Jonathan Israel

Jonathan Irvine Israel (born 26 January 1946) is a British writer on Dutch history, the Age of Enlightenment and European Jews. Israel was appointed as Andrew W. Mellon Professor in the School of Historical Studies at the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, New Jersey, in January 2001.^[1] He was previously Professor of Dutch History and Institutions at the University of London.

In recent years, Israel has focused his attention on a multi-volume history of the Age of Enlightenment. He contrasts two camps. The "radical Enlightenment" founded on a rationalist materialism first articulated by Spinoza. Standing in opposition was a "moderate Enlightenment" which he sees as profoundly weakened by its belief in God. In Israel’s highly controversial interpretation, the radical Enlightenment is the main source of the modern idea of freedom. He contends that the moderate Enlightenment, including Locke, Voltaire, Montesquieu, and Rousseau, made no real contribution to the campaign against superstition and ignorance.^[2]

Life

Israel's career until 2001 unfolded in UK academia. He did his undergraduate studies at Queens' College, Cambridge and his graduate work at University of Oxford and the El Colegio de México, Mexico City, receiving his D.Phil. from Oxford in 1972. He was named Sir James Knott Research Fellow at the University of Newcastle upon Tyne in 1970, and in 1972 he moved to the University of Hull where he was first an assistant lecturer then a lecturer in Early Modern Europe. In 1974 he became a lecturer in Early Modern European History at University College London, progressing to become a reader in Modern History in 1981, then to become Professor of Dutch History and Institutions in 1984. In January 2001, Israel became a professor of modern European history in the School of Historical Studies at the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, USA.^[3] In 2007, the 375th anniversary of the birth of Spinoza, he held the Spinoza Chair of Philosophy at the University of Amsterdam.^[4]

Viewpoints

Israel has defined what he considers to be the "Radical Enlightenment," arguing it originated with Spinoza. He argues in great detail that Spinoza "and Spinozism were in fact the intellectual backbone of the European Radical Enlightenment everywhere, not only in the Netherlands, Germany, France, Italy, and Scandinavia but also Britain and Ireland", and that the Radical Enlightenment, leaning towards religious skepticism and republican government, leads on to the modern liberal-democratic state.^[5][6]

Israel is sharply critical of Jean-Paul Marat and Maximilien de Robespierre for repudiating the true values of the Radical Enlightenment and grossly distorting the French Revolution. He argues, "Jacobin ideology and culture under Robespierre was an obsessive Rousseauste moral Puritanism steeped in authoritarianism, anti-intellectualism, and xenophobia," and it repudiated free expression, basic human rights, and democracy."^[7]

Honors and awards

He was made a Fellow of the British Academy in 1992, Corresponding Fellow of the Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen (Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences) in 1994,^[8] won the American Historical Association’s Leo Gershoy Award in 2001, and was made Knight of the Order of the Netherlands Lion in 2004. In 2008, he won the Dr A.H. Heineken Prize prize for history, medicine, environmental studies and cognitive science.^[9]

In 2010 he was awarded the Benjamin Franklin Medal by the Royal Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce (RSA) for his outstanding contribution to Enlightenment scholarship.^[10]

