Johor Bahru

This article is about a city in Johor, Malaysia. For the administrative district, see Johor Bahru District.
Johor Bahru
Tanjung Puteri/Iskandar Puteri
Other transcription(s)
 • Jawi جوهر بهرو
 • Simplified Chinese 新山
 • Tamil ஜொகூர் பாரு

Clockwise from top:
Johor Bahru city centre, Sultan Ibrahim Building, City Rainforest, Straits of Johor view from top of the Johor–Singapore Causeway and city street.

Flag
Crest
Nickname(s): JB,
Bandaraya Selatan (Southern City)
Motto: Berkhidmat, Berbudaya, Berwawasan
(English: "Servicing, Cultured, Visionary")
Johor Bahru

Location of Johor Bahru in Peninsular Malaysia

Johor Bahru

Location of Johor Bahru in Malaysia

Coordinates: 1°29′N 103°44′E / 1.483°N 103.733°E / 1.483; 103.733Coordinates: 1°29′N 103°44′E / 1.483°N 103.733°E / 1.483; 103.733
Country  Malaysia
State  Johor
Administrative areas
Founded by Temenggong Daeng Ibrahim 10 March 1855
(as Tanjung Puteri)
Granted city status 1 January 1994
Government
 • Mayor Haji A. Rahim Haji Nin
Area[1]
 • City 220.00 km2 (84.94 sq mi)
Elevation[2] 32 m (105 ft)
Population (2010)
 • City 497,067
 • Metro 1,805,000
 • Demonym JB-ites / JB-ians / Johor Bahruans
Time zone MST (UTC+8)
 • Summer (DST) Not observed (UTC+8)
Postal code 79xxx to 81xxx
Area code(s) 07
Vehicle registration J
Website www.mbjb.gov.my

Johor Bahru (Malaysian pronunciation: [ˈjohorˈbahru], Jawi: جوهر بهرو‎, Chinese: 新山; pinyin: Xīnshān, Tamil: ஜொகூர் பாரு), formerly known as Tanjung Puteri or Iskandar Puteri, is the capital of the state of Johor, Malaysia. Johor Bahru has a population of 497,067[3] and it is the country's third largest city.[4][5][6][7] Johor Bahru was the southernmost city in the Malay Peninsula.[8]

Johor Bahru has been the capital of the Sultanate of Johor since 1866, when the Sultanate administration centre was moved there from Telok Blangah in Singapore. There was development and modernisation within the city during the reign of Sultan Abu Bakar with the construction of administrative buildings, schools and religious buildings. During World War II, Johor Bahru was occupied by Japanese forces from 1942 to 1945. The Japanese used the Istana Bukit Serene as their main base to launch a final attack on the last British stronghold in Singapore. After the war, Johor was administered as part of the Unfederated Malay States and Johor Bahru remained the capital. After the formation of Malaysia in 1963, Johor Bahru retained its status as state capital and was granted city status in 1994.

Etymology

The present area of Johor Bahru was originally known as Tanjung Puteri, and was a fishing village of the Malays located near Singapore. Temenggong Daeng Ibrahim then renamed Tanjung Puteri to Iskandar Puteri once he arrived in the area in 1858 after acquiring the territory from Sultan Ali;[9] before it was renamed Johor Bahru by Sultan Abu Bakar following Temenggong death.[10] The British preferred to spell its name as Johore Bahru or Johore Bharu,[11] but the current accepted western spelling is Johor Bahru, as Johore is only spelt Johor (without the letter "e" at the end of the word) in Malay language.[12][13] The city is currently spelled as Johor Baru or Johor Baharu.[14][15]

The city was also once known as Little Swatow (Shantou) by the Chinese community in Johor Bahru, as most of Johor Bahru's Chinese residents are Teochew people whose ancestry can be traced back to Shantou, China. They arrived in the mid-1800s, during the reign of Temenggong Daeng Ibrahim.[16]

History

Temenggong Daeng Ibrahim, founder of Tanjung Puteri, which he renamed Iskandar Puteri (present-day Johor Bahru)

