wider application shaped the development of judo from a bujutsu (武術?, martial art) to a budō (武道?, martial way) . Kano rejected techniques that did not conform to these principles and emphasised the importance of efficiency in the execution of techniques. He was convinced that practice of jujutsu while conforming to these ideals was a route to self-improvement and the betterment of society in general.[17] He was, however, acutely conscious of the Japanese public's negative perception of jujutsu:

At the time a few bujitsu (martial arts) experts still existed but bujitsu was almost abandoned by the nation at large. Even if I wanted to teach jujitsu most people had now stopped thinking about it. So I thought it better to teach under a different name principally because my objectives were much wider than jujitsu.[18]

Kano believed that "jūjutsu" was insufficient to describe his art: although Jutsu (術?) means "art" or "means", it implies a method consisting of a collection of physical techniques. Accordingly, he changed the second character to dō (道?) , meaning way, road or path, which implies a more philosophical context than jutsu and has a common origin with the Chinese concept of tao. Thus Kano renamed it Jūdō (柔道?, judo) .[19]

Judo waza (techniques)

There are three basic categories of waza (技?, techniques) in judo: nage-waza (投げ技?, throwing techniques) , katame-waza (固技?, grappling techniques) and atemi-waza (当て身技?, striking techniques) .[20] Judo is most known for nage-waza and katame-waza.[21]

Judo practitioners typically devote a portion of each practice session to ukemi (受け身?, break-falls) , in order that nage-waza can be practiced without significant risk of injury. Several distinct types of ukemi exist, including ushiro ukemi (後ろ受身?, rear breakfalls) ; yoko ukemi (横受け身?, side breakfalls) ; mae ukemi (前受け身?, front breakfalls) ; and zenpo kaiten ukemi (前方回転受身?, rolling breakfalls) [22]

The person who performs a Waza is known as tori (取り?, literally "taker") and the person to whom it is performed is known as uke (受け?, literally "receiver") .[23]

Nage waza (throwing techniques)

Nage waza include all techniques in which tori attempts to throw or trip uke, usually with the aim of placing uke on his back. Each technique has three distinct stages:

Nage waza are typically drilled by the use of uchi komi (内込?) , repeated turning-in, taking the throw up to the point of kake.[26]

Traditionally, nage waza are further categorised into tachi-waza (立ち技?, standing techniques) , throws that are performed with tori maintaining an upright position, and sutemi-waza (捨身技?, sacrifice techniques) , throws in which tori sacrifices his upright position in order to throw uke.[27]

Tachi-waza are further subdivided into te-waza (手技?, hand techniques) , in which tori predominantly uses his arms to throw uke; koshi-waza (腰技?, hip techniques) throws that predominantly use a lifting motion from the hips; and ashi-waza (足技?, foot and leg techniques) , throws in which tori predominantly utilises his legs.[27]

Harai goshi (払腰?, sweeping hip) , a koshi-waza
Nage-waza (投げ技?)
throwing techniques		 Tachi-waza (立ち技?)
standing techniques		 Te-waza (手技?)
hand techniques
Koshi-waza (腰技?)
hip techniques
Ashi-waza (足技?)
foot and leg techniques
Sutemi-waza (捨身技?)
sacrifice techniques		 Ma-sutemi-waza (真捨身技?)
rear sacrifice techniques
Yoko-sutemi-waza (橫捨身技?)
side sacrifice techniques

Katame-waza (grappling techniques)

Katame-waza is further categorised into osaekomi-waza (押込技?, holding techniques) , in which tori traps and pins uke on his back on the floor; shime-waza (絞技?, strangulation techniques) , in which tori attempts to force a submission by choking or strangling uke; and kansetsu-waza (関節技?, joint techniques) , in which tori attempts to submit uke by painful manipulation of his joints.[28]

A related concept is that of ne-waza (寝技?, prone techniques) , in which waza are applied from a non-standing position.[29]

In competitive judo, Kansetsu-waza is currently limited to elbow joint manipulation.[30] Manipulation and locking of other joints can be found in various kata, such as Katame-no-kata and Kodokan goshin jutsu.[31]

