Josephine Earp

Josephine Earp
Josephine Sarah "Sadie" Marcus at about age 20, c. 1881, by C. S. Fly
Born	Josephine Sarah Marcus 1860 New York, U.S.A.
Died	December 19, 1944(1944-12-19) (aged 83–84) Los Angeles, California, U.S.A.
Other names	Sadie, Josie; possibly Sadie Mansfield; Josephine Behan
Occupation	possible courtesan; frontier adventurer; gambler
Spouse(s)	Johnny Behan (common-law husband) Wyatt Earp (common-law husband)
Signature

Josephine Sarah Marcus Earp (1860 - December 19, 1944)^[1] was the common-law wife of Wyatt Earp, a famed Old West lawman and gambler. She met Wyatt in 1881 in the frontier boom town of Tombstone, Arizona Territory, when she was living with Johnny Behan, sheriff of Cochise County, Arizona.

Josephine was born in New York to a Prussian Jewish family; her father was a baker. They moved to San Francisco, where Josephine attended dance school as a girl. When her father had difficulty finding work, the family moved in with her older sister and brother-in-law in a working-class tenement. Josephine ran away, possibly as early as age 14, and traveled to Arizona, where she had an "adventure". Much of her life from about 1874 to 1880 is uncertain; she worked hard to keep this period of her life private, even threatening legal action against writers and movie producers.

She may have arrived in Prescott, Arizona as early as 1874. In a book about her life, I Married Wyatt Earp (1967), she was quoted as describing events in Arizona that she was witness to that occurred before 1879, the year she otherwise said was the year she first arrived in Tombstone. There is some evidence that shows she lived in Prescott and Tip Top, Arizona Territory under the assumed name of Sadie Mansfield, and worked as a prostitute from 1874 to 1876, before becoming ill and returning to San Francisco. Later in life Josephine described her first years in Arizona as "a bad dream." What is known for certain is that Josephine Marcus was recorded as arriving in Tombstone in 1880. Johnny Behan, Cochise County Sheriff, had promised to marry her; he reneged but persuaded her to stay. Behan was sympathetic to ranchers and certain outlaw Cowboys, who were at odds with Deputy U.S. Marshal Virgil Earp and his brothers, Wyatt and Morgan. Josephine left Behan in 1881, sometime before the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral in October of that year. She returned to San Francisco in March 1882 and was joined that fall by Wyatt Earp, with whom she remained in a common-law marriage for 46 years until his death.

Josephine and Wyatt moved throughout their life, from one boomtown to another, until they finally bought a cottage in the Sonoran Desert town of Vidal, California on the Colorado River, where they spent the cooler seasons. In the summer they retreated to Los Angeles, where Wyatt struck up relationships with some of the early cowboy actors, including William S. Hart and Tom Mix.

Josephine Earp became known after amateur historian Glenn Boyer published his book, I Married Wyatt Earp (1967), based on a manuscript allegedly written in part by her. Boyer's book was considered a factual memoir, and cited by scholars, studied in classrooms, and used as a source by filmmakers for 32 years. In 1998, reporters and scholars found that Boyer could not document many of the facts he wrote about the time period in Tombstone. Some critics described the book as a fraud and a hoax, and the University of Arizona withdrew the book from its catalog.

Early life

Josephine Sarah Marcus was born in 1860 in New York City, the second of three children of immigrants Carl-Hyman Marcuse (later Henry Marcus) and Sophie Lewis. Her family was Jewish, and came from the Posen region in Prussia, current-day Poland, around 1850.^[2][1][3][4] Her mother Sophie was a widow with a 3-year-old daughter, Rebecca, when she married Marcuse, who was eight years younger than she.^[5] Sophie and Carl had three children together: Nathan (born August 12, 1857), Josephine, and Henrietta (born July 10, 1864).^[5]

Move to San Francisco

Josephine's father Henry struggled to make a living in New York City and read about the growing city of San Francisco.^[1] Henry moved the family to San Francisco in 1868 when Josephine was 7.^[6] They traveled via ship to Panama, went over the Isthmus of Panama, and caught a steamship to San Francisco. They arrived while the city was recovering from the disastrous earthquake of October 21, 1868.^[5] Upon their arrival, her father found a highly stratified Jewish community. On the inside were the German Jews and on the outside were the Polish Jews. The German Jews were usually more affluent, better educated, and spoke German while the Polish Jews, who spoke Yiddish, were typically peddlers and much more religious.^[1] Henry found work as a baker.^[5]

By 1870, San Francisco's population had boomed to 149,473, and housing was in short supply. Apartment buildings were crowded and large homes were converted into rooming houses. The city was riding on the coattails of the still expanding economic boom caused by the mining of silver from the Comstock Lode. Lots of money flowed from Nevada through San Francisco, and for a while the Marcus family prospered. Later that year, Josephine's half-sister Rebecca Levy married Aaron Wiener,^[7] an insurance salesman born in Prussia, as her parents were.^[5]

Living conditions

As an adult, Josephine claimed her father was German and ran a prosperous mercantile business.^[6] Henry Marcus initially made enough money to send Josephine and her sister Hattie to music and dance classes at the McCarthy Dancing Academy, a family-owned business that taught both children and adults. In I Married Wyatt Earp, author Glen Boyer states that Josephine took dance lessons and had a maid. He wrote (in her voice), "Hattie and I attended the McCarthy Dancing Academy for children on Howard Street (Polk and Pacific). Eugenia and Lottie McCarthy taught us to dance the Highland Fling, the Sailor's Hornpipe, and ballroom dancing."^[8]

During 1874, when Josephine was 13, production of gold and silver from the Comstock Lode had fed a feverish stock market, leading to a great deal of speculation. When the Comstock Lode production began to fade, San Francisco suffered. Her father Henry’s earnings as a baker fell. The family was forced to move in with Josephine's older sister Rebecca and her husband Aaron in the tenements on the flatlands "south of the slot" (south of Market Street). It was a working-class, ethnically mixed neighborhood, where smoke from factory chimneys filled the air.^[9] The 1880 census places the family in that area, known as the 9th Ward, between San Francisco Bay, Channel, Harrison and Seventh streets.^[4][10] In early 1880, Henry was living with his son-in-law Aaron, who was employed as a bookkeeper. They lived four blocks south of Market at 138 Perry Street between 3rd and 2nd at Harrison.^[11]

Youth

As a girl, Josephine loved going to the theater.^[8] "There was far too much excitement in the air to remain a child."^[5] She apparently resented treatment by her teachers in the San Francisco schools, describing them as "inconsistent of a tolerant and gay populous acting as merciless and self-righteous as a New England village in bringing up its children." She described the harsh discipline meted out, including the "sting of rattan" and "being slapped for tardiness".^[5] Josephine said that she matured early and developed large breasts.^[12]

