John Howard

The Honourable John Howard OM, AC
25th Prime Minister of Australia
In office 11 March 1996 – 3 December 2007
Monarch	Elizabeth II
Governor-General	Sir William Deane Peter Hollingworth Michael Jeffery
Deputy	Tim Fischer John Anderson Mark Vaile
Preceded by	Paul Keating
Succeeded by	Kevin Rudd
29th Treasurer of Australia
In office 19 November 1977 – 11 March 1983
Prime Minister	Malcolm Fraser
Preceded by	Phillip Lynch
Succeeded by	Paul Keating
24th Leader of the Opposition
In office 30 January 1995 – 11 March 1996
Deputy	Peter Costello
Preceded by	Alexander Downer
Succeeded by	Kim Beazley
In office 5 September 1985 – 9 May 1989
Deputy	Neil Brown Andrew Peacock
Preceded by	Andrew Peacock
Succeeded by	Andrew Peacock
8th Leader of the Liberal Party
In office 30 January 1995 – 29 November 2007
Deputy	Peter Costello
Preceded by	Alexander Downer
Succeeded by	Brendan Nelson
In office 5 September 1985 – 9 May 1989
Deputy	Neil Brown Andrew Peacock
Preceded by	Andrew Peacock
Succeeded by	Andrew Peacock
7th Deputy Leader of the Liberal Party
In office 8 April 1982 – 5 September 1985
Leader	Malcolm Fraser Andrew Peacock
Preceded by	Phillip Lynch
Succeeded by	Neil Brown
2nd Chairperson-in-office of the Commonwealth of Nations
In office 2 March 2002 – 5 December 2003
Head	Elizabeth II
Preceded by	Thabo Mbeki
Succeeded by	Olusegun Obasanjo
Manager of Opposition Business in the House
In office 7 April 1993 – 31 January 1995
Leader	John Hewson
Preceded by	Warwick Smith
Succeeded by	Peter Reith
Minister for Special Trade Negotiations
In office 17 July 1977 – 20 December 1977
Prime Minister	Malcolm Fraser
Preceded by	Position Established
Succeeded by	Victor Garland
Minister for Business and Consumer Affairs
In office 22 December 1975 – 17 July 1977
Prime Minister	Malcolm Fraser
Preceded by	Sir Bob Cotton
Succeeded by	Wal Fife
Member of the Australian Parliament for Bennelong
In office 18 May 1974 – 24 November 2007
Preceded by	John Cramer
Succeeded by	Maxine McKew
Personal details
Born	John Winston Howard (1939-07-26) 26 July 1939 Earlwood, New South Wales, Australia
Political party	Liberal Party of Australia
Other political affiliations	Coalition
Spouse(s)	Janette Parker
Children	3
Education	Canterbury Boys' High School University of Sydney
Profession	Solicitor
Religion	Anglicanism
Signature

John Winston Howard, OM, AC (born 26 July 1939), was the 25th Prime Minister of Australia, serving from 11 March 1996 to 3 December 2007. Only Sir Robert Menzies has served in the position longer.

Born in Sydney, Howard worked as a solicitor before entering politics, having studied law at the University of Sydney. A member of the Liberal Party and former president of the Young Liberals, he first stood for office at the 1968 New South Wales state election, but lost narrowly. At the 1974 federal election, Howard was elected to the Division of Bennelong, which he would go on to represent until 2007. He was promoted to cabinet in 1977, and later in the year replaced Phillip Lynch as Treasurer of Australia, remaining in that position until the defeat of Malcolm Fraser's government in 1983.

In 1985, Howard was elected leader of the Liberal Party for the first time, thus replacing Andrew Peacock as Leader of the Opposition. He led the Liberal–National coalition to the 1987 federal election, but lost to Bob Hawke's Labor government, and was removed from the leadership in 1989. Remaining a key figure in the party, Howard was re-elected leader in 1995 (replacing Alexander Downer), and subsequently led the Coalition to victory at the 1996 federal election.

After defeating Paul Keating's Labor government in 1996, the Howard Government was re-elected at the 1998, 2001 and 2004 elections. Howard's actions as prime minister included new gun laws (in response to the Port Arthur massacre), the introduction of a nationwide value-added tax, immigration reform, and industrial relations reform. Australia also contributed troops to the War in Afghanistan and the Iraq War under his government, and led the International Force for East Timor. The Howard government was defeated at the 2007 federal election, with the Labor Party's Kevin Rudd succeeding him as prime minister. Howard also lost his own seat at the election, becoming only the second prime minister to do so (after Stanley Bruce in 1929).