Due to a dispute between the Malays and Bugis, the Johor-Riau Empire, which was already split in 1819 with the mainland Johor Sultanate, came under the control of Temenggong Daeng Ibrahim while the Riau-Lingga Sultanate came under the control of the Bugis.[17] The Temenggong intended to create a new administration centre for the Johor Sultanate to create a dynasty under the entity of Temenggong.[18] As the Temenggong already had a close relationship with the British and the British intended to have control over trade activities in Singapore, a treaty was signed between Sultan Ali and Temenggong Ibrahim in Singapore on 10 March 1855.[19] According to the treaty, Ali would be crowned as the Sultan of Johor and receive $5,000 (in Spanish dollars) with an allowance of $500 per month.[20] In return, Ali was required to cede the sovereignty of the territory of Johor (except Kesang of Muar which would be the only territory under his control) to Temenggong Ibrahim.[17][20] When both sides agreed on Temenggong acquiring the territory, he renamed it Iskandar Puteri and began to administer it from Telok Blangah in Singapore.[10] As the area was still an undeveloped jungle, Temenggong encouraged the migration of Chinese and Javanese to clear the land and to develop an agricultural economy in Johor.[21] The Chinese planted the area with black pepper and gambier,[7] while the Javanese dug parit (canals) to drain water from the land, build roads and plant coconuts.[22] During this time, a Chinese businessman, pepper and gambier cultivator, Wong Ah Fook arrived; at the same time, Kangchu and Javanese labour contract systems were introduced by the Chinese and Javanese communities.[21][23][24] After Temenggong deaths on 31 January 1862, the town was renamed Johor Bahru and the administration's position was succeeded by his son, Abu Bakar with the administration centre in Telok Blangah being moved to the area in 1899.[10]

Sultan Abu Bakar
Sultan Abu Bakar, recognised as the founder of the modern city of Johor Bahru[21]
Wong Ah Fook
Wong Ah Fook, the royal builder who contributed to the early development of the city's infrastructure

At the first stage of Abu Bakar's administration, the British only recognised him as a maharaja rather than a sultan. In 1855, the British Colonial Office start to recognise his status as a Sultan after he met Queen Victoria.[25] He managed to regain Kesang territory for Johor after a civil war with the aid of British forces and he boosted the town's infrastructure and agricultural economy.[25][26] Infrastructure such as the State Mosque and Royal Palace was built with the aid of Wong Ah Fook, who had become a close patron for the Sultan since his migration during the Temenggong reign.[27] As the Johor-British relationship have become close, he also set up his administration under a British style and implemented a constitution known as Undang-undang Tubuh Negeri Johor (Johor State Constitution).[17][25] Although the British have long became the adviser for the Sultanate of Johor, the Sultanate never came under direct colonial control.[28] It only effectively came into effect when the status of adviser was elevated to a level similar to that of a Resident in the Federated Malay States (FMS) during the reign of Sultan Ibrahim in 1904.[29] In Johor Bahru, the Malay Peninsula railway extension was completed in 1909,[30] and the completion of a causeway in 1923 linked the railway and road systems between Singapore and the Malay Peninsula.[31] Johor Bahru developed at a modest rate between the First and Second World Wars. The secretariat building—Sultan Ibrahim Building—was completed in 1940 as the British colonial government attempted to streamline the state's administration.[32]

Japanese troops crouch in the street of Johor Bahru in their final stages of Battle of Malaya to conquest Singapore: image taken on 31 January 1942.

The continuous development of Johor Bahru was however halted when the Japanese under General Tomoyuki Yamashita invaded the town on 31 January 1942. As the Japanese had reached northwest Johor by 15 January, they easily captured major towns of Johor such of Batu Pahat, Yong Peng, Kluang and Ayer Hitam.[33] The British and other Allied forces were forced to retreat towards Johor Bahru; however, following a further series of bombings by the Japanese on 29 January, the British retreated to Singapore and blew up the causeway the following day as a final attempt to stop the Japanese advancement in British Malaya.[33] The Japanese then used the Sultan's residence of Istana Bukit Serene located in the town as their main temporary base for their future initial plans to conquest Singapore while waiting to reconnect the causeway.[34][35] The Japanese choose the palace as their main base because they already knew the British would not dare to attack it as this would harm their close relationship with Johor.[33]

A view of the causeway, after being blown up by Allied forces as a final action to counter the Japanese advancement

