John Purroy Mitchel

John Purroy Mitchel
Mayor John Purroy Mitchel, 1914
95th Mayor of New York City
In office January 1, 1914 – December 31, 1917
Preceded by	Ardolph Loges Kline
Succeeded by	John Francis Hylan
Personal details
Born	(1879-07-19)July 19, 1879 Fordham, Bronx, New York City
Died	July 6, 1918(1918-07-06) (aged 38) Lake Charles, Louisiana
Nationality	American
Political party	Republican
Spouse(s)	Olive Child
Parents	James Mitchel Mary Purroy
Alma mater	Columbia College New York Law School
Occupation	Attorney
Religion	Roman Catholic

John Purroy Mitchel and Leonard Wood reviewing the 30th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment on January 20, 1915

John Purroy Mitchel (July 19, 1879 – July 6, 1918) was the 95th mayor of New York from 1914 to 1917.^[1][2] At age 34 he was the second-youngest ever; he is sometimes referred to as "The Boy Mayor of New York." Mayor Mitchel is remembered for his short career as leader of Reform politics in New York as well as for his early death as an Army air officer in the last months of World War I.^[1] Mitchel's staunchly Catholic New York family had been founded by his paternal grandfather and namesake John Mitchel, an Ulster Presbyterian Young Irelander (Irish nationalist supporter) who became a renowned writer and leader in the Irish independence movement.

Reformers praised him. Oswald Garrison Villard, the editor of The Nation, said he was "the ablest and best Mayor New York ever had.".^[3] Former President Theodore Roosevelt, endorsing Mitchel's reelection bid in 1917, stated that he had "given us as nearly an ideal administration of the New York City government as I have seen in my lifetime.".^[3] However, even his staunchest supporters admitted he was a poor politician who was too aloof from the ordinary voters and too concerned with "scientific" urban management. He was wealthy and socialized exclusively with the city's upper classes. He still won in a landslide in 1913, and was defeated in an even bigger landslide in 1917.

Early life

John Purroy Mitchel was born on July 19, 1879 at Fordham, Bronx, New York City to James Mitchel, a New York City fire marshal, and Mary Purroy, a schoolteacher until her marriage. The Purroy family included leading politicians in The Bronx. He graduated from a Catholic secondary school at Fordham Preparatory School in the late 1890s. He obtained his bachelor's degree from Columbia College in 1899 and graduated from New York Law School in 1902 with honors. Mitchel then pursued a career as a private attorney.^[4]

Early career

In December 1906, Mitchel's career took flight when he was hired by family friend and New York City corporation counsel, William B. Ellison to investigate the office of John F. Ahearn, borough president of Manhattan, for incompetence, waste and inefficiency. As a result, Ahearn was dismissed as borough president of Manhattan. Mitchel began his career as assistant corporation counsel and then became a member of the Commissioners of Accounts where he investigated city departments. Mitchel gained results and recognition for his thorough and professional investigations into various city departments and high-ranking officials. Mitchel, with the help of Henry Bruere and other staff members of the Bureau of Municipal Research turned the insignificant Commissioners of Accounts into an administration of importance.^[4]

The young Mitchel's reputation as a reformer garnered him the support of the anti-Tammany forces. In 1909, Mitchel was elected president of the board of aldermen (an organization similar to the current city council). As president of the board of aldermen, Mitchel was able to enact fiscal reforms. Mitchel cut waste and improved accounting practices. Also, Mitchel unsuccessfully fought for a municipal owned transit system and the city saw Mitchel vote against allowing the Interborough Rapid Transit and the Brooklyn Rapid Transit companies permission to extend their existing subway and elevated lines. For a six-week period in 1910 after current Mayor William J. Gaynor was injured by a bullet wound, Mitchel served as acting mayor. His biggest accomplishment during his short tenure was the act of neutrality during a garment industry strike.^[4]

Political career

Mayoral campaign

As the mayoral election approached in 1913, the Citizens Municipal Committee of 107 set out to find a candidate that would give New York "a non-partisan, efficient and progressive government." After nine ballots, Mitchel was nominated as a candidate for mayor. During his campaign, Mitchel focused on making City Hall a place of decency and honesty. He also focused on business as he promised New Yorkers that he would modernize the administrative and financial machinery and the processes of city government.^[4]

At the age of 34, Mitchel was elected mayor on the Republican Party slate as he won an overwhelming victory, defeating Democratic candidate Edward E. McCall by 121,000 votes, thus becoming the second youngest mayor of New York City. He was often referred to as "The Boy Mayor of New York."