Early life

John Howard is the fourth son of Mona (née Kell) and Lyall Howard. His parents were married in 1925. His eldest brother Stanley was born in 1926 (died 2014), followed by Walter in 1929, and Robert (Bob) in 1936. Lyall Howard was an admirer of Winston Churchill,^[1] and sympathetic to the New Guard during its early years.^[2] Howard's ancestors were English, Scottish and Irish.^[3]

Howard was born and raised in the Sydney suburb of Earlwood, in a Methodist family.^[4] His mother had been an office worker until her marriage. His father and his paternal grandfather, Walter Howard, were both veterans of the First AIF in World War I. They also ran two Dulwich Hill petrol stations where Howard worked as a boy.^[5] Lyall Howard died in 1955 when John was sixteen, leaving his mother to take care of John^[6] (or "Jack" as he was also known).^[7]

Howard suffered a hearing impairment in his youth, leaving him with a slight speech impediment,^[8] and he continues to wear a hearing aid. It also influenced him in subtle ways, limiting his early academic performance; encouraging a reliance on an excellent memory; and in his mind ruling out becoming a barrister as a likely career.^[9]

Howard attended the state schools Earlwood Primary School and Canterbury Boys' High School.^[7] Howard won a citizenship prize in his final year at Earlwood (presented by local politician Eric Willis), and subsequently represented his secondary school at debating as well as cricket and rugby.^[10] Cricket remained a lifelong hobby.^[4] In his final year at school he took part in a radio show hosted by Jack Davey, Give It a Go broadcast on the commercial radio station, 2GB, and a recording of the show survives.^[11] After gaining his Leaving Certificate, he studied law at the University of Sydney, graduating in 1961,^[7] and subsequently practising as a solicitor for twelve years.^[12]

Howard married fellow Liberal Party member Janette Parker in 1971, with whom he had three children: Melanie (1974), Tim (1977) and Richard (1980).^[13]

Early political career, 1957–77

Howard joined the Liberal Party in 1957. He held office in the New South Wales Liberal Party on the State Executive and served as president of the Young Liberals (1962–64), the party youth organisation.^[14] Howard supported Australia's involvement in the Vietnam War, although has since said there were "aspects of it that could have been handled and explained differently".^[15]

At the 1963 federal election, Howard acted as campaign manager in his local seat of Parkes for the successful candidacy of Tom Hughes, who defeated the 20-year Labor incumbent.

In 1967 with the support of party power brokers, John Carrick and Eric Willis, he was endorsed as candidate for the marginal suburban state seat of Drummoyne, held by ALP member Reg Coady. Howard's mother sold the family home in Earlwood and rented a house with him at Five Dock, a suburb within the electorate. At the election in February 1968, in which the incumbent state Liberal government was returned to office, Howard narrowly lost to Coady, despite campaigning vigorously.^[16] Howard and his mother subsequently returned to Earlwood, moving to a house on the same street where he grew up.

At the 1974 federal election, Howard successfully contested the Sydney suburban seat of Bennelong and became a Member of Parliament in the House of Representatives during the Gough Whitlam-led Labor Government. Howard backed Malcolm Fraser for the leadership of the Liberal Party against Billy Snedden following the 1974 election.^[17] When Fraser won office in December 1975, Howard was appointed Minister for Business and Consumer Affairs, a position in which he served until 1977.^[12] At this stage, he followed the protectionist and pro-regulation stance of Fraser and the Liberal Party.^[18]

Federal Treasurer (1977–83)

In December 1977, at the age of 38, Howard was appointed Treasurer.^[12] During his five years in the position, he became an adherent of free-market economics,^[19] which was challenging economic orthodoxies in place for most of the century.^[20] He came to favour tax reform including broad-based taxation (later the GST), a freer industrial system including the dismantling of the centralised wage-fixing system, the abolition of compulsory trade unionism, privatisation and deregulation.^[4]

In 1978, the Fraser government instigated the Campbell Committee to investigate financial system reforms.^[21] Howard supported the Campbell report, but adopted an incremental approach with Cabinet, as there was wide opposition to deregulation within the government and the treasury.^[21][22] The process of reform began before the committee reported 2½ years later, with the introduction of the tender system for the sale of Treasury notes in 1979, and Treasury bonds in 1982. Ian Macfarlane (Governor of the Reserve Bank of Australia, 1996–2006) described these reforms as "second only in importance to the float of the Australian dollar in 1983."^[23] In 1981, Howard proposed a broad-based indirect tax with compensatory cuts in personal rates; however, cabinet rejected it citing both inflationary and political reasons.^[24] After the free-marketeers or "drys" of the Liberals challenged the protectionist policies of Minister for Industry and Commerce Phillip Lynch, they shifted their loyalties to Howard. Following an unsuccessful leadership challenge by Andrew Peacock to unseat Fraser as prime minister, Howard was elected deputy leader of the Liberal Party in April 1982. His election depended largely on the support of the "drys", and he became the party's champion of the growing free-market lobby.^[25]