Works

• Race, Class and Politics in Colonial Mexico, 1610–70. Oxford Historical Monographs. 1975.  ISBN 0-19-821860-5 HB.
• The Dutch Republic and the Hispanic World, 1606–61. 1982.  ISBN 0-19-826534-4 HB; ISBN 0-19-821998-9 PB.
• European Jewry in the Age of Mercantilism, 1550–1750. 1985.  ISBN 0-19-821928-8 HB; ISBN 1-874774-42-0 PB.
• Dutch Primacy in World Trade, 1585–1740. 1989.  ISBN 0-19-821139-2 PB.
• Empires and Entrepots: The Dutch, the Spanish Monarchy and the Jews, 1585–1713. 1990.  ISBN 1-85285-022-1 HB.
• The Anglo-Dutch Moment: Essays on the Glorious Revolution and Its World Impact. 1991.  (editor). ISBN 0-521-39075-3 HB; ISBN 0-521-54406-8 PB.
• From Persecution to Toleration: Glorious Revolution and Religion in England. 1991.  (co-editor) ISBN 0-19-820196-6 HB.
• The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness and Fall, 1477–1806. Oxford History of Early Modern Europe. 1995.  ISBN 0-19-873072-1 HB; ISBN 0-198-20734-4 PB. Documents the golden age of the United Provinces of the Netherlands and its historical context.
• Conflicts of Empires: Spain, the Low Countries and the Struggle for World Supremacy, 1585–1713. 1997.  ISBN 1-85285-161-9 HB.
• Radical Enlightenment: Philosophy and the Making of Modernity, 1650–1750. 2001.  ISBN 0-19-820608-9 HB; ISBN 0-199-25456-7 PB. Emphasizes the role of 17th century Holland, and Spinoza in particular, in the Enlightenment.
• Diasporas Within a Diaspora: Jews, Crypto-Jews and the World of Maritime Empires (1540–1740). Brill's Series in Jewish Studies. 2002.  ISBN 90-04-12765-8 HB.
• Dutch Jewry: Its History and Secular Culture (1500–2000). Brill's Series in Jewish Studies. 2002.  (co-editor) ISBN 90-04-12436-5 HB.
• Enlightenment Contested: Philosophy, Modernity, and the Emancipation of Man, 1670–1752. 2006.  ISBN 0-19-927922-5 HB.^[11][12]
• A Revolution of the Mind: Radical Enlightenment and the Intellectual Origins of Modern Democracy. 2009.  ISBN 978-0-691-14200-5 HB.
• Democratic Enlightenment: Philosophy, Revolution, and Human Rights 1750–1790. 2011.  ISBN 978-0-199-54820-0 HB.^[13]
• Revolutionary Ideas: An Intellectual History of the French Revolution from The Rights of Man to Robespierre. 2014.  ISBN 978-0-691-15172-4 HB.

(Radical Enlightenment (2001), Enlightenment Contested (2006), and Democratic Enlightenment (2011) constitute a monumental trilogy on the history of the Radical Enlightenment and the intellectual origins of modern democracy. A Revolution of the Mind (2009) is a shorter work on the same theme.) The list above is complete as of November 2013.

Critique

In response to Israel's series on the Enlightenment, writes Johnson Kent Wright, there appeared ...

a series of in-depth critiques, from leading practitioners of every stripe, including Theo Verbeek, Harvey Chisick, Anthony La Vopa, Antoine Lilti, Samuel Moyn, and Dan Edelstein. Though all expressed admiration for the breadth of Israel's reading and display of sheer scholarly stamina, they also reached a strikingly unanimous verdict. In the eyes of his critics, Israel's interpretation of the Enlightenment is a kind of academic juggernaut, careening destructively through the discipline, in the service of a false idol—Spinoza, supposed demiurge of modernity—and an unsustainable principle—the idea of an umbilical connection between metaphysical monism and political radicalism.^[14]

As Wright points out in his review, and despite what is quoted directly above, it is too early to come to definite conclusions about the contributions of Israel.

This criticism has been countered on the World Socialist Web Site, particularly in the article The Nation, Jonathan Israel, and the Enlightenment.^[15]

In 2004, in response to a Historisch Nieuwsblad survey, which asked members of the Royal Netherlands Historical Society what were the classic works about Dutch history, The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness and Fall, 1477–1806 came in second place.^[16]

See also

• Counter-Enlightenment

• Comments by Margaret Jacob in "Spinoza Got It", London Review of Books (8 November 2012): 26–27. Israel used the title (but not subtitle) of her book, "The Radical Enlightenment: Pantheists, Freemasons and Republicans", paperback, 2006 (first edition 1981). Also by Jacob: "The Radical Enlightenment and Freemasonry: Where we are now", Philosophica 88 (2013) pp.13–29.

References

External links

• Seeing reason: Jonathan Israel's radical vision