Mixing fact and fiction

Throughout her later life, Josephine worked hard to manage what the press and public knew about her and Wyatt's life in Arizona. When Frank Waters was writing Tombstone Travesty, originally published in 1934, he returned from a research trip to Tombstone to learn that Josephine Earp had visited his mother and sister and threatened court action to prevent him from publishing the book.^[13]:8 Waters' work was later found to be critically flawed, "based upon prevarications, character assassinations, and the psychological battleground that was the brilliant, narcissistic mind of its author."^[14] Josephine told Earp's biographers and others that Earp didn't drink, never owned gambling saloons, and that he didn't offer prostitutes upstairs, when all have been documented.^[12]

In the course of writing Wyatt Earp: Frontier Marshal (1931), Stuart Lake learned that Josephine had lived with Johhny Behan in Tombstone and other aspects of Josephine's life that she wanted to keep private. At one point in their contentious relationship, Josephine described Lake's book as made up of "outright lies".^[15] Josephine and Wyatt went to great lengths to keep her name out of Lake's book, and she threatened litigation to keep it that way.^[16]:101[17] After Wyatt died in 1929, Josephine traveled to Boston, Massachusetts to try to persuade the publisher to stop the release of the book.^[18] Although the biography became a bestseller, it was later strongly criticized for fictionalizing Earp's life and was found to be markedly inaccurate. As late as 1936, Josephine took legal action to suppress certain details of her and Wyatt's life in Tombstone.^[19]:36 During those later years of her life, in addition to burnishing the life and legend of husband Wyatt Earp, "she scripted a history of make believe to hide a number of things of which she was not terribly proud."^[20]

Concealed Wyatt's former wife

Josephine worked hard to conceal Wyatt's prior relationship to his common-law wife and former prostitute Mattie Blaylock, with whom Wyatt was living when Josephine first met him. While Blaylock was living with Earp, she suffered from severe headaches and became addicted to laudanum, an opiate-based pain reliever widely available at the time. After Earp left Tombstone and Blaylock, she waited in Colton, California to hear from him, but he never contacted her. She met a gambler from Arizona who asked her to marry him. She asked Wyatt for a divorce, but Wyatt didn't believe in divorce and refused. She ran away with the gambler anyway, who later abandoned her in Arizona.^[21] Mattie resumed life as a prostitute and committed "suicide by opium poisoning" on July 3, 1888.^{[12][22][23][24]:47[24]:65}

Hidden personal past

In addition to Josephine's concealing Wyatt's past relationship with Blaylock, modern researchers think she may also have been trying to conceal her own past as a "sporting lady" or prostitute.^[25] While prostitutes were ostracized by "respectable" women, many madams and prostitutes had more control of their lives and greater independence than other women.^[26] Josephine always sought excitement in her life. In the book I Married Wyatt Earp (1967), based on a manuscript which she purportedly wrote, author Glenn Boyer quotes her as saying, "I liked the traveling sort of man... better than the kind that sat back in one town all his life and wrote down little rows of figures all day or hustled dry goods or groceries and that sort of thing... My blood demanded excitement, variety and change."^[27] The type of work available to most women in that era was as laundresses, seamstresses, or other dull work which Josephine avoided.

Her life on the frontier and possibly as a prostitute allowed her greater independence. She likely enjoyed the social life that accompanied her role. As an unmarried woman in frontier Tombstone, vastly outnumbered by men, she may have been regarded by some as a prostitute, regardless of her true status.^[28]:101

Bat Masterson, a friend of Wyatt Earp's who was in Tombstone from February^[29]:41 to April 1881,^[30] described her to Stuart Lake as "an incredible beauty"^[31] and as the "belle of the honkytonks, the prettiest dame in three hundred or so of her kind."^[27] Honkytonk bars in that era often had a reputation as place for prostitution^[32] and his choice of language ("three hundred or so of her kind") may have referred to Josephine's work as a prostitute.^[31]

Cason manuscript

The facts about Josephine's life in the Arizona Territory and in Tombstone have been obscured by her legal and personal efforts to keep that period private.^[33] Josephine's own story offers a conflicting account of when she first reached Arizona. Her confusing recollection of events show how easily Josephine mixed fact and fiction.^[34]:45

After Wyatt's death, Josephine collaborated with two of her husband's cousins, Mabel Earp Cason and her sister Vinolia Earp Ackerman, to document her life. The cousins recorded events in her later life, but they found Josephine evasive about the timing and nature of events during her time in the Arizona Territory and Tombstone.^[33] She would not even talk about the key events of 1881-82, their key years in Tombstone.^[20] The most she would say is that she returned to the Arizona Territory in 1881 and joined Johnny Behan in Tombstone. She said that she had believed Behan was planning to marry her, but he kept putting it off, and she grew disillusioned.^[35]

Based on the story she told the Earp cousins, when correlated with other sources, Josephine may have left her parent's home in San Francisco for Prescott, Arizona, as early as October 1874,^[9] when she was 13 or 14 years old,^[33] not 1879 as she told everyone later on. Cason says she and her sister "finally abandoned work on the manuscript because she [Josie] would not clear up the Tombstone sequence where it pertained to her and Wyatt."^[33]

Runs away

Hattie Wells owned a brothel on the 1000 block of Clay Street in San Francisco, a district known for prostitution, and only one block from Josephine's school on Powell Street. Wells also owned a brothel in Prescott, Arizona. Josephine had to walk past the brothel everyday on her way to school. To her the women appeared not as "soiled doves" but nicely dressed women living a life of leisure. In 1879, five prostitutes lived there.^[34]:44

In I Married Wyatt Earp, Josephine wrote that one day, "I left my home one morning, carrying my books just as though I was going to school as usual."^[36] She said that at the age of 18, she ran away with two friends, Dora Hirsch, daughter of her music teacher, and a girl named Agnes, who had a role in Pauline Markham troupe's production of H.M.S. Pinafore in San Francisco.^[6][36] Author Sherry Monahan questions why an 18-year-old woman would be carrying books to school and find it necessary to "run away."^[34]:42