Juji gatame (十字固, cross lock), a kansetsu-waza
Katame-waza (固技?)
grappling techniques		 Osaekomi-waza (押込技?)
holding or pinning techniques
Shime-waza (絞技?)
strangulation techniques
Kansetsu-waza (関節技?)
Joint techniques (locks)

Atemi-waza (striking techniques)

Atemi-waza are techniques in which tori disables uke with a strike to a vital point. Atemi-waza are not permitted outside of kata.[32]

Pedagogy

Randori (free practice)

Judo pedagogy emphasizes randori (乱取り?, literally "taking chaos", but meaning "free practice") . This term covers a variety of forms of practice, and the intensity at which it is carried out varies depending on intent and the level of expertise of the participants. At one extreme, is a compliant style of randori, known as Yakusoku geiko (約束稽古?, prearranged practice) , in which neither participant offers resistance to their partner's attempts to throw. A related concept is that of Sute geiko (捨稽古?, throw-away practice) , in which an experienced judoka allows himself to be thrown by his less-experienced partner.[33] At the opposite extreme from yakusoku geiko is the hard style of randori that seeks to emulate the style of judo seen in competition. While hard randori is the cornerstone of judo, over-emphasis of the competitive aspect is seen as undesirable by traditionalists if the intent of the randori is to "win" rather than to learn.[34]

Randori is usually limited to either tachi waza (standing techniques) or ne waza (ground work) and, when one partner is thrown in tachi waza randori, practice is resumed with both partners on their feet.

Kata (forms)

Jigoro Kano and Yoshiaki Yamashita performing Koshiki-no-kata
See also: Kata

kata (形?, Kata, Forms) are pre-arranged patterns of techniques and in judo, with the exception of the Seiryoku-Zen'yō Kokumin-Taiiku, they are all practised with a partner. Their purposes include illustrating the basic principles of judo, demonstrating the correct execution of a technique, teaching the philosophical tenets upon which judo is based, allowing for the practice of techniques that are not allowed in randori, and to preserve ancient techniques that are historically important but are no longer used in contemporary judo.[35]

There are ten kata that are recognized by the Kodokan today:[36]

In addition, there are a number of commonly practiced kata that are not recognised by the Kodokan. Some of the more common kata include:

Competitive judo

History of competitive judo

Yoshihiko Yoshimatsu attempting to throw Toshiro Daigo with an uchi mata in the final of the 1951 All-Japan Judo Championships

shiai or jiai with rendaku (試合?, Contest) is a vitally important aspect of judo. Early examples include the Kodokan Tsukinami jiai (月次試合?, Monthly Tournament) and the biannual Kohaku jiai (紅白試合?, Red and White Tournament) , both of which started in 1884 and continue to the present day.

In 1899, Kano was asked to chair a committee of the Dai Nippon Butoku Kai to draw up the first formal set of contest rules for jujutsu. These rules were intended to cover contests between different various traditional schools of jujutsu as well as practitioners of Kodokan judo. Contests were 15 minutes long and were judged on the basis of nage waza and katame waza, excluding atemi waza. Wins were by two ippons, awarded in every four-main different path of winning alternatives, by "Throwing", where the opponent's back strikes flat onto the mat with sufficient force, by "Pinning" them on their back for a "sufficient" amount of time, or by Submission, which could be achieved via "Shime-waza" or "Kansetsu-waza", in which the opponent was forced to give himself or herself up or summon a referee's or corner-judge's stoppage. Finger, toe and ankle locks were prohibited.[52] In 1900, these rules were adopted by the Kodokan with amendments made to prohibit all joint locks for kyu grades and added wrist locks to the prohibited kansetsu-waza for dan grades. It was also stated that the ratio of tachi-waza to ne-waza should be between 70% to 80% for kyu grades and 60% to 70% for dan grades.[52]

In 1916, additional rulings were brought in to further limit kansetsu waza with the prohibition of ashi garami and neck locks, as well as do jime.[53] These were further added to in 1925, in response to Kōsen jūdō (高專柔道?, Kosen judo) , which concentrated on ne waza at the expense of tachi waza. The new rules banned all remaining joint locks except those applied to the elbow and prohibited the dragging down of an opponent to enter ne waza.