The economic crises of the early 1980s brought Howard into conflict with the economically conservative Fraser. As the economy headed towards the worst recession since the 1930s, Keynesian Fraser pushed an expansionary fiscal position much to Howard's and Treasury's horror. With his authority as treasurer being flouted, Howard considered resigning in July 1982, but, after discussions with his wife and senior advisor John Hewson, he decided to "tough it out".^[20] The 1982 wages explosion—wages rose 16 per cent across the country—resulted in stagflation; unemployment touched double-digits and inflation peaked at 12.5% (official interest rates peaked at 21%).^[26]

The Fraser Government with Howard as Treasurer lost the 1983 election to the Labor Party led by Bob Hawke. Over the course of the 1980s, the Liberal party came to accept the free-market policies that Fraser had resisted and Howard had espoused. Policies included low protection, decentralisation of wage fixation, financial deregulation, a broadly based indirect tax, and the rejection of counter-cyclical fiscal policy.^[27]

Opposition, 1983–96

Following the defeat of the Fraser government and Fraser's subsequent resignation from parliament, Howard contested the Liberal leadership but was defeated by Andrew Peacock. Remaining Deputy Leader of the parliamentary party, Howard became Deputy Leader of the Opposition and the Liberal Party were defeated by Hawke's Labor Government at the 1984 election. In 1985, as Labor's position in opinion polls improved, Peacock's popularity sank, and Howard's profile rose, leadership speculation persisted. Peacock said he would no longer accept Howard as deputy unless he offered assurances that he would not challenge for the leadership. Following Howard's refusal to offer such an assurance, Peacock sought, in September 1985, to replace him with John Moore as Deputy Leader.^[28] The party room re-elected Howard as Deputy on 5 September (38 votes to 31), and, believing his position untenable, Peacock resigned the leadership. With Peacock not contesting the Liberal Party leadership ballot, Howard defeated Jim Carlton 57 votes to 6^[29] to become Leader of the party and the Opposition.^[30][31]

First time as Leader of the Opposition (1985–89)

New economic policy

Howard was in effect the Liberal party's first pro-market leader in the conservative coalition and spent the next two years working to revise Liberal policy away from that of Fraser's.^[32] In his own words he was an "economic radical" and a social conservative.^[33] Referring to the pro-market liberalism of the 1980s, Howard said in July 1986 that "The times will suit me".^[34] That year the economy was seen to be in crisis with a 40% devaluation of the Australian dollar, a marked increase in the current account deficit and the loss of the Federal Government's triple A rating.^[34] In response to the economic circumstances, Howard persistently attacked the Labor government and offered his free-market reform agenda.^[34] Support for the Labor Party and Hawke strengthened in 1985 and 1986 and Howard's approval ratings dropped in the face of infighting between Howard and Peacock supporters, a "public manifestation of disunity" over policy positions, and questions over Howard's leadership.^[28][35]

Hawke called the 1987 election six months early. In addition to the Howard–Peacock rivalry, Queensland National Party criticism of the federal Liberal and National leadership ^[36] culminated in longtime Queensland Premier Joh Bjelke-Petersen making a bid to become Prime Minister himself—the "Joh for Canberra" campaign. Keating campaigned against Howard's proposed tax changes forcing Howard to admit a double-counting in the proposal,^[37] and emphasising to the electorate that the package would mean at that stage undisclosed cuts to government services. Howard was not helped when the federal Nationals broke off the Coalition agreement in support of the "Joh for Canberra" push. Bjelke-Petersen abandoned his bid for Prime Minister a month before the election. However, the damage had already been done. The end of the Coalition agreement led to a large number of three-cornered contests. Additionally, a number of swing voters outside Queensland were alarmed at the prospect of Bjelke-Petersen holding the balance of power, and voted for Labor in order to ensure that the Liberals and Nationals would be defeated. As a result, the Hawke Government was handily reelected, winning the most seats that Labor had ever won in an election.

Howard social agenda

In his social agenda, Howard promoted the traditional family and was antipathetic to the promotion of multiculturalism at the expense of a shared Australian identity.^[38] The controversial immigration policy, One Australia, outlined a vision of "one nation and one future" and opposed multiculturalism.^[33] Howard publicly suggested that to support "social cohesion" the rate of Asian immigration be "slowed down a little".^[39] The comments divided opinion within the Coalition, and undermined Howard's standing amongst Liberal party figures including federal and state Ministers, intellectual opinion makers, business leaders, and within the Asia Pacific. Three Liberal MPs crossed the floor and two abstained in response to motion put forward by Prime Minister Hawke to affirm that race or ethnicity would not be used as immigrant selection criteria. Many Liberals later nominated the issue as instrumental in Howard subsequently losing the leadership in 1989.^[40] In a 1995 newspaper article (and in 2002 as Prime Minister), Howard recanted his 1988 remarks on curbing Asian immigration.^[41][42]