First arrival in Arizona

In the Cason manuscript, which was partly a basis for the book I Married Wyatt Earp, Josephine says she and her friend Dora joined the Pauline Markham Theater Company in 1879, when it visited San Francisco on its Western tour.^[6] Markham already had a national reputation as a burlesque dancer and songstress. She often appeared on stage and in publicity photos wearing a corset and pink tights: shocking attire for the 1870s.^[37] Josephine wrote that Dora was hired as a singer, and she was hired as a dancer. Josie said the two of them sailed with the other six members of the Pauline Markham troupe from San Francisco to Santa Barbara, where they stayed for a few days, performing in San Bernardino before leaving for Prescott, Arizona Territory, by stagecoach.^[36] She said the girls arrived with the troupe in Tombstone on December 1, 1879 for a one-week engagement. This was the same date that Wyatt Earp and his brothers arrived. After a week in Tombstone, the Markham troupe finished their engagement and headed north to Prescott. They performed H.M.S. Pinafore more than a dozen times from December 24, 1879 through February 20, 1880.^[37] Josephine said she left the acting troupe in February 1880, just after the Markham troupe ended its initial run of performances in Prescott.^[38]

Author Roger Ray thoroughly researched Josephine's story about joining the theater company and found many inconsistencies. The Markham troupe was documented as leaving San Francisco on board the Southern Pacific Railroad, not a ship nor a stagecoach, in October 1879 for Casa Grande, Arizona, the end of the line. Josephine or Sadie Marcus’s name was never included among those on the Markham troupe’s rolls in 1879.^[20] The Yuma Arizona Sentinel reported on October 25, 1879, "Tuesday arrived a Pinafore Company for Tucson, composed of Misses Pauline Markham, Mary Bell, Belle Howard, and Mrs. Pring, and Messrs. Borabeck and McMahon."^[34]:43 From Yuma, the troupe took a stagecoach to Tucson, not Prescott.^[6][34] The train trip was not interrupted by Indians.^[39] Ray says that Josephine didn't have a friend named Dora Hirsch. Her real name was Leah Hirschberg, whose mother was a music teacher. This family lived only a few blocks from where Josephine lived with her family. But Leah never left San Francisco with Josephine. She enjoyed some brief success as a juvenile actress on the San Francisco stage during the 1870s.^[34]

Professor Pat Ryan stated that Josephine or Sadie may have used the stage name May Bell as a member of the Markham stage group.^[40]:62[41] On October 21, 1879, the Los Angeles Herald reported that May Bell was among members of the Markham troupe. But, no other corroborating evidence has been found supporting the thesis that Josephine used May Bell as a stage name, and she never claimed so.^[34]

In Arizona, Josephine was known as Sadie.^[16] In November 1874, a woman named Sadie Mansfield took a stagecoach, along with several prostitutes working for Madame Hattie Wells, from San Francisco to Prescott. The group included a black woman named Julia Barton. (Josephine in her own account said that she brought her maid, a black woman named Julia, with her. She also told the Earp cousins that Pauline Markham had a maid named Julia.)^[42] On October 20, 1875, the Weekly Miner Journal of Prescott, Arizona noted that among the passengers en route from San Francisco were "Miss Saddie [sic] Mansfield... and Mrs. Julia Barton, a servant."^[34]

Sadie was a well-known nickname for Sarah, and it was common for prostitutes of that time period to change their first name.^[34]:11 Josephine may have used the name Sadie after she left San Francisco.^[1]

Meets Johnny Behan

In March 1869, Behan married Victoria Zaff,^[43] the 17-year-old daughter of Yavapai County Sheriff John P. Bourke^[44] in San Francisco, the girl's home town.^[43][45] The couple moved back to Prescott, Arizona Territory, where John had been working, and less than 9 months later, on June 15, 1869, they had their first child, Henrietta.^[46]

During 1871-73, Johnny Behan had been Yavapai County Sheriff.^[47][48] On September 28, 1874, Behan was nominated to run for election once again as Yavapai County sheriff at the Democratic convention.^[5] He began campaigning for the office, and the Prescott Miner reported on October 6, 1874 that "J.H. Behan left on an 'electioneering' tour toward Black Canyon, Wickenburg and other places" north and east of present-day Phoenix.^[5]

Later that same month, on October 24, 1874, the Arizona Miner reported, "Al Zieber, Sergeant Stauffer and a mixed command of white and red soldiers are in the hills of Verde looking for some erring Apaches, whom they will be apt to find." Three days later, Sieber and Sgt. Rudolph Stauffer found the Apaches that had escaped the reservation at Cave Creek and fought them.^[49][50][51]

Josephine said that when she and her friend Dora arrived in Arizona she learned that "some renegade Yuma-Apaches had escaped from the reservation to which they had been consigned and had returned to their old haunts on the war-path." She wrote that the famous Indian fighter Al Sieber was tracking the escaped Apache.^[49] She said that Sieber and his scouts led her stagecoach and its passengers to a nearby adobe ranch house. The group spent 10 days sleeping on the floor. Josephine first met John "Johnny" Harris Behan at the ranch house, who she described as, "young and darkly handsome, with merry black eyes and an engaging smile. My heart was stirred by his attentions in what were very romantic circumstances. It was a diversion from my homesickness though I cannot say I was in love with him.... I am under the impression that he was a deputy sheriff engaged on some official errand."^{[5][9][34]:46} Harris was on the surface an upstanding citizen, married with two children, Albert and Henrietta. But he also frequented brothels.^[34]:46

The area in which Behan campaigned was also near Cave Creek, where Al Sieber was looking for Indians. Behan was gone for 35 days, returning to Prescott on November 11, 1874, where he lost the election.^[5] The events that Josephine "Sadie" Marcus described as occurring in 1879 when she arrived in Arizona actually took place in 1874 at the same time during which Sadie Mansfield traveled to Prescott.^[9] Prescott had 668 residents in 1870.^[52] In 1874 Sadie Mansfield began working as a prostitute in a brothel on Granite Street, between Gurley and Alarcon streets, and near the Yavapai County Courthouse.^[34]:46

Sadie Mansfield in Arizona

In December 1874, neighbors in Prescott witnessed Behan visiting the "house of ill fame" on Granite Street in Prescott on several occasions. He had a "relationship with" a 14-year-old girl named Sadie Mansfield, likely the same girl who had traveled with Hattie Wells' prostitutes from San Francisco. Sadie worked there under the watchful eye of Madam Josie Roland.^[5]

On February 6, 1875, criminal charges were filed against Sadie Mansfield for petty larceny, accusing her of stealing two German silver spoons worth $126.00. The charges against her reported that "one set of German table spoons were stolen from the store of H. Asher and Company in the village of Prescott, Yavapai, A.T." Sheriff Ed Burnes searched Mansfield's residence and confiscated the spoons. The case was tried the same day with only one witness for the defense, Jennie Andrews. The nine-man jury found her not guilty.^[5] The Weekly Arizona Miner of Prescott reported on February 5, 1875, that Sadie Mansfield won a prize in the "Grand New Year Gift Enterprise".^[53] The paper also reported on April 9, 1875, that a letter was waiting for her in the post office.^[54]