The Zennihon jūdō senshuken taikai (全日本柔道選手権大会?, All-Japan Judo Championships) were first held in 1930 and have been held every year, with the exception of the wartime period between 1941 and 1948, and continue to be the highest profile tournament in Japan.

Judo's international profile was boosted by the introduction of the World Judo Championships in 1956. The championships were initially a fairly small affair, with 31 athletes attending from 21 countries in the first year. Competitors were exclusively male until the introduction of the Women's Championships in 1980, which took place on alternate years to the Men's Championships. The championships were combined in 1987 to create an event that takes place annually, except for the years in which Olympic games are held. Participation has steadily increased such that, in the most recent championships in 2011, 871 competitors from 132 countries took part.

The first time judo was seen in the Olympic Games was in an informal demonstration hosted by Kano at the 1932 Games.[54] However, Kano was ambivalent about judo's potential inclusion as an Olympic sport:

I have been asked by people of various sections as to the wisdom and possibility of judo being introduced with other games and sports at the Olympic Games. My view on the matter, at present, is rather passive. If it be the desire of other member countries, I have no objection. But I do not feel inclined to take any initiative. For one thing, judo in reality is not a mere sport or game. I regard it as a principle of life, art and science. In fact, it is a means for personal cultural attainment. Only one of the forms of judo training, so-called randori or free practice can be classed as a form of sport. Certainly, to some extent, the same may be said of boxing and fencing, but today they are practiced and conducted as sports. Then the Olympic Games are so strongly flavored with nationalism that it is possible to be influenced by it and to develop "Contest Judo", a retrograde form as ju-jitsu was before the Kodokan was founded. Judo should be free as art and science from any external influences, political, national, racial, and financial or any other organized interest. And all things connected with it should be directed to its ultimate object, the "Benefit of Humanity". Human sacrifice is a matter of ancient history.[55]

Nevertheless, judo became an Olympic sport for men in the 1964 Games in Tokyo. The Olympic Committee initially dropped judo for the 1968 Olympics, meeting protests.[56] Dutchman Anton Geesink won the first Olympic gold medal in the open division of judo by defeating Akio Kaminaga of Japan. The women's event was introduced at the Olympics in 1988 as a demonstration event, and an official medal event in 1992. Paralympic judo has been a Paralympic sport (for the visually impaired) since 1988; it is also one of the sports at the Special Olympics.

Current international contest rules

All-Japan Judo Championships, 2007 men's final
Main article: Judo rules

The traditional rules of judo are intended to provide a basis under which to test skill in judo, while avoiding significant risk of injury to the competitors. Additionally, the rules are also intended to enforce proper reigi (礼儀?, etiquette) .

Penalties may be given for: passivity or preventing progress in the match; for safety infringements for example by using prohibited techniques, or for behavior that is deemed to be against the spirit of judo. Fighting must be stopped if a participant is outside the designated area on the mat.[57]

Weight divisions

There are currently seven weight divisions, subject to change by governing bodies, and may be modified based on the age of the competitors:

Weight divisions
Men Under 60 kg (130 lb; 9.4 st) 60–66 kg (132–146 lb; 9.4–10.4 st) 66–73 kg (146–161 lb; 10.4–11.5 st) 73–81 kg (161–179 lb; 11.5–12.8 st) 81–90 kg (179–198 lb; 12.8–14.2 st) 90–100 kg (200–220 lb; 14–16 st) Over 100 kg (220 lb; 16 st)
Women Under 48 kg (106 lb; 7.6 st) 48–52 kg (106–115 lb; 7.6–8.2 st) 52–57 kg (115–126 lb; 8.2–9.0 st) 57–63 kg (126–139 lb; 9.0–9.9 st) 63–70 kg (139–154 lb; 9.9–11.0 st) 70–78 kg (154–172 lb; 11.0–12.3 st) Over 78 kg (172 lb; 12.3 st)

