Rouran Khaganate

Rouran Khaganate
Khanate
← 330–555 →   →   →
Capital		Mumo city, Orkhon River, Mongolia
Religion		Shamanism Buddhism
Political structure		Khanate
Khagan
•	330	Yùjiǔlǘ Mùgǔlǘ
•	555	Yujiulü Dengshuzi
Legislature		Kurultai
Historical era		1st millennium
•	Established	330
•	Disestablished	555
Area
•	405[1][2]	4,000,000 km² (1,544,409 sq mi)
Today part of		Mongolia  China  Kazakhstan  Russia

History of Mongolia
Timeline States Rulers Nobility Culture Politics Geography Language Religion
Ancient period Prehistory Prehistory–Antiquity Slab Grave culture 1300–300 BC Xiongnu 209 BC–93 AD Xianbei state 93-234 Rouran Khaganate 330-555 Turkic Khaganate 555-744 Uyghur Khaganate 744-840 Liao dynasty 907-1125
Medieval period Mongol khanates IX-X Khamag Mongol X-1206 Mongol Empire 1206-1368 Yuan rule 1271-1368 Northern Yuan dynasty 1368-1691 Four Oirat 1399-1634 Dzungar Khanate 1634-1758 Qing rule 1691-1911
Modern period National Revolution 1911 Bogd Khaganate 1911-19, 1921-24 Occupation of Mongolia 1919-1921 People's Revolution 1921 Mongolian People's Republic 1924–1992 Democratic Revolution 1990 History of modern Mongolia 1990-present Mongolia 1992-present
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The Rouran Khaganate (Chinese: 柔然; pinyin: Róurán), Ruru (Chinese: 蠕蠕/茹茹; pinyin: Rúrú), or Tantan^[3] (Chinese: 檀檀; pinyin: Tántán) was the name of a state of Eurasian nomads, presumably proto-Mongols, from the late 4th century until the middle 6th century.^[4] It has sometimes been hypothesized that the Rouran are identical to the Pannonian Avars who later appeared in Europe.^[5]

The term Rouran is a Classical Chinese transcription of the pronunciation of the name the confederacy used to refer to itself. Ruanruan and Ruru remained in usage despite being derogatory. They derived from orders given by the Emperor Taiwu of Northern Wei, who waged war against the Rouran and intended to intimidate the confederacy.

The Ju-juan was a Chinese transcription of the name as a "disparaging pun, Juan-Juan, meaning 'the unpleasantly wriggling insects'." ^[6]

The power of the Rouran was broken in 552 by an alliance of Göktürks, the states of Northern Qi and Northern Zhou, and tribes in Central Asia.

Origin and expansion

The Rouran were a confederation led by Xianbei people who remained in the Mongolian steppes after most Xianbei migrated south to Northern China and set up various kingdoms. They considered that Tuoba and Rourans descended from common ancestors.^[7] Also some contemporary historians studying history of Northern Wei, like Kwok Kin Poon, proposed that Rourans descended specifically from Xianbei of Donghu heritage.^[8] They were first noted as having defeated the Tiele and establishing an empire extending all the way to the Hulun, an alliance in eastern Inner Mongolia. During the reign of Yujiulü Shelun king (402-410) Rouran became powerful empire. To the west of the Rouran Khaganate was the Hephthalite Empire (408–670), which was a vassal of the Rouran until the beginning of the 5th century.^[9][10]

Between Hephthalites and Rourans were also close contacts, although they had different languages and cultures, and Hephthalites borrowed much of their political organization from Rourans.^[10] In particular, the title “Khan“, which according to McGovern was original to the Rourans, was borrowed by the Hephthalite rulers.^[10] The reason for the migration of the Hephthalites southeast was to avoid a pressure of the Rourans. Further, the Hephthalites defeated the Yuezhi in Bactria and their leader Kidara led the Yuezhi to the south.^[10]

The Rouran controlled the area of Mongolia from the Manchurian border to Turpan and, perhaps, the east coast of Lake Balkhash, and from the Orkhon River to China proper. Their ancestor Mugulu is said to have been originally a slave of the Tuoba tribes, situated at the north banks of Yellow River Bend. Mugulu's descendant Yujiulü Shelun is said to be the first chieftain who was able to unify the Rouran tribes and to found the power of the Rouran by defeating the Tiele and Xianbei. Shelun was also the first of the steppe peoples to adopt the title of khagan (可汗) in 402, originally a title of Xianbei nobility.