In 1875, Behan's wife Victoria filed for divorce, complaining that Behan "at divers times and places openly and notoriously visited houses of ill-fame and prostitution at said town of Prescott."^[19]:79 Victoria cited liaisons with several woman, but specifically mentioned a "Sadie or Sada Mansfield", a 14-year-old "woman of prostitution and ill-fame" as co-respondent in the divorce action. The divorce also cited Behan's threats of violence and unrelenting verbal abuse.^[19] Behan claimed their daughter Henrietta wasn't his, and a request for support for Henrietta was stricken from the divorce petition.^[19]:93

Behan and his wife were divorced in June 1875. Behan moved for a time to the northwest Arizona Territory, where he served as the Mohave County Recorder in 1877, and then deputy sheriff of Mohave County in Gillet in 1879. In November 1879, Johnny Behan built a saloon in the silver mining boom town of Tip Top, Yavapai County, Arizona Territory. The town already had five saloons with five courtesans, but Johnny's new saloon had none.^[38]

During the next year Behan was counted in the 1880 census in Tip Top, Arizona as a saloon keeper.^[55] Nineteen-year-old Sadie Mansfield, whose occupation was given as "Courtesan", the same person his former wife Victoria had named in their divorce five years earlier, was also living in Tip Top.^[55]

In retelling her life story, Josephine Marcus retold many elements of her experience that corroborated facts in Sadie Mansfield's history.^[42] These facts may explain why Josephine later thought of this time in her life as "a bad dream."^[5] She said, "the whole experience recurs to my memory as a bad dream and I remember little of its details. I can remember shedding many tears in out-of the way-corners. I thought constantly of my mother and how great must be her grief and worry over me. In my confusion, I could see no way out of the tragic mess."^[5]

Returns to San Francisco

In her Cason manuscript, Josephine or Sadie wrote that she and Dora were homesick and returned to San Francisco with Sieber's help. If Sieber helped her, the only time period that fits Josephine's story is when Sieber was in the Prescott area at Camp Verde from 1873 to 1875. Josephine said that Sieber, who was German and may have recognized Josephine's German accent, guessed her situation and got in touch with her brother-in-law Aaron Weiner. She said Weiner used a connection he had in Prescott to help Josephine get home.^[34]:47 In January 1876, Josephine or Sadie left Prescott, stopped at a Los Angeles hotel, and returns to San Francisco before March 6.^[42]

Josephine told the Earp cousins that she returned to San Francisco before the grand opening of Lucky Baldwin's luxury Baldwin Hotel and Theater on the northeast corner of Powell and Market St., which opened on March 6, 1876. The opening date of the Baldwin Hotel is much earlier than the date Josephine said she left for Arizona with the Pauline Markham Troupe in 1879.^[36][56][57]

Josephine wrote much later that "The fear and the excitement, the weeks of exhausting travel, chagrin over my own foolishness, all together proved too much for my strength. I developed St. Vitus Dance [Sydenham's chorea] and was unable to attend school very much again. After a time however I very much improved in health so that within two years after my experience I was once more a normal healthy girl." If Josephine, as she said, left San Francisco at age 18, it's unclear why she would still be attending school upon her return two years later.^[34]:47 Like cerebral meningitis, St. Vitus Dance is a form of a streptococcus infection. The symptoms of St. Vitus Dance and meningitis are somewhat different, but both can be contracted from the same strain of bacteria through saliva. Both of Behan's children, Henrietta and Albert, were ill with meningitis around 1877, and in July of that year, Henrietta died from the disease.^[34]:47–48

Behan proposes

In February or March 1879: The Prescott Weekly Journal Miner reported that John Behan was visiting San Francisco.^[42] Josephine said Behan asked her to marry him and persuaded her parents to approve their engagement.^[5] She said Behan told her family that he could not leave his livery stable business long enough for a wedding in San Francisco.^[9][27] Some modern researchers question the likelihood that her father, a Reform Jew, would approve his daughter's union with Behan, a man 14 years older than his daughter and an unemployed office-seeker, Gentile, and divorced father.^[58] Later in life, Josephine was not a practicing Jew and did not seem to care whether her partners were Jewish.^[12]

Josephine thought Johnny’s marriage proposal was a good excuse to leave home again. She wrote, "life was dull for me in San Francisco. In spite of my bad experience of a few years ago the call to adventure still stirred my blood."^[5] Considering that Josephine reported in later life at having first arrived with the Markham Troupe on December 1, 1879, and that Josephine joined Behan in Tombstone that same year, her reference to "my bad experience of a few years ago" means she must have been in Arizona for some time before 1879.^[5]

Sadie in Arizona and San Francisco

Sadie Mansfield left Gillete, near Tip Top, and arrived in Phoenix on February 13, 1880. During the same week, Behan registered at the Bank Exchange Hotel in Phoenix, and on March 5 the Prescott Weekly Journal Miner reported that Sadie had returned to Gillette from Phoenix on March 2.^[34]:49

On June 2, 1880, the U.S. census had recorded Sadie Mansfield, whose occupation was "courtesan", as living in Tip Top. On June 1 or 2, 1880, William V. Carroll, the census enumerator for the 9th ward in San Francisco, visited the Marcus home. He lived about two blocks from the family, so he likely already knew the family. He recorded Josephine as a member of the Marcus household,^[4] information that may have been offered by her parents. But Josephine said that her parents hid her activities, and they may have been covering for her when the census taker appeared on their doorstep.^[34]:49 In a set of extraordinary coincidences, Sadie Mansfield and Sadie Marcus had very similar names and initials and were known by their friends as "Sadie." Both made a stagecoach journey from San Francisco to Prescott, Arizona Territory; both traveled with a black woman named Julia; both were sexual partners with Behan; both were 19 years old, born in New York City, and had parents from Germany.^[42][55] The only difference noted in the 1880 census is their occupation: Sadie in San Francisco is listed as "At home", while Sadie in Tip Top is recorded as a "Courtesan".^[42] (In the 1920 census, Sadie reported to the census taker that her family was from Hamburg, Germany, bordering Prussia.)^[42]

Move to Tombstone

In September 1880, Behan and Sadie left Tip Top for Tombstone.^[45]:19 Soon after they arrived, Behan's ex-wife sent their eight-year-old son Albert to live with him.^[27] In reconstructing her life story, Josephine said years later that she actually lived with Kitty Jones and her husband, a lawyer,^[35]:117 while working as a housekeeper for Behan and his eight-year-old son, Albert. Boyer and other modern researchers argue that she actually lived with Behan.^[35]:117[59] When Josephine went with Behan to Tombstone in October, 1880,^[60]:63 she was hoping he would fulfill his promises to marry her. When he delayed, she was ready to leave him.^[35]