Tenure as mayor

Mitchel's administration introduced widespread reforms, particularly in the Police Department, which had long been highly corrupt and which was cleaned up by Mitchel's Police Commissioner Arthur Woods. Woods was able to break up gangs and in his first year in office, he arrested more than 200 criminals. Woods also launched an attack on robbery, prostitution, pickpocketing and gambling. Woods ultimately transformed the police department into a crime-fighting machine.^[5] Mitchel aimed to get rid of corruption wherever he saw it. Mitchel’s administration set out to restructure and modernize New York City and its government. Mitchel was able to expand the city's regulatory activities, ran the police department more honestly and efficiently and much like in 1910 he maintained impartiality during garment and transportation workers strikes in 1916.^[4]

At 1:30 p.m., on April 17, 1914, Michael P. Mahoney fired a gun at the mayor as Mitchel was getting in his car to go to lunch. The bullet ricocheted off a pedestrian and hit Frank Lyon Polk, New York City's corporation counsel in the chin.^[6]

Mitchel's early popularity was soon diminished due to his fiscal policies and vision of education. Mitchel was heavily criticized for combining vocational and academic courses. Mitchel began to trim the size of the board of education and attempted to control teachers’ salaries.^[4]

Mitchel advocated universal military training to prepare for war. In a speech at Princeton University on March 1, 1917, he described universal military training as "the [only] truly democratic solution to the problem of preparedness on land." His universal military training alienated New Yorkers and was not popular. Many felt he focused too much on military patriotism and was indifferent to politics. This soon led to a loss of support for his re-election bid in 1917.^[4]

Mitchel ran again for mayor in the highly charged wartime election of 1917. His re-election bid took a hit as many New Yorkers felt he was socializing with the social elite, focused too much on the economy and efficiency and his concern on military preparedness.^[4] He narrowly lost the Republican primary to William M. Bennett after a contentious recount but then ran for re-election as a pro-war Fusion candidate.

His main campaign theme was patriotism, with a media campaign that denounced Germans, Irish, and Jews as unpatriotic sympathizers with the enemy cause. Mitchel ran against Republican Bennett; antiwar Socialist Morris Hillquit; and the Tammany Hall Democrat John F. Hylan. Hylan ridiculed and denounced Mitchel's upper-class reform as an affront to democracy and to the voters. He won by a landslide without taking a clear position on the war. (Mitchel barely beat Hillquit for second place.)^[7]

Death and legacy

After failing to get re-elected, Mitchel joined the Air Service as a flying cadet, completing training in San Diego and obtaining the rank of major.^[8] On the morning of July 6, 1918, when returning from a short military training flight to Gerstner Field, near Lake Charles, Louisiana, his plane suddenly went into a nose dive, causing Mitchel to fall from his plane due to an unfastened seatbelt.^[1][8] Mitchel plummeted 500 feet to his death, his body landing in a marsh about a half mile south of the field.^[8]

Mitchel's body was returned for burial to New York City.^[8]

Mitchel Field (Mitchel Air Force Base) on Long Island was named for him in 1918.^[9] A bronze memorial plaque with Mitchel's likeness is also affixed between the two stone pylons at the western end of Hamilton Hall, the main college building at Columbia University.

The Fire Department of New York operated a fireboat named John Purroy Mitchel from 1921 to 1966.^[10]

In 2015, indie folk artist Joanna Newsom released a song named "Sapokanikan" in advance of her album Divers. The song, which contains numerous references to the history of New York City, prominently features Mitchel and the circumstances of his death.

See also

• William Brown Meloney (1878–1925), author of an unpublished manuscript on Mitchel's life
• List of mayors of New York City

Footnotes

Further reading

• Cerillo, Augustus "Mitchel, John Purroy." “American National Biography Online Web. 1 Oct. 2013.
• Lewinson, Edwin R. John Purroy Mitchel: The Boy Mayor of New York (Astra Books, 1965)
• McClymer, John. "Of 'Mornin Glories' and 'Fine Old Oaks': John Purroy Mitchel, Al Smith, and Reform as an Expression of Irish American Aspiration," in Ronald H. Bayor and Timothy J. Meagher, eds. The New York Irish (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997), pp 374–94

External links

• 1916 article with photos

Mayors of the City of New York since the 1898 Consolidation Van Wyck (1898–1901) Low (1902–1903) McClellan (1904–1909) Gaynor (1910–1913) Kline (1913) Mitchel (1914–1917) Hylan (1918–1925) Walker (1926–1932) McKee (1932) O'Brien (1933) LaGuardia (1934–1945) O'Dwyer (1946–1950) Impelitteri (1950–1953) Wagner (1954–1965) Lindsay (1966–1973) Beame (1974–1977) Koch (1978–1989) Dinkins (1990–1993) Giuliani (1994–2001) Bloomberg (2002–2013) de Blasio (2014–)

Republican Party nominees for Mayor of the City of New York since the 1898 Consolidation Benjamin F. Tracy Seth Low William Mills Ivins, Sr. Otto Bannard John Purroy Mitchel William M. Bennett Henry H. Curran Frank D. Waterman Fiorello H. La Guardia Lewis H. Pounds Fiorello H. La Guardia Jonah J. Goldstein Newbold Morris Edward F. Corsi Robert Christenberry Louis Lefkowitz John Lindsay John Marchi Roy M. Goodman Ed Koch Diane McGrath Rudy Giuliani Michael Bloomberg Joe Lhota

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