The Rouran Khaganate arranged for one of their princesses, Khagan Yujiulü Anagui's daughter Princess Ruru to be married to the Han Chinese ruler Gao Huan of the Eastern Wei.^[11]

The Rouran and the Hephthalites had a falling out and problems within their confederation were encouraged by Chinese agents. In 508, the Tiele defeated the Rouran in battle. In 516, the Rouran defeated the Tiele. Within the Rouran confederation was a Turkic tribe noted in Chinese annals as the Göktürks (Chinese: 突厥). After a marriage proposal to the Rouran was rebuffed, the Göktürks joined the Western Wei, successor state of the Northern Wei, and revolted against the Rouran. In 555, they beheaded 3,000 Rouran. Some scholars claim that the Rouran then fled west across the steppes and became the Avars, though many other scholars contest this claim.^[4] The remainder of the Rouran fled into China, were absorbed into the border guards, and disappeared forever as an entity. The last khagan fled to the court of the Western Wei, but at the demand of Tujue, Western Wei executed him and the nobles that accompanied him.

Asia in 400, showing the Rouran Khaganate, the Northern Wei, the Tuyuhun, Southern Liang, Later Yan, Yueban and Northern Liang

The Rouran Khaganate, c. 500

Northern Wei and Tuyuhun, c. 500

Little is known of the Rouran ruling elite, which the Book of Wei cited as an offshoot of the Xianbei. The Rouran subdued modern regions of Xinjiang, Mongolia, Central Asia, and parts of Siberia and Manchuria from the late 4th century. Their frequent interventions and invasions profoundly affected neighboring countries. Though they admitted the Ashina of Göktürks into their federation, the power of the Rouran was broken by an alliance of Göktürks, the states of Northern Qi and Northern Zhou, and Central Asian tribes in 552. The Northern Wei, for instance, established the Six Garrisons bordering the Rouran, which later became the foci of several major mutinies in the early 6th century.

Khaghans of the Rouran

The Rourans were the first people who used the titles Khagan and Khan for their emperors (which are, therefore, assumed to be proto-Mongols), replacing the Chanyu of the Xiongnu, whom Grousset and others assume to be Turkic.^[12]

1. Yujiulü Mugulü, 4th century
2. Yujiulü Cheluhui, 4th century
3. Yujiulü Tunugui, 4th century
4. Yujiulü Bati, 4th century
5. Yujiulü Disuyuan, 4th century
6. Yujiulü Pihouba, 4th century
7. Venheti, 4th century
8. Yujiulü Mangeti, 4th century
9. Yujiulü Heduohan, 4th century
10. Yujiulü Shelun, 402–410
11. Yujiulü Hulü, 410–414
12. Yujiulü Datan, 414–429
13. Yujiulü Wuti, 429–444
14. Yujiulü Tuhezhen, 444–450
15. Yujiulü Yucheng, 450–485
16. Yujiulü Doulun, 485–492
17. Yujiulü Nagai, 492–506
18. Yujiulü Futu, 506–508
19. Yujiulü Chounu, 508–520
20. Yujiulü Anagui, 520–552
21. Yujiulü Poluomen, 521–524
22. Yujiulü Tiefa, 552–553
23. Yujiulü Dengzhu, 553
24. Yujiulü Kangti, 553
25. Yujiulü Anluochen, 553–554
26. Yujiulü Dengshuzi, 555

References

Sources

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rouran Khaganate.

• Findley, Carter Vaughn. (2005). The Turks in World History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-516770-8 (cloth); ISBN 0-19-517726-6 (pbk).
• Grousset, René. (1970). The Empire of the Steppes: a History of Central Asia. Translated by Naomi Walford. Rutgers University Press. New Brunswick, New Jersey, U.S.A.Third Paperback printing, 1991. ISBN 0-8135-0627-1 (casebound); ISBN 0-8135-1304-9 (pbk).
• Map of their empire
• Definition
• information about the Rouran
• Kradin, Nikolay. "From Tribal Confederation to Empire: the Evolution of the Rouran Society". Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, Vol. 58, No 2 (2005): 149-169.