In less than a month, the Japanese repaired the causeway and easily invading the whole Singapore island.[36] Soon after the war ended in 1946, the town became the main hotspot for Malay nationalism in Malaya. Onn Jaafar, a local Malay politician who later became the Menteri Besar of Johor, formed the United Malay National Organisation party on 11 May 1946 when the Malays expressed their widespread disenchantment over the British government's action for granting citizenship laws to non-Malays in the proposed states of the Malayan Union.[37][38] An agreement over the policy was then reached in the town with Malays agreeing with the dominance of economy by the non-Malays while the Malay's dominance in political matters was agreed by non-Malays.[39] Racial conflict between the Malay and non-Malays, especially the Chinese, was however continuously been flared since the Malayan Emergency.[40]

When the Federation of Malaya, together with North Borneo, Sarawak and Singapore formed the Federation of Malaysia in 1963,[41] Johor Bahru continued as the state capital and more development was carried out, with the town's expansion and the construction of more new townships and industrial estates. The Indonesian confrontation did not directly affect Johor Bahru as the main Indonesian landing point in Johor was in Labis.[42] There is only one active Indonesian spy organisation in the town, known as Gerakan Ekonomi Melayu Indonesia (GEMI). They frequently engaged with the Indonesian communities living there to contribute information for Indonesian commandos until the bombing of the MacDonald House in Singapore.[43][note 1] By the early 1990s, the town had considerably expanded in size, and was officially granted a city status on 1 January 1994.[44] Johor Bahru City Council was formed and the city's current main square, Dataran Bandaraya Johor Bahru, was constructed to commemorate the event. A central business district was developed in the centre of the city from the mid-1990s in the area around Wong Ah Fook Street and the Johor–Singapore Causeway. The state and federal government channelled considerable funds for the development of the city—particularly more so after 2006, when the Iskandar Malaysia was formed.[45][46]

Capital city

Johor Bahru City Council

As the capital city of Johor, the city plays an important role in the economic welfare of the population of the entire state. There is one member of parliament (MP) representing the single parliamentary constituency in the city: Johor Bahru (P.160). The city also elects two representatives to the state legislature from the state assembly districts of Tanjong Puteri and Stulang.[47]

Local authority and city definition

The city is administered by the Johor Bahru City Council. The current mayor is Haji A. Rahim Haji Nin, who took over from Dato' Haji Abdul Rahman Mohamed Dewam on 16 August 2015.[48] Johor Bahru obtained city status on 1 January 1994.[44] The area under the jurisdiction of the Johor Bahru City Council includes Central District, Kangkar Tebrau, Kempas, Larkin, Majidee, Maju Jaya, Mount Austin, Pandan, Pasir Pelangi, Pelangi, Permas Jaya, Rinting, Tampoi, Tasek Utara and Tebrau.[49] This covers an area of 220 square kilometres.[1] In addition, the Johor Bahru metropolitan area includes the area under the jurisdiction of Johor Bahru Tengah Municipal Council, Kulai Municipal Council and Pasir Gudang Municipal Council, spanning 2,217 square kilometres.[50]

Geography

Tropical rainforest near the city, features an equatorial climate.

Johor Bahru is located along the Straits of Johor at the southern end of Peninsular Malaysia.[51] Originally, the city area was only 12.12 square kilometres in 1933 before been expanded to over 220 square kilometres in 2000 following the expansion of development.[1] Mount Ophir (Gunung Ledang), which stand at 1,276 metres (4,186 ft) above sea level is the highest point in Johor, located 170 km from the city centre.

Climate

The city has an equatorial climate with consistent temperatures, a considerable amount of rain and high humidity throughout the course of the year.[52][53] Temperatures range from 25.5 °C (77.9 °F) to 27.8 °C (82.0 °F) with an annual rainfall of around 2,000 mm (79 in), mostly falling from November until February.[54] Although the climate is relatively uniform, it can change through the Southeast Asian monsoon with variation of wind speeds and direction, cloudiness and wet and dry seasons throughout the year. There are two monsoon periods every year; the first one happens between December and February, and is known as North-East Monsoon.[51] It is characterised by heavy rains and winds from the north east.[51] The second one is the South-East Monsoon, characterised by relative dryness with winds driven from the south and south west. It occurs between June and August. There are two-inter Monsoon periods from March until May and from September until November, which are relatively calm with less rain and weaker winds.[51]