Competition scoring

A throw that places the opponent on his back with impetus and control scores an ippon (一本?) , winning the contest.[58] A lesser throw, where the opponent is thrown onto his back, but with insufficient force to merit an ippon, scores a waza-ari (技あり?) .[58] Two scores of waza-ari equal an ipponwaza-ari awasete ippon (技あり合わせて一本?,  ) .[58] A throw that places the opponent onto his side scores a yuko (有効?) .[58] No amount of yukos equal a waza-ari, they are only considered in the event of an otherwise tied contest.[58]

Ippon is scored in ne-waza for pinning an opponent on his back with a recognised osaekomi-waza for 20 seconds or by forcing a submission through shime-waza or kansetsu-waza.[58] A submission is signalled by tapping the mat or the opponent at least twice with the hand or foot, or by saying maitta (まいった?, I surrender) .[58] A pin lasting for less than 20 seconds, but more than 15 seconds scores waza-ari and one lasting less than 15 seconds but more than 10 seconds scores a yuko.[58]

Formerly, there was an additional score that was lesser to yuko, that of Koka (効果?) .[58] This has since been removed.[59][60]

If the scores are identical at the end of the match, the contest is resolved by the Golden Score rule. Golden Score is a sudden death situation where the clock is reset to match-time, and the first contestant to achieve any score wins. If there is no score during this period, then the winner is decided by Hantei (判定?) , the majority opinion of the referee and the two corner judges.[61]

There have been changes to the scoring. In January 2013, the Hantei was removed and the "Golden Score" no longer has a time limit. The match would continue until a judoka scored through a technique or if the opponent is penalised (Shido).

Penalties

Minor rules infractions are penalised with a shido (指導?, literally "guidance") . This is treated as a warning and anything up to three shido make no contribution to the overall score. A fourth shido or serious rules violation yields a hansoku make (反則負け?, literally "foul-play defeat") , resulting in disqualification of the penalised competitor.

Formerly, there were two additional levels of penalty between shido and hansoku make: chui (注意?, literally "caution") , equivalent to a yuko and keikoku (警告?, literally "warning") equivalent to waza-ari.

Representation of scores

Judo scoreboards show the number of waza-ari and yuko scores scored by each player. (A score of koka was also displayed until its use was abandoned in 2009.) Often an ippon is not represented on the scoreboard, because upon award of an ippon the match is immediately terminated. Some computerized scoreboards will briefly indicate that an ippon has been scored.

Scoreboards normally also show the number of penalties imposed on each player, and sometimes the number of medical visits for each. (Only two "medical" attentions are allowed for each competitor during a match—most often for minor bleeds.)

Electronic scoreboards also usually include timers for measuring both competition time and osaekomi time.

In mixed martial arts

Main article: Mixed martial arts

Several judo practitioners have made an impact in mixed martial arts. Notable judo trained MMA fighters include Olympic medalists Hidehiko Yoshida (Gold, 1992), Naoya Ogawa (Silver, 1992), Pawel Nastula (Gold, 1996), Makoto Takimoto (Gold, 2000), Satoshi Ishii (Gold, 2008) and Ronda Rousey (Bronze, 2008), former Russian national judo championship Bronze medalist Fedor Emelianenko, Karo Parisyan, Don Frye, Antônio Silva, Oleg Taktarov, Rick Hawn, Hector Lombard, Yoshihiro Akiyama and Dong-Sik Yoon.

Related arts and derivatives

Kano Jigoro's Kodokan judo is the most popular and well-known style of judo, but is not the only one. The terms judo and jujutsu were quite interchangeable in the early years, so some of these forms of judo are still known as jujutsu or jiu-jitsu either for that reason, or simply to differentiate them from mainstream judo. From Kano's original style of judo, several related forms have evolved—some now widely considered to be distinct arts:

Safety

Kano's vision for judo was one of a martial way that could be practiced realistically. Randori (free practice) was a central part of judo pedagogy and shiai (competition) a crucial test of a judoka's understanding of judo.[64] Safety necessitated some basic innovations that shaped judo's development. Atemi waza (striking techniques) were entirely limited to kata (prearranged forms) early in judo's history. Kansetsu waza (joint manipulation techniques) were limited to techniques that focused on the elbow joint. Various throwing techniques that were judged to be too dangerous to practice safely were also prohibited in shiai. To maximise safety in nage waza (throwing techniques), judoka trained in ukemi (break falls) and practiced on tatami (rice straw mats).

