Jonathan Letterman

Dr. Jonathan Letterman
Born	(1824-12-11)December 11, 1824 Canonsburg, Pennsylvania
Died	March 15, 1872(1872-03-15) (aged 47) San Francisco, California
Buried at	Arlington National Cemetery
Allegiance	Union
Service/branch	Army of the Potomac
Years of service	1849–1864
Rank	Major
Relations	Mary Digges Lee Letterman (wife)
Other work	Coroner in San Francisco

Major Jonathan Letterman^[1] (December 11, 1824 – March 15, 1872) was an American surgeon credited as being the originator of the modern methods for medical organization in armies or battlefield medical management. Dr. Letterman is known today as the "Father of Battlefield Medicine." His system of organization enabled thousands of wounded men to be recovered and treated during the American Civil War.

Early life

Letterman was born in Canonsburg, Pennsylvania, the son of a well-known surgeon.^[2] He graduated from Jefferson College in 1845, where he was a member of Beta Theta Pi^[3] fraternity, and Jefferson Medical College in 1849. That same year he was given the position of assistant surgeon in the Army Medical Department.

Letterman served in Florida during military campaigns against the Seminole Indians until 1853. He then spent a year in Fort Ripley, Minnesota. He was then ordered to Fort Defiance in New Mexico Territory to aid the campaign against the Apache. He was transferred to Fort Monroe in Virginia. From 1860 to 1861 he was engaged in California against the Utes.

His younger brother, William Henry Letterman, co-founded the Phi Kappa Psi fraternity with Charles Page Thomas Moore in Canonsburg after tending to sick classmates in the Fall of 1850.^[4] After graduation from Jefferson College, William followed his brother into Jefferson Medical College.

Civil War

Letterman (seated at left) and staff, Warrenton, Virginia, 1862.

At the start of the Civil War, Letterman was assigned to the Army of the Potomac. He was named medical director of the Department of West Virginia in May 1862. A month later William A. Hammond, Surgeon General of the U.S. Army appointed him, with the rank of major, as the medical director of the Army of the Potomac itself.^[5][6] Letterman immediately set to reorganizing the Medical Service of the fledgling army, having obtained from army commander Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan the charter to do whatever was necessary to improve the system. The army reeled from inefficient treatment of casualties in the Seven Days Battles in June, but by the time of the Battle of Antietam in September, Letterman had devised a system of forward first aid stations at the regimental level, where principles of triage were first instituted. Basically, Letterman instituted standing operating procedures for the intake and subsequent treatment of war casualties or for first time applied management principles to battlefield medicine. He established mobile field hospitals to be located at division and corps headquarters. This was all connected by an efficient ambulance corps, established by Letterman in August 1862, under the control of medical staff instead of the Quartermaster Department. Letterman also arranged an efficient system for the distribution of medical supplies.

Letterman proved the efficiency of his system at the Battle of Fredericksburg, in which the Army of the Potomac suffered 12,000 casualties, yet the command decisions of general officers in preparation for the later Battle of Gettysburg and during the Mine Run Campaign that followed that battle compromised Letterman’s supply of medical equipment.^[7][8] His system was, though, adopted by the Army of the Potomac and other Union armies after the Battle of Fredericksburg and was eventually officially established as the Procedure for intake and treatment of battlefield casualties for the entirety of the United States' armies by an Act of Congress in March 1864.

The greatest casualties for his army were suffered at the three-day Battle of Gettysburg in July 1863. To deal with more than 14,000 Union wounded, along with 6,800 Confederate wounded who were left behind, a vast medical encampment was created northeast of Gettysburg off the York Pike on the George Wolf farm, named "Camp Letterman."^[9] Of the Battle of Gettysburg and his system for treating casualties, Jonathan Letterman on October 3, 1863 reported to Brig. Gen. S. Williams, A.A.G., Army of the Potomac, “Surgeon John McNulty, medical director of that corps, reports that ‘it is with extreme satisfaction that I can assure you that it enabled me to remove the wounded from the field, shelter, feed them, and dress their wounds within six hours after the battle ended, and to have every capital operation performed within twenty-four hours after the injury was received.’ I can, I think, safely say that such would have been the result in other corps had the same facilities been allowed -- a result not to have been surpassed, if equaled, in any battle of magnitude that has ever taken place.’”^[10] Maj. McNulty, the Medical Director of the XII Corps (Union Army), either “had not received” or more likely had outright disobeyed orders to leave behind medical baggage wagons and, therefore, unlike many other Union medical commanders at Gettysburg had sufficient medical equipment and supplies to adequately implement Letterman’s systems at Gettysburg for the XII Corps.^[11]

A military man, Letterman understood that troop’s lives are not saved just by the expedited treatment of their wounds, but, also, by their expedited travel and positioning, “The expediency of the order I, of course, do not pretend to question, but its effect was to deprive this department of the appliances necessary for the proper care of the wounded”.^[12] He appreciated that command had to make hard decisions when allocating transport vehicles for the best overall benefit of the Army’s operations and soldiers. Still, Letterman was somewhat discouraged by command’s lack of support for his organization at the Battle of Gettysburg and through the Mine Run Campaign.^[13] After a brief period of serving as Inspector of Hospitals in the Department of the Susquehanna, Letterman resigned from the army in December 1864 well before the end of the American Civil War and relocated to San Francisco, California, where he served as elected coroner from 1867 to 1872.^[14] He published his memoirs, Medical Recollections of the Army of the Potomac, in 1866.

Death and legacy

After the death of his wife, Mary Digges Lee Letterman, he became severely depressed. He then came down with several illnesses and eventually died in San Francisco. He was only 47 years old. On November 13, 1911, the Army hospital at the Presidio was named Letterman Army Hospital in his honor. He was buried at Arlington National Cemetery. The inscription on the private memorial that was erected for him reads:

Medical Director of the Army of the Potomac, June 23, 1862 to December 30, 1863, who brought order and efficiency into the Medical Service and who was the originator of modern methods of medical organization in armies.

His wife was buried at his side. Her inscription reads: "Blessed are the dead that died in the Lord."

See also

• William Alexander Hammond
• Media related to Jonathan Letterman at Wikimedia Commons

Notes

References

• Early military medicine, U.S. Army Medical Department
• Clements, Bennett A. (1883). Memoir of Jonathan Letterman at Google Books. Reprinted from the Journal of the military service institution, G.P. Putnam's sons, vol. iv, no. 15, September 1883. 38 p.
• Greenwood, John T. (2003). Hammond and Letterman: A tale of two men who changed army medicine (PDF). Institute of Land Warfare. Retrieved 2012-04-21. 
• Letterman, Jonathan (1866). Medical recollections of the Army of the Potomac at Google Books. New York: D. Appleton
• Musto, R. J. "The Treatment of the Wounded at Gettysburg: Jonathan Letterman: The Father of Modern Battlefield Medicine," Gettysburg Magazine, Issue 37, 2007.
• Battle of Antietam biographical profile
• Biographical article at Arlington National Cemetery
• Camp Letterman
• Phi Kappa Psi