Climate data for Johor Bahru (1974–2000)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average high °C (°F) 31.0
(87.8)		 32.0
(89.6)		 32.5
(90.5)		 32.8
(91)		 32.5
(90.5)		 32.1
(89.8)		 31.5
(88.7)		 31.5
(88.7)		 31.5
(88.7)		 31.8
(89.2)		 31.3
(88.3)		 30.6
(87.1)		 31.8
(89.2)
Average low °C (°F) 21.9
(71.4)		 22.0
(71.6)		 22.4
(72.3)		 22.9
(73.2)		 23.1
(73.6)		 22.9
(73.2)		 22.4
(72.3)		 22.4
(72.3)		 22.4
(72.3)		 22.6
(72.7)		 22.7
(72.9)		 22.4
(72.3)		 22.5
(72.5)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 162.6
(6.402)		 139.8
(5.504)		 203.4
(8.008)		 232.8
(9.165)		 215.3
(8.476)		 148.1
(5.831)		 177.0
(6.969)		 185.9
(7.319)		 190.8
(7.512)		 217.7
(8.571)		 237.6
(9.354)		 244.5
(9.626)		 2,355.5
(92.736)
Average rainy days (≥ 1.0 mm) 11 9 13 15 15 12 13 13 13 16 17 15 162
Source: World Meteorological Organisation[55]

Demography

Sultan Abu Bakar State Mosque, the main mosque in the city.
The Johor Bahru Old Chinese Temple is also the main temple in the city.

Johor Bahru has an official demonym where people are commonly referred to as "Johor Bahruans". The terms "J.B-ites" and "J.B-ians" have also been used to a limited extent. People from Johor are called Johoreans.[56]

Ethnicity and religion

The Malaysian Census in 2010 reported the population of Johor Bahru was 497,067.[3] The city's population today is a mixture of three main races- Malays, Chinese and Indians- along with other bumiputras. Malays comprise the majority of the population at 240,323, followed by Chinese totalling 172,609, Indians totalling 33,319 and others totalling 2,957.[3] Non-Malaysian citizens form a population of 42,585.[3] Most of the Malays are chiefly descended from Riau Malay and Javanese stock.[57] The Chinese mainly comprise Teochew, Hainanese and Hakka people,[16][58] while the Indian community mainly consist of Tamils.[59] There was also a small numbers of Sikhs, Animists and secularists.

Languages

The local ethnic Malays speak Malay, while the language primarily spoken by the local Chinese is Mandarin Chinese. The Chinese community is represented by several dialect groups: Teochew, Hainanese, Hakka, Hokkien, Cantonese, Fuzhou and Hokchia (Fuqing) [33][60] The Indian community mainly speaks Tamil. The English language (or Manglish) is also used considerably, albeit more so among the older generation, who have attended school during the British rule.

Economy

Johor Bahru as the economic centre of Johor.

Johor Bahru is one of the fastest-growing cities in Malaysia after Kuala Lumpur.[61] As well as its specific location in the Indonesia–Malaysia–Singapore Growth Triangle, it become the main commercial centre for Johor. Tertiary-based industry dominates the economy with thousands of Singaporeans along with Indonesians and other international tourists visiting the city.[61][62][63] It is the centre of financial services, commerce and retail, arts and culture, hospitality, urban tourism, plastic manufacturing, electrical and electronics and food processing.[64] The city has a very close economic relationship with Singapore as many Singaporeans frequently visit for shopping, entertainment, and dining which increase the city income with the stronger Singapore dollar; some Singaporeans have also chosen to live in the city.[61][62][63][65][66] Due to this, Johor Bahru's retail scene was continuously developed to meet the needs of its consumers. The main shopping districts are located within the city, with a number of large shopping malls located in the suburbs. A large numbers of the city's residents work in Singapore, where the salaries are higher than in Malaysia.[67][68] The presence of Singaporean and Chinese-owned companies were also significant,[61][69][70] with China being the fifth largest investor in Iskandar Malaysia after Singapore, the United States, Spain and Japan as of September 2014.[71] In 2014, the sudden change of weekend rest days to Friday and Saturday from Saturday and Sunday by the Sultan of Johor had a relatively small impact to the city economy, with business especially affected, but boosted the tourism industry as the holidays would be able to start earlier on Sunday, attracting more tourists from Singapore.[72] Johor Bahru is the location of numerous conferences, congress and trade fairs, such as the Eastern Regional Organisation for Planning and Housing and the World Islamic Economic Forum.[73][74] The city is the first in Malaysia to practise a low-carbon economy.[75]

Transportation

Land

Johor Bahru Sentral on the left with the highway in the right.
The Larkin Sentral serves bus services to other cities and towns in West Malaysia, southern Thailand and Singapore.