Kansetsu and shime waza

The application of joint manipulation and strangulation/choking techniques is generally safe under controlled conditions typical of judo dojo and in competition. It is usual for there to be age restrictions on the practice and application of these types of techniques, but the exact nature of these restrictions will vary from country to country and from organization to organization.

Nage waza

Safety in the practice of throwing techniques depends on the skill level of both tori and uke. Inexpertly applied throws have the potential to injure both tori and uke, for instance when tori compensates for poor technique by powering through the throw. Similarly, poor ukemi can result in injury, particularly from more powerful throws that uke lacks the skill to breakfall from. For these reasons, throws are normally taught in order of difficulty for both tori and uke. This is exemplified in the Gokyo (五教?, literally "five teachings") , a traditional grouping of throws arranged in order of difficulty of ukemi. Those grouped in Dai ikkyo (第一教?, literally "first teaching") are relatively simple to breakfall from whereas those grouped in dai gokyo (第五教?, literally "fifth teaching") are difficult to breakfall from.

Judoka (practitioner)

A practitioner of judo is known as a jūdōka (柔道家?, Judoka, judo practitioner) , though traditionally only those of 4th dan or higher were called "Judoka". The suffix -ka (家?) , when added to a noun, means a person with expertise or special knowledge on that subject. Other practitioners below the rank of 4th dan used to be called kenkyu-sei (研究生?, trainees) . The modern meaning of "Judoka" in English refers to a judo practitioner of any level of expertise.[65]

A judo teacher is called sensei (先生?) .[65] The word sensei comes from sen or saki (before) and sei (life) – i.e. one who has preceded you. In Western dojo, it is common to call any instructor of dan grade sensei. Traditionally, that title was reserved for instructors of 4th dan and above.

Judogi (uniform)

Main article: Judogi
The judogi is made from a heavy weave to withstand the strength of throwing and grappling.

Judo practitioners traditionally wear white uniforms called 稽古着 (keikogi, keikogi) practice clothing or jūdōgi (柔道着?, judogi, judo clothing) .[66] sometimes abbreviated in the west as "gi". It comprises a heavy cotton kimono-like jacket called an uwagi (上衣?, jacket) , similar to traditional hanten (半纏?, workers jackets) fastened by an obi (帯?, obi, belt) , coloured to indicate rank, and cotton draw-string zubon (ズボン?, trousers) .[67] Early examples of keikogi had short sleeves and trouser legs and the modern long-sleeved judogi was adopted in 1906.[68]

The modern use of the blue judogi for high level competition was first suggested by Anton Geesink at the 1986 Maastricht IJF DC Meeting.[69] For competition, a blue judogi is worn by one of the two competitors for ease of distinction by judges, referees, and spectators. In Japan, both judoka use a white judogi and the traditional red obi (based on the colors of the Japanese flag) is affixed to the belt of one competitor. Outside Japan, a colored obi may also be used for convenience in minor competitions, the blue judogi only being mandatory at the regional or higher levels, depending on organization. Japanese practitioners and traditionalists tend to look down on the use of blue because of the fact that judo is considered a pure sport, and replacing the pure white judogi for the impure blue, is an offense.[69]

For events organized under the auspices of the International judo Federation (IJF), judogi have to bear the IJF Official Logo Mark Label. This label demonstrates that the judogi has passed a number of quality control tests to ensure it conforms to construction regulations ensuring it is not too stiff, flexible, rigid or slippery to allow the opponent to grip or to perform techniques.[70]

Organizations

The international governing body for judo is the International Judo Federation (IJF), founded in 1951. Members of the IJF include the African Judo Union (AJU), the Pan-American Judo Confederation (PJC), the Judo Union of Asia (JUA), the European Judo Union (EJU) and the Oceania Judo Union (OJU), each comprising a number of national judo associations. The IJF is responsible for organising international competition and hosts the World Judo Championships and is involved in running the Olympic Judo events.[71]

Rank and grading

Main article: Judo ranks and grades
Two children training Judo techniques

Judo is a hierarchical art, where seniority of judoka is designated by what is known as the kyū (級?, kyu) -dan (段?, dan) ranking system. This system was developed by Jigoro Kano and was based on the ranking system in the board game Go. Beginning students progress through kyu grades towards dan grades.