Josephine is quoted in I Married Wyatt Earp that she received a letter and $300 from her father, urging her to return to San Francisco.^[27] The money was to cover her return trip, and it was ten times what she needed for the fare, and there is no record of him having sent the money to her.^[42] Rather than leave Tombstone, Josephine later wrote that Behan convinced her to use the money to build a house for them^[27] and continued their relationship.^[27] At the time, her parents, her sister Henrietta, and her brother Nathan were all living in a lower-class neighborhood south of Market Street in San Francisco with their daughter, her husband, their four children, and a boarder. Her father worked as a baker. It is unlikely that he was a "wealthy German merchant" as she described him.^[42]

While there are no records that her father sent her money, researchers have located records of money orders totaling $50 sent by Josephine to her family in San Francisco. One of these was sent after she ended her relationship with Johnny Behan, indicating that she was earning money as a single woman.^[42]

Kicks Behan out

In early 1881, Josephine returned to Tombstone after a trip to San Francisco.^[61] One version of the story is that she had taken Behan's son Albert, who was hearing impaired, to San Francisco for treatment. Upon their return, they arrived late in the evening and a day earlier than expected, at the house built with her father's money. Finding Behan in bed with the wife of a friend of theirs, she kicked him out.^[27][43]

Early relationship with Wyatt Earp

Josephine ended her relationship with Behan in early 1881. How and when she and Wyatt Earp began their relationship is unknown. Tombstone diarist George W. Parsons never mentioned seeing Wyatt and Josephine together and neither did John Clum in his memoirs.^[62]:p235 While there are no contemporary records in Tombstone of a relationship between them, they certainly knew each other, as Behan and Earp both had offices above the Crystal Palace Saloon.^[63]

In his book, The Tombstone Travesty (later republished as The Earp Brothers of Tombstone), Frank Waters quotes Virgil Earp's wife, Allie, as saying that "Sadie's charms were undeniable. She had a small, trim body and a meneo of the hips that kept her full, flounced skirts bouncing.^[27] Sadie was an attractive woman, with thick, dark hair, vivid black eyes, and was well-endowed.^[12]

Some modern writers report that Wyatt Earp moved in with Josephine after she kicked Behan out. But, in April 1881, less than eight months after Behan and Sadie built the house, she rented it to Dr. George Emory Goodfellow.^[61]

A letter written by former New Mexico Territory Governor Miguel Otero appears to indicate that Earp had strong feelings for Josephine shortly after leaving Tombstone in April 1882. After leaving Tombstone, the Earp posse went to Albuquerque, New Mexico for two weeks. While there, Wyatt stayed with prominent businessman Henry N. Jaffa, who was also president of New Albuquerque’s Board of Trade. Jaffa was also Jewish.^[2]

Wyatt and Holliday had been fast friends since Holliday saved Earp's life in Dodge City during 1878.^[64] During their stay in Albuquerque, the two men ate at The Retreat Restaurant owned by "Fat Charlie". Ortero wrote in his letter, "Holiday said something about Earp becoming 'a damn Jew-boy.' Earp became angry and left…. [Henry] Jaffa told me later that Earp’s woman was a Jewess. Earp did mezuzah when entering the house." Earp's anger at Holliday's racial slur may indicate that his feelings for Josephine was more serious at the time than is commonly known. The information in the letter is compelling because at the time it was written in the 1940s, the relationship between Wyatt Earp and Josephine Marcus while living in Tombstone was virtually unknown. The only way Ortero could write about these things was if he had a personal relationship with some of the individuals involved.^[2][65] The Earp party split up in Albuquerque,^[66] and Holliday and Dan Tipton rode on to Pueblo, while the rest of the group headed for Gunnison.

Leaves Tombstone

In June 1881, Sadie sent a postal money order to her mother using the name Josephine Behan,^[42] and Wyatt Earp was still living with his common-law wife Mattie Blaylock.^[67]:59 The next month, in July 1881, Josephine Behan was reported to be leaving Tombstone by stage. But in August a Tombstone newspaper reported a letter waiting at the post office for Sadie Mansfield. Sadie was apparently no longer claiming to be Behan's wife.

At some point during August and September, Sadie and Wyatt may have become friends and perhaps more seriously involved. Writer Alan Barra suggests that Behan and Earp knew of their mutual attraction to the same woman before the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral, which may have contributed to their animosity.^[62]:p235 Josephine is quoted in I Married Wyatt Earp as saying that on October 26, 1881, the day of the shootout at the O.K. Corral, she was at her home when she heard the sound of gunfire. Running into town in the direction of the shots, Josephine was relieved to see that Wyatt was uninjured.^[68]:117

After the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral, Ike Clanton filed murder charges against the Earps and Doc Holliday. During a month-long preliminary hearing, Judge Wells Spicer heard testimony from a large number of witnesses. The Epitaph reported on November 11, 1881 that "S. Mansfield" from San Francisco had passed Colton, California (where Wyatt Earp's parents lived) en route to Arizona, a few days before Wyatt's testimony at the Spicer hearing.^[42]

During the next few months, until April 1882, Sadie Mansfield is recorded in various newspapers as traveling back and forth between Tombstone and San Francisco several times. The Epitaph reported on February 27, 1882 that S. Mansfield of Tombstone was returning from the west with other passengers, passing through Colton, California.^[34]:52 In March 1882, Sadie sent a postal money order to her mother, Mrs. H. Marcus, in San Francisco. She didn't use either Marcus or Behan as her name, but asked a friend to send the postal order for her.^[42]

Sadie, traveling as either Mrs. J. C. Earp or Mrs. Wyatt Earp, left Tombstone for her family in San Francisco via Los Angeles on March 25, 1882.^[69] This was one week after Morgan Earp was assassinated and five days after Wyatt set out in pursuit of those he believed responsible.^[70]:38

After the Earp Vendetta Ride ended in April, 1882, Wyatt left Arizona for Colorado. Earp's former wife, Mattie Blaylock traveled with other Earp family members in April, 1882, to Colton, California, waiting for Wyatt to telegraph her and invite her to join him. Wyatt never sent for her and she moved to Pinal, Arizona, where she resumed life as a prostitute, eventually committing suicide by taking an overdose of laudanum.^[71] Sadie Mansfield reappeared in Tombstone when she was noted in the July 1882 Tombstone census, but Josephine Marcus and Josephine Behan were not.^[34] Sadie and John Behan lived at different addresses.^[42]