The internal roads linking different parts of the city are mostly federal roads constructed and maintained by Malaysian Public Works Department. The five major highways linking the Johor Bahru Central Business District to outlying suburbs are Tebrau Highway 3 and Johor Bahru Eastern Dispersal Link Expressway E14 in the northeast, Skudai Highway 1 in the northwest, Iskandar Coastal Highway 52 in the west and Johor Bahru East Coast Highway 35 in the east.[64] Pasir Gudang Highway 17 and the connecting Johor Bahru Parkway E3 cross Tebrau Highway and Skudai Highway, which serve as the middle ring road of the metropolitan area. The Johor Bahru Inner Ring Road 188, which connects with the Sultan Iskandar customs complex, aids in controlling the traffic in and around the central business district.[64] Access to the national expressway is provided through the North-South Expressway E2 and Senai-Desaru Expressway E22. The Johor-Singapore Causeway links the city to Woodlands, Singapore with a six-lane road and a railway line terminating at the Southern Integrated Gateway.[64] The Malaysia-Singapore Second Link E3, located west of the metropolitan area, was constructed in 1997 to alleviate congestion on the Causeway. It is linked directly to the Second Link Expressway E3.[76] Further expansion of other major highways in the city were currently in the process.[77]

Public transportation

Larkin Sentral, located 5 kilometres northwest of the city centre has direct bus services to and from many destinations in West Malaysia, southern Thailand and Singapore.[78] Two types of taxis operate in the city; the main taxi is either in red and yellow, blue, green or red while the larger, less common type is known as a limousine taxi, which is more comfortable but expensive. Most taxis in the city are known for not using their meter.[79] Since 2014, various taxi-booking applications have begun in the city such as Uber,[80] and GrabTaxi.[81] The Johor Bahru Sentral railway station serves train services to Kuala Lumpur and Singapore.[82] In 2015, a new shuttle train service operated by Keretapi Tanah Melayu (KTM) was launched providing transport to Woodlands in Singapore.[83]

Air

The city is served by Senai International Airport located at the neighboring Senai town.[76] Five airlines, AirAsia, Firefly, Malaysia Airlines, Malindo Air and Xpress Air, provide flights internationally and domestically. The city will also be the main hub for a newly formed airline called Flymojo.[84]

Sea

Johor Port is located on the eastern side of the metropolitan area in the industrial area of Pasir Gudang. It is one of the country's most important seaports for commodities and mineral resources shipping, as Johor is home to a large number of major commercial plantations. The port is also the location of the majority of Malaysia's resources refineries.[85] In the west side of the metropolitan area, the Port of Tanjung Pelepas, which ranks as Malaysia’s largest container port since 2004 is ranked as the 19th busiest container port in the world as of 2013. Singapore's seaports serve Johor Bahru's transportation and logistics needs as they are less than an hour's drive from the city. Boat services are also available to ports in Sumatra.[76]

Boat services in the city.

Other utilities

Courts of law and legal enforcement

Johor Bahru High Court

The city high court complex is located along Dato' Onn Road.[86] The Sessions and Magistrate Courts is located on Ayer Molek Road,[86] while another court for Sharia law is located on Abu Bakar Road.[87] The Johor Police Contingent Headquarters is located on Tebrau Road.[88] There are two district headquarters in the city, the Johor Bahru North District police headquarters in Skudai, and the Johor Bahru South District headquarters on Meldrum Road. Both also operate as police stations. There are around eleven police stations and seven police substations (Pondok Polis) in the south district while five police stations is located in the north district with six police substations. The city's north district traffic police headquarters is located along Tebrau Road while the south district is in Skudai.[89][90] There is one main prison located in the city along the Ayer Molek road, but this has been closed down since 9 December 2005.[91][92] Temporary lock-ups or prison cells are available in most police stations in the city.