A judoka's position within the kyu-dan ranking system is displayed by the color of their belt. Beginning students typically wear a white belt, progressing through descending kyu ranks until they are deemed to have achieved a level of competence sufficient to be a dan grade, at which point they wear the kuro obi (黒帯?, black belt) . The kyu-dan ranking system has since been widely adopted by modern martial arts.[72]

The highest grade ever awarded jūdan (tenth degree black belt) has no formal requirements and is decided by the president of the Kodokan, currently Kano Jigoro's grandson Yukimitsu Kano. As of 2011, fifteen Japanese men have been promoted to this rank by the Kodokan, three of whom are still alive;[72] the IJF and Western national federations have promoted another seven who are not recognized (at that level of rank) by the Kodokan. On July 28, 2011, the promotion board of USA Judo awarded Keiko Fukuda the rank of 10th dan, who is the first woman to be promoted to judo's highest level, albeit not a Kodokan-recognized rank.

Although dan ranks tend to be consistent between national organizations there is more variation in the kyū grades, with some countries having more kyū grades. Although initially kyū grade belt colours were uniformly white, today a variety of colours are used. The first black belts to denote a Dan rank in the 1880s, initially the wide obi was used; as practitioners trained in kimono, only white and black obi were used. It was not until the early 1900s, after the introduction of the judogi, that an expanded colored belt system of awarding rank was created.[72]