Life after Tombstone

Josephine's life after Tombstone and with Wyatt Earp is not well known, although it isn't as obscured by stories of her life in Tombstone that she told to hide facts. The San Diego Union printed a report from the San Francisco Call on July 9, 1882 that Virgil Earp was in San Francisco (receiving treatment for his shattered arm) and that Wyatt was expected to arrive there that day.^[34]:52 During the same time period Josephine began using the name of "Josephine Earp". Wyatt took a job managing a horse stable in Santa Rosa. Earp developed a reputation as a sportsman as well as a gambler. He was reputed to own a six-horse stable in San Francisco,^[72] although it was learned later that the horses were leased.^[73] At Santa Rosa, Earp personally competed in and won a harness race. The Sacramento Daily Record reported on October 20, 1882, that Virgil had arrived in town from Tombstone to greet his brother Wyatt arriving from the east.^[34]:52

Mining camps and boom towns

In early 1883, Josephine—or Sadie as he called her—and Earp left San Francisco for Gunnison, Colorado, where Earp ran a Faro bank until he received a request in April for assistance from Luke Short in Dodge City.^{[41]:p275-298} In December 1883, they visited Galveston, Texas, and in March 1884 they were in Salt Lake City.^[34]:53 Josephine and Wyatt traveled through various western states hunting for gold and silver mining they could invest in. In 1884, Wyatt and his wife Josie, his brothers Warren and James, and James' wife Bessie arrived in Eagle City, Idaho, another new boomtown that was created as a result of the discovery of gold, silver, and lead in the Coeur d'Alene area. (It's now a ghost town in Shoshone County).^[74] Wyatt joined the crowd looking for gold in the Murray-Eagle mining district. They paid $2,250 for a 50 feet (15 m) diameter white circus, in which they opened a dance hall and saloon called The White Elephant.^{[41]:p275-198[75]}

After the Coeur d'Alene mining venture died out, Earp and Josie briefly went to El Paso, Texas before moving in 1887 to San Diego where the railroad was about to arrive and a real estate boom was underway. They stayed for about four years, living most of the time in the Brooklyn Hotel.^[76] Earp speculated in San Diego's booming real estate market.^[77] Between 1887 and around 1896 he bought four saloons and gambling halls, one on Fourth Street and the other two near Sixth and E, all in the "respectable" part of town.^[77][78][79]

The Earps moved back to San Francisco in 1891^[80] so Josie could be closer to her family. Earp developed a reputation as a sportsman as well as a gambler.^[67] He held onto his San Diego properties but their value fell, but he could not pay the taxes and was forced to sell the lots. He continued to race horses, but by 1896 he could not longer afford to own them but raced them on behalf of the owner of a horse stable in Santa Rosa that he managed for her.^[80]

Marriage to Wyatt

Josephine wrote in I Married Wyatt Earp that she and Wyatt were married in 1892 offshore by the captain of Baldwin's yacht. Raymond Nez wrote that his grandparents witnessed their marriage off the California coast.^[21] No public record of their marriage has ever been found.^[61] Wyatt and Josie never had any children. Josie had two miscarriages during her life and was apparently unable to have children.^[1] She maintained a relationship with Johnny Behan's son, Albert Price Behan, whom she had grown to love as her own son.^[68] They moved frequently, even when living in the same town. From 1891 to 1896, the Earps lived in at least four different locations in the San Francisco: 145 Ellis St., 720 McAllister St., 514A Seventh Ave. and 1004 Golden Gate Ave.^[67] After moving to southern California in about 1903, they also lived in several different locations.

According to those who knew them, their relationship was not peaceful. Wyatt had a mischievous sense of humor. He knew his wife preferred the name "Josephine" and detested "Sadie", but early in their relationship he began calling her 'Sadie'.^[81] Josephine frequently griped about Wyatt’s lack of work and financial success and even his character and personality. Wyatt would often go on long walks to get away from her. He was furious about her gambling habit, during which she lost considerable sums of money. Each may have engaged in extramarital affairs.^[20] Josephine could be controlling. Grace Spolidora was a teenager during the Earp's many visits to her family's home near Needles, California and sometimes went to San Diego with them.^[21] She attributed the highly exaggerated stories about Wyatt Earp to Josephine. Sadie "would always interfere whenever Wyatt would talk with Stuart Lake. She always interfered! She wanted him to look like a church-going saint and blow things up. Wyatt didn't want that at all!"^[82]

Among the facts Josephine wanted scrubbed from Earp's history, she persuaded biographers Flood, Lake and Burns to write that Earp was a non-drinker. Charlie Welsh, Grace Spolidora's father, was a good friend of Earp's. He was known to disappear for days at a time "to see property", the family euphemism for a drinking binge, and Earp was his regular partner.^[68] Director John Ford said that whenever Josephine left town for religious conventions, Earp would come into town, play poker, and get drunk with the cowboy actors.^[83]

Gambling habit

Josephine loved to play poker^[84] and developed a serious gambling habit,^[12] losing heavily at times.^[85]

While they lived in San Diego, Wyatt raced Otto Rex, the horse he had won in a card game. The horse was a frequent winner and sometimes Wyatt bought Josephine some jewelry with the proceeds. To feed her gambling habit, Josephine would pawn the jewelry to millionaire Lucky Baldwin, but Wyatt would later buy the jewelry back. Josephine eventually sold virtually all of her jewelry to Baldwin.^[68] Josephine was addicted to gambling on horse racing and her wagering increased until Wyatt gave her an ultimatum. "You're not a smart gambler. And you have no business risking money that way. Now after this I'm not going to redeem any more of your jewelry." He also told Baldwin to stop loaning money to Josephine, but she continued to gamble anyway.^[34]

Wyatt refereed the Fitzsimmons vs. Sharkey boxing match on December 2, 1896 and was accused of fixing the outcome. He called a foul on Fitzsimmons that no one saw, and Wyatt was widely accused of taking a bribe.^[86] During an investigation of the boxing match by a panel appointed by San Francisco Mayor Washington Bartlett, they learned Josephine Earp was a "degenerate horseplayer" and that she frequently took loans out against her jewelry.^[87]

With the contriversy over the boxing match dogging him, Earp gave up managing race horses in San Francisco and on December 20, 1896 he and Josie left for Yuma, Arizona.^[88]

Nevada to Alaska to Nevada

On August 5, 1897, Earp and Josie once again joined in a mining boom and left Yuma, Arizona for San Francisco, where they boarded the steamship Rosalie^[89] for Nome, Alaska to join in the Alaska Gold Rush. Wyatt and partner Charles Hoxie built the Dexter Saloon, the largest in Nome. Josephine gambled so recklessly that Wyatt cut her off and asked other gambling houses to do the same.^[90] She also gambled on the boats to and from Alaska.^[34]:54