Healthcare

Sultanah Aminah Hospital

There are three public hospitals,[93] four health clinics[94] and thirteen 1Malaysia clinics in Johor Bahru.[95] Sultanah Aminah Hospital, which is located along Persiaran Road, is the largest public hospital in the state with 989 beds.[94] Another government funded hospital is the Sultan Ismail Specialist Hospital with 700 beds.[94] Regency Specialist Hospital in Masai is the largest private hospital with 218 beds.[96] Another large private health facility is the KPJ Puteri Specialist Hospital with 158 beds.[97] Further healthcare facilities are currently being expanded to improve healthcare services in the city.[98]

Education

Many government or state schools are available in the city. The secondary schools include English College Johore Bahru, Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Engku Aminah, Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Sultan Ismail, Sekolah Menengah Infant Jesus Convent, Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan (Perempuan) Sultan Ibrahim and Sekolah Menengah Saint Joseph.[99] In the district of Johor Bahru itself, there is a total of 41 secondary schools, one religious school, three vocational schools, one technical secondary school and one fully residential school.[100] There are also a number of independent private schools in the city. These include Austin Heights,[101] Excelsior International School,[102] Foon Yew High School and the Sri Ara Schools. The Sri Ara Schools provide two curricula, the British-based curriculum of International General Certificate of Secondary Education (IGCSE) under Cambridge International Examinations and the National Curriculum with emphasis on the English language that leads to the Malaysian Schools Certificate.[103] Universiti Teknologi Malaysia has its main campus in the city and is the only public university there.[104] The other private universities are University of Southampton Malaysian Campus, Raffles University Iskandar, Newcastle University Medicine Malaysia and Wawasan Open University. There are also a number of private college campuses and one polytechnic operating in the city; these are Crescendo International College, KPJ College, Olympia College, Southern University College, Sunway College, Taylor's College, College of Islamic Studies Johor and Politeknik Ibrahim Sultan.

Libraries

The Johor Public Library headquarters is the main library in the state, located off Yahya Awal Road.[105] Another public library branch is the University Park in Kebudayaan Road, while there are other libraries or private libraries in schools, colleges, and universities.[106] Two village libraries are available in the district of Johor Bahru.[107]

Culture and leisure

Attractions and recreation spots

Main article: Johor Bahru landmarks

Cultural attractions

There are a number of cultural venues in Johor Bahru. The Royal Abu Bakar Museum located within the Grand Palace building is the main museum in the city. The Foon Yew High School houses many historical documents of the city history with a Chinese cultural heritage.[108][109] A Chinese Heritage Museum on Ibrahim Road includes the history of Chinese migration to Johor along with a collection of documents, photos, and other artefacts.[110] The Arts Plaza (Plaza Seni) on the Wong Ah Fook Street features the state heritage and cultures with exhibitions of art, cultural performances, clothes, fashion accessories, travel agencies, and batik fabrics.[111]

The Johor Art Gallery (Galeri Seni Johor) in Petrie Road is a house gallery built in 1910, known as the house for the former third Chief Minister of Johor, Abdullah Jaafar. The house features old architecture and became the centre for the collection of artefacts related to Johor's cultural history.[109]

Historical attractions

The Grand Palace, one of the historical buildings in the city.

The Grand Palace is one of the historical attractions in the city, and is an example of Victorian-style architecture with a garden. Tokoh Museum is another historical colonial building since 1886 which is the first resident for Johor first Menteri Besar Jaafar Mohamed; it is located on the top of Smile Hill (Bukit Senyum), also overlooking the straits.[112] The English College (now Maktab Sultan Abu Bakar) established in 1914 was located close to the Sungai Chat Palace before being moved to its present location at Sungai Chat Road; some of the ruins are visible at the old site.[26] The Sultan Ibrahim Building is another historical building in the city; built in 1936 by British architecture Palmer and Turner, it was the centre of the administration of Johor as since the relocation from Telok Blangah in Singapore, the Johor government never had its own building.[109][113] Before the current railway station was built, there was Johor Bahru railway station (formerly Wooden Railway) which has now been turned into a museum after serving for 100 years since the British colonial era.[111]

The Johor Bahru railway station, served for 100 years before being replaced by the new Johor Bahru Sentral; it has now been transformed into a museum.