See also

Footnotes

  1. ↑ Inman (2005) p. 10
  2. ↑ The first Olympic competition to award medals to women judoka was in 1992; in 1988, women competed as a demonstration sport. Inman (2005) p. 11
  3. ↑ Kano (2008) pp. 46–47
  4. 1 2 Kano (2008) p. 1; Hoare (2009) p. 43
  5. 1 2 Kano (2008) p. 2
  6. ↑ Hoare (2009) p. 44
  7. ↑ Fukuda (2004) p. 145
  8. ↑ Kano (2008) pp. 3–4; Hoare (2009) pp. 45–47; Fukuda (2004) pp. 145–152. Keiko Fukuda 9th Dan (born 1913) is the granddaughter of Fukuda Hachinosuke, and is the last surviving direct student of Kano: Davis, Simon, "Be Strong, Be Gentle, Be Beautiful - Keiko Fukuda", United States Judo Federation, retrieved March 12, 2011
  9. ↑ Kano (2008) p. 6; Hoare (2009) p. 47
  10. ↑ Kano (2008) pp. 9–10
  11. ↑ Kano (2008) p. 11
  12. ↑ Kano (2005) p. 23
  13. ↑ Hoare (2009) pp. 52–53. For location of Eisho-ji temple, see:
    "Way to Eisho-Ji Temple", Kodokan, retrieved March 14, 2011
  14. ↑ Kano (2008) p. 20
  15. ↑ Lowry (2006) p. 49
  16. ↑ Kano (2005) pp. 39–40
  17. ↑ For Kano's opinions on the wider applicability of jita kyōei to life see for example, Kano (2008) p. 107
  18. ↑ Hoare (2009) p. 56
  19. ↑ Judo had been used before then, as in the case of a jujutsu school that called itself Chokushin-ryū Jūdō (直信流柔道?, Sometimes rendered as Jikishin-ryū Jūdō) , but its use was rare.
  20. ↑ Daigo (2005) p. 8
  21. ↑ Numerous texts exist that describe the waza of judo in detail. Daigo (2005); Inokuma and Sato (1987); Kano (1994); Mifune (2004); and Ohlenkamp (2006) are some of the better examples
  22. ↑ Kano (1994) pp. 45–54
  23. ↑ Ishikawa and Draeger (1999) p. 179
  24. ↑ Kano (1994) pp. 42–43; Mifune (2004) pp. 41–43
  25. 1 2 Kano (1994) p. 44; Mifune (2004) p. 44
  26. ↑ Takahashi (2005) pp. 39–43
  27. 1 2 Daigo (2005) p. 10
  28. ↑ For full coverage of katame waza techniques extant in current judo competition rules see Adams (1991), Kashiwazaki (1992) and Kashiwazaki (1997)
  29. ↑ Koizumi, Gunji. "Ne-waza (Groundwork) and Atemi-waza (blows) in Judo". Judo. Budokwai Judo Quarterly Bulletin. Retrieved 11 September 2012.
  30. ↑ Adams (1991)
  31. ↑ Otaki & Draeger (1983) pp. 398–405; Kano (1982) pp. 192–203
  32. ↑ Daigo (2005) p. 9; Harrison (1952) pp. 162–168
  33. ↑ Ishikawa and Draeger (1999) p. 84
  34. ↑ Kano (1994) p. 142;Ishikawa and Draeger (1999) p. 84
  35. ↑ "What is a Kata?". umich.edu.
  36. ↑ For a review of the ten official Kodokan kata, see Jones and Hanon (2010)
  37. ↑ Kano (1994) pp. 148–159; Otaki and Draeger, pp. 73–109, 139–266
  38. ↑ Kano (1994) pp. 160–172; Otaki and Draeger, pp. 110–138, 267–405
  39. ↑ Kano (1994) pp. 173–191
  40. ↑ Kano (1994) pp. 192–203
  41. ↑ Kano (1994) pp. 204–219; Fukuda (2004) pp. 1–144
  42. ↑ De Crée and Jones (2009a, 2009b, 2009c)
  43. ↑ Kano (1994) pp. 220–223
  44. ↑ De Crée (2012) pp. 56–94
  45. ↑ De Crée (2012) pp. 56–107
  46. ↑ Kano (1994) pp. 224–238
  47. ↑ Kano (1994) pp. 239–251
  48. ↑ De Crée and Jones (2011a, 2011b, 2011c)
  49. ↑ Fromm and Soames (1982) pp. 71–72, 109
  50. ↑ Mifune (2004) pp. 211–220
  51. ↑ Fromm and Soames (1982) pp. 71–72, 108–109
  52. 1 2 Hoare (2005) pp. 4–7
  53. ↑ Hoare (2009) p. 109
  54. ↑ The Contribution of judo to Education by Kano Jigoro (judoinfo.com)
  55. ↑ Koizumi (1947)
  56. ↑ Black Belt Vol. 2, No. 2. Active Interest Media, Inc. Mar 1964. p. 27.
  57. ↑ Administrator. "Judo Rules: Basic Rules of Judo". rulesofsport.com.
  58. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Takahashi (2005) pp. 18–20
  59. ↑ http://judoinfo.com/pdf/Contest%20Rules-08.pdf
  60. ↑ http://judoinfo.com/rules2.htm
  61. ↑
  62. ↑ Kashiwazaki (1997) pp. 14–15
  63. ↑ Brett Jacques and Scott Anderson The History of Sombo – European Judo is really Japanese Sambo?
  64. ↑ Kano, Jigoro. "The Contribution of Judo to Education". Retrieved 10 September 2012.
  65. 1 2 Inokuma and Sato (1987) p. 253
  66. ↑ Inokuma and Sato (1987) p. 253; Lowry (2006) pp. 35–61
  67. ↑ Lowry (2006) p. 39
  68. ↑ Hoare (2005) p. 8
  69. 1 2 "Introduction of the Blue Judogi". International Judo Federation.
  70. ↑ "Judogi Guidace", International Judo Federation, January 2011, retrieved March 11, 2011
  71. ↑ International Judo Federation, retrieved March 13, 2011
  72. 1 2 3 Ohlenkamp, Neil (March 25, 2007). "The Judo Rank System". JudoInfo.com. Retrieved 2007-10-15.

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