Wyatt and Josie returned to California in late 1901 with an estimated $80,000, a relative fortune (equivalent to about $2,280,000 today). In February 1902, they arrived in Tonopah, Nevada, known as the "Queen of the Silver Camps," where silver and gold had been discovered in 1900 and a boom was under way. He opened the Northern Saloon in Tonopah and served as a Deputy U.S. Marshal under Marshal J.F. Emmitt.^[29]:78[91]

Desert cottage

After Tonopah's gold strike waned, Wyatt staked mining claims just outside Death Valley and elsewhere in the Mojave Desert. In 1906 he discovered several deposits of gold and copper near the Sonoran Desert town of Vidal, California on the Colorado River and filed more than 100 mining claims^[61] near the Whipple Mountains.^[92]:83 Wyatt and Josie Earp summered in Los Angeles and lived in at least nine small Los Angeles rentals as early as 1885 and as late as 1929, mostly in the summer.^[61] They bought the only home they ever owned, a small cottage in Vidal, and lived there during the fall, winter and spring months of 1925 – 1928, while he worked his Happy Days mines in the Whipple Mountains a few miles north.^[93] Wyatt had some modest success with the gold mines^[94] and they lived on the slim proceeds of income from that and investments in Oakland and Kern County oil field.^[95][96]

Life in Los Angeles

In about 1923, Charles Welsh, a friend who Earp had known since his time in Dodge City in 1876, and a retired railroad engineer, frequently invited the Earps to visit his family in San Bernardino, Needles, and later in Los Angeles.^[97] The Earps were frequent visitors and often spent the holidays with the Welsh family, but they did not appreciate Josephine's gambling habits.^[21]

Grace Welsh Spolidora, Welsh's daughter, said that during the last years of Wyatt's life, Josephine received an allowance from her family and gambled it away, often leaving Wyatt hungry.^[82][98] Josie's three nieces, daughters of her half-sister Rebecca and husband Aaron Wiener, would frequently visit the couple during the winter months at their desert camp.^[21]

Grace spent a lot of time with the Earps. Wyatt became critically ill in late 1928. Grace recalled that Josie, who had never had many domestic skills, did very little housekeeping or cooking for Wyatt. She and her sister-in-law Alma were concerned about the care Josie gave Wyatt. Even though he was very ill, she still didn't cook for him. Grace, her sisters, Alma, and her mother brought in meals.^[21]

Wyatt died on January 13, 1929.^[18] Grace Welsh and her sister-in-law Alma were the legal witnesses to Wyatt's cremation. Josephine was apparently too full of grief to assist or to attend the funeral itself. Grace was upset that Josephine didn't attend. "She didn't go to his funeral, even. She wasn't that upset. She was peculiar. I don't think she was that devastated when he died."^[21] After Wyatt's death, Josephine told her friends and family to stop calling her Sadie, Wyatt's name for her, and insisted they call her Josie.^[34]:56

In Los Angeles Josephine became friends with many celebrities, including Cecil B. DeMille and Gary Cooper. In 1939 Josephine sued 20th Century Fox for $50,000 in an attempt to keep them from making the film titled Wyatt Earp: Frontier Marshal. With the provision that Wyatt's name be removed from the title, the movie was released as Frontier Marshal.^[99] She received some royalties from the movie and one-half of the royalties earned by Stuart Lake's book about her husband. Josephine Earp spent her last years in Los Angeles.

Death and burial

Before she died, Josephine Earp was the last surviving member of her immediate family. Her half-sister Rebecca Wiener (Levy), who had three children, died on December 27, 1927 in San Francisco;^[100] her mother died on August 17, 1912;^[101] her sister Henrietta died in 1911;^[102] her brother Nathan died on May 17, 1906; and her father Hyman died on January 25, 1895.^[103] Josephine died on December 20, 1944, at 4004 W. 17th Street in the West Adams district of Los Angeles.^[104] She was 83 years old and died penniless. Sid Grauman of Grauman's Theater and cowboy actor and long-time friend of Wyatt Earp William S. Hart paid for her funeral and burial. Although she was never active in her Jewish faith, her service was conducted by a rabbi. When Wyatt died, she secretly buried him in the Marcus family plot in the Jewish Hills of Eternity Memorial Park in Colma, California. Her body was cremated and buried next to Wyatt's remains.^[1][105] They are buried near her parents and her brother Nathan.

In popular culture

In their later years Wyatt and Josephine Earp worked hard to eliminate any mention that Josephine had been Johnny Behan's mistress or of Wyatt's previous common law marriage to the prostitute Mattie Blaylock.

I Married Wyatt Earp

They successfully kept both women's names out of Stuart Lake's biography of Wyatt and after he died, Josephine may have threatened litigation to keep it that way.^[16]:101 Lake corresponded with Josephine over several years, and he claimed she attempted to influence what he wrote and hamper him in every way possible, including consulting lawyers.

After Wyatt Earp's death, Josephine insisted on being called Josie or Josephine.^[20] Josephine sought to get her own life story published and gained the assistance of Wyatt's cousins Mabel Earp Cason and Cason's sister Vinolia Earp Ackerman. They recorded events in her life but found Josephine was evasive about her early life in Tombstone. She approached several publishers for the book, but backed out several times due to their insistence that she be completely open and forthcoming, rather than slanting her memories to her favor. Josephine wanted to keep their tarnished history associated with Tombstone private. Josephine insisted she was striving to protect Wyatt Earp’s legacy.^[18] She was also in need of money, and tried to sell a collection of books to Lake while he was writing the book.^[18]

Josephine finally changed her mind and asked Wyatt's cousins to burn their work, but Cason held back a copy, to which Glenn Boyer eventually acquired the rights,^[106][107] and is now in the custody of the Ford County Historical Society in Dodge City.^[1]

The University of Arizona Press published the book in 1976 under the title I Married Wyatt Earp: The Recollections of Josephine Sarah Marcus. It was immensely popular for many years, becoming the university's fourth all-time best selling book with over 35,000 copies sold. It was cited by scholars and relied upon as factual by filmmakers.^[108]

Beginning in about 1994, critics began to challenge the accuracy of the book, and eventually many parts of the book were refuted as fictional. In 1998, a series of articles in the Phoenix New Times, including interviews with Glenn Boyer, argued that Boyer invented large portions of the book.^[109] In 2000, the University responded to criticism of the university and the book and removed it from their catalog.^[110]

The book has become an example of how supposedly factual works can trip up researchers, historians, and librarians. It was described by the Annual Review of Information Science and Technology in 2006 as a creative exercise that cannot be substantiated^[111]:489 or relied on.^[28]:154

Plays and films

• I Married Wyatt Earp (1984) - played by Marie Osmond
• Tombstone (1993) - played by Dana Delany
• Wyatt Earp (1994) - played by Joanna Going
• I Married Wyatt Earp, an all-female musical, produced off-Broadway in 2011.^[112]

References

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Josephine Earp.