Sultan Abu Bakar State Mosque, located along Skudai Road, is the main and oldest mosque in the state. It was built with a combination of Victorian, Moorish and Malay architectures.[109][114] The Johor Bahru Old Chinese temple, located on the Trus Road, hosts the Gods of five Chinese dialects spoken in the city. It was built in 1875 and renovated by the Persekutuan Tiong Hua Johor Bahru (Johor Bahru Tiong Hua Association) in 1994-95 with the addition of a small L-shaped museum in one corner of the square premises.[7] The Wong Ah Fook Mansion, the home of the late Wong Ah Fook, was a former historical attraction. It stood for more than 150 years but was demolished illegally by its owner in 2014 to make way for a commercial housing development without informing the state government.[115][116] Other historical religious buildings include the Arulmigu Sri Rajakaliamman Hindu Temple, Sri Raja Mariamman Hindu Temple, Gurdwara Sahib and Church of the Immaculate Conception.[111][112]

Leisure and conservation areas

Parts of the Danga Bay recreational park.

The Danga Bay is a 25-kilometre area of recreational waterfront. There are around 15 established golf courses, of which two offer 36-hole facilities; most of these are located within resorts. The city also features a number of paintball parks which are also used for off-road motorsports activities.[111]

The Johor Bahru Zoo is one of the oldest zoos in Malaysia; built in 1928 covering 4 hectares (9.9 acres) of land, it was originally called “animal garden” before being handed to the state government for renovation in 1962.[117] The zoo has around 100 species of animals, including wild cats, camels, gorillas, orangutans, and tropical birds.[118] Visitors can participate in activities such as horse riding or using pedalos.[109]

Other attractions

Dataran Bandaraya

Dataran Bandaraya was built after Johor Bahru was proclaimed as a city on 1 January 1994. The site features a clock tower, fountain and a large field.[109] The Laman Tun Sri Lanang (Tun Sri Lanang Park), named after Tun Sri Lanang (Bendahara of the royal Court of the Johor Sultanate in the 16th and 17th centuries) is located in the centre of the city. The Wong Ah Fook Street is named after Wong Ah Fook, a Chinese businessman who came to Johor in the 1850s, later became the royal builder, and contributed significantly to the early development of the city's infrastructure. The Tam Hiok Nee Street is named after Tan Hiok Nee, who was the leader of the former Ngee Heng Kongsi, a secret society in Johor Bahru. He was one of the city's wealthiest inhabitants, known for his pepper and gambier planting and his ownnership of significant assets within the town area. Together with the Dhoby Street, both are part of a trail known as Old Buildings Road; they feature a mixture of Chinese and Indian heritages, reflected by their forms of ethnic business and architecture.[111][112]

Shopping

KSL City Mall is the largest shopping mall in Johor Bahru.

Shopping malls in Johor Bahru include Johor Bahru City Square, Holiday Plaza, Komtar JBCC, KSL City, Plaza Pelangi, Sutera Mall, Plaza Kotaraya and Danga City Mall. New malls are continuously constructed in the city.[65] Along the Sungai Chat Road located the Mawar Handicrafts Centre, a government-funded exhibition and sales centre sells various batik and songket clothes.[36] Opposite this is the Johor Area Rehabilitation Organisation (JARO) Handicrafts Centre which sells items such as hand-made cane furniture, soft toys and rattan baskets which are produced by people who are physically disabled.[111][119]

Entertainment

Broadway Theater

The oldest cinema in the city is the Broadway Theatre which mostly screenings Tamil and Hindi movies. There is around five new cinemas available in the city with most of them located inside shopping malls.[111]

Sports

The city main football stadium, Tan Sri Dato Haji Hassan Yunos Stadium has a capacity of around 30,000.[120] The stadium is the home ground of Johor Darul Ta'zim F.C., also known as JDT. There is also a futsal centre, known as Sports Prima, which has 8 minimum-sized FIFA approved futsal courts; it is the largest indoor sports centre in the city.[121]

Radio stations

Two radio stations have their offices in the city: Best FM (104.1) and Johor FM (101.9).

International relations

Several countries have set up their consulates in Johor Bahru, including Indonesia[122] and Singapore.[123][124]

Sister cities

Johor Bahru currently has six sister cities:

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Another early attack to destabilise Malaysia was done with the murder of Malay trishaw in Singapore that led to the racial conflict between Malay and Chinese there. At the first stage of the conflict, it was alleged the murder was done by a Chinese but this was however turned down when further investigation revealed the murder was actually done by Indonesian agents who had infiltrate Singapore in an attempt to weakening the unity of race there during the state was still part of Malaysia. (Drysdale, Halim and Jamie)

References

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Literature

External links

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