• Lady Sadie
• Rare Original Letters: Josephine "Sadie" Earp
• 1914 "Kaloma" valse hesitante by "Gire Goulineaux", a pseudonym of Johann C. Schmid (1970-1951) (sheet music and MIDI sequence)
• Josephine Sarah "Josie" MARCUS - by Myra Vanderpool Gormley
• Western Women’s Autobiographies Database

Authority control WorldCat VIAF: 63603889 LCCN: no96043403

Cochise County in the Old West Rural outlaw cowboys and allies vs. business owners, townspeople, and the law Supporting rural interests Lawmen Johnny Behan Billy Breakenridge Phin Clanton Johnny Ringo Frank Stilwell Cowboys, smugglers, ranchers Frederick Bode William "Curly Bill" Brocius Billy Claiborne Billy Clanton Ike Clanton Newman "Old Man" Clanton Phin Clanton Jim Crane "Indian Charlie" Cruz Pony Diehl Harry "The Kid" Head Bill Hicks Milt Hicks Bill Johnson Luther King Bill Leonard Buckskin Frank Leslie Ed Lyle Johnny Lyle Frank McLaury Tom McLaury Frank Patterson Johnny Ringo Pete Spence Frank Stilwell Supporting town interests Lawmen John Clum Crawley Dake Wyatt Earp Warren Earp Morgan Earp Virgil Earp George McKelvey Bob Paul Charles A. Shibell Ben Sippy John Slaughter Fred White Gamblers, businessmen, cowboys, ranchers Fred Dodge James Earp Jack "Turkey Creek" Johnson Doc Holliday Henry Hooker Sherman McMaster George W. Parsons Charles "Hairlip Charlie" Smith John "Texas Jack" Vermillion Daniel "Tip" Tipton Marshall Williams C. S. Fly Conflicts and events Skeleton Canyon Massacres Guadalupe Canyon Massacre Gunfight at the O.K. Corral O.K. Corral hearing and aftermath Earp Vendetta Ride Locations Cochise County Benson Bisbee Charleston Contention Fairbank Fort Huachuca Tombstone Tucson Contention City

American Old West Towns Arizona Territory Phoenix Tombstone Tucson Yuma Canyon Diablo California Bakersfield Fresno San Francisco Los Angeles San Diego Jamestown Sacramento Illinois Fort Dearborn New Mexico Territory Alamogordo Albuquerque Cimarron Gallup Lincoln Mogollon Roswell Santa Fe Tucumcari Oklahoma Territory and Indian Territory Broken Arrow Oklahoma City Tulsa Five Civilized Tribes Dakota Territory Deadwood Pine Ridge Rapid City Texas Abilene El Paso Fort Worth San Antonio Alaska Nome Iditarod Seward Skagway Nebraska Omaha Valentine Chadron Nebraska City Ogallala Nevada Carson City Virginia City Reno Kansas Abilene Dodge City Ellsworth Hays Leavenworth Wichita Missouri Independence St. Louis Colorado Creede Denver Telluride Utah Territory Salt Lake City Montana Fort Benton Others Hot Springs Portland Seattle Prominent figures Lawmen Elfego Baca Roy Bean Morgan Earp Virgil Earp Wyatt Earp Pat Garrett Jack Helm Wild Bill Hickok Bat Masterson Bass Reeves George Scarborough John Selman John Horton Slaughter William "Bill" Tilghman James Timberlake Harry C. Wheeler Outlaws Billy the Kid Black Bart Butch Cassidy Billy Clanton Ike Clanton Bill Dalton Bill Doolin John Wesley Hardin Jesse James Tom Ketchum Frank McLaury Tom McLaury Joaquin Murrieta The "Outlaw Cowboys" Belle Starr Soapy Smith Sundance Kid Cole Younger Native Americans Chief Joseph Cochise Crazy Horse Geronimo Mangas Coloradas Manuelito Massai Quanah Parker Red Cloud Sitting Bull Touch the Clouds Tuvi Victorio Scouts Kit Carson "Buffalo Bill" Cody Tom Horn Calamity Jane Liver-Eating Johnson Luther Kelly Charley Reynolds Al Sieber Others James C. Cooney Captain Davis John Joel Glanton George E. Goodfellow Samuel P. Heintzelman Doc Holliday Seth Kinman Nat Love Sylvester Mowry Emperor Norton Annie Oakley Thomas William Sweeny Jack Swilling Transport and trails Butterfield Trail Chisholm Trail Great Platte River Road Great Western Cattle Trail Mormon Trail Oregon Trail Pony Express Tanner Trail Transcontinental Railroad Native Americans Apache Arapaho Assiniboine Blackfoot Cahuilla Cherokee Cheyenne Chickasaw Chinook Chippewa (Ojibwe) Choctaw Cocopah Comanche Creek Crow Hopi Hualapai Kickapoo Kiowa Kumeyaay Mandan Maricopa Mohave Navajo Nootka (Nuu-chah-nulth) Pima Pueblo Seminole Shoshone Sioux Tohono O'odham Ute Yaqui Yavapai Yuma Frontier Culture Boot Hill Cattle drives Cowboy poetry Cow town Fast draw Fort Whoop-Up Ghost town Gunfights Homesteading Indian wars Land rush Manifest destiny Moonshine One-room schoolhouse Rodeos Western saloon Wild West shows Folklore Alma Massacre Battle of Fort Tularosa Dead man's hand Dime novel Frisco Shootout Gunfight at the O.K. Corral John Henry Long Tom's treasure Lost Dutchman's Gold Mine Montezuma's treasure Paul Bunyan Pecos Bill Gold rushes Black Hills Gold Rush California Gold Rush Confederate Gulch and Diamond City Idaho Gold Rush Klondike Gold Rush Pike's Peak Gold Rush Range wars and feuds Earp-Clanton feud Johnson County War Lincoln County War Mason County War Pleasant Valley War Sheep Wars Sutton–Taylor feud Lists Arizona Rangers Cowboys and cowgirls Gangs Gunfights Lawmen Mountain men Outlaws Timeline of the American Old West American Old West Wild West