In line with "One Australia's" rejection of Aboriginal land rights, Howard said the idea of an Aboriginal treaty was "repugnant to the ideals of One Australia"^[33] and commented "I don't think it is wrong, racist, immoral or anything, for a country to say 'we will decide what the cultural identity and the cultural destiny of this country will be and nobody else."^[43]

Loss of the leadership

As the country's economic position worsened in 1989, public opinion moved away from Labor, however there was no firm opinion poll lead for Howard or the Coalition.^[44] In February, Liberal Party president and prominent businessman, John Elliott, said confidentially to Andrew Peacock that he would support him in a leadership challenge against Howard,^[37] and in May a surprise leadership coup was launched, ousting Howard as Liberal leader. When asked that day whether he could become Liberal leader again, Howard likened it to "Lazarus with a triple bypass".^[45] The loss of the Liberal Party leadership to Peacock deeply affected Howard, who admitted he would occasionally drink too much.^[46] Declining Peacock's offer of Shadow Education, Howard went to the backbench and a new period of party disunity ensued. Howard served as Shadow Minister for Industry, Technology and Communications, Shadow Minister Assisting the Leader on the Public Service, Chairman of the Manpower and Labour Market Reform Group, Shadow Minister for Industrial Relations and Manager of Opposition Business in the House.

Following the Coalition's 1990 election loss, Howard considered challenging Peacock for the leadership, but didn't have enough support for a bid. Ultimately, Peacock resigned and was replaced with former Howard staffer John Hewson who defeated Peter Reith. Peacock supported Hewson with generational change which took Howard's name out.^[47] Howard was a supporter of Hewson's economic program, with a Goods and Services Tax (GST) as its centrepiece. After Hewson lost the "unloseable" 1993 election to Paul Keating, Howard unsuccessfully challenged Hewson for the leadership. In 1994, he was again passed over for the leadership, which went to Alexander Downer.

Second time as Leader of the Opposition (1995–96)

In January 1995, leaked internal Liberal Party polling showed that with gaffe-prone Downer as leader, the Coalition had slim chance of holding its marginal seats in the next election, let alone of winning government. Media speculation of a leadership spill ended when, on 26 January 1995, Downer resigned as Liberal Leader and Howard was elected unopposed to replace him.^[42] The Coalition subsequently opened a large lead over Labor in most opinion polls, and Howard overtook Paul Keating as preferred prime minister. Hoping to avoid a repeat of 1993, Howard revised his earlier statements against Medicare and Asian immigration, describing Australia as "a unique intersection between Europe, North America and Asia".^[15][41] This allowed Howard to focus on the economy and memory of the early 1990s recession, and on the longevity of the Labor government, which in 1996 had been in power for 13 years.

Prime Minister (1996–2007)

1996 election

First term, 1996–98

By the time the writs were issued for the 1996 election, the Coalition had been well ahead of Labor in opinion polls for over a year. The consensus of most opinion polls was that Howard would be the next prime minister.

With the support of many traditionally Labor voters—dubbed "Howard battlers"—Howard and the Liberal-National Coalition swept to power on the back of a 29-seat swing. This was the second-worst defeat of an incumbent government since Federation. The Coalition only picked up a five percent swing, which is usually not enough to cause a change of government. However, the Coalition took 13 seats off Labor in New South Wales, and won all but two seats in Queensland. The Liberals actually won a majority in their own right with 75 seats, the most that the party had ever won. It was only the third time (the others being 1975 and 1977) that the main non-Labor party has been even theoretically able to govern alone since the Coalition's formation. Nevertheless, Howard kept the Nationals in his government.

With a 45-seat majority—the second-biggest majority in Australian history (behind only Fraser's 55-seat majority in 1975)--Howard came into office in a strong position. By this time, as he put it, he had "very clear views on where I wanted to take the country".^[48] At the age of 56, he was sworn in as prime minister on 11 March 1996, ending a record 13 years of Coalition opposition.^[12] Howard departed from tradition and made his primary residence Kirribilli House in Sydney rather than The Lodge in Canberra.^[49]

Early in the term Howard had championed significant new restrictions on gun ownership following the Port Arthur massacre in which 35 people had been shot dead. Achieving agreement in the face of immense opposition from within the Coalition and some State governments, was credited with significantly elevating Howard's stature as prime minister despite a backlash from core Coalition rural constituents.^{[50][51][52][53]}

Howard's initial silence on the views of Pauline Hanson—a disendorsed Liberal Party candidate and later independent MP from the Brisbane area—was criticised in the press as an endorsement of her views.^[54] When Hanson had made derogatory statements about minorities, Howard not only canceled her Liberal endorsement, but declared she would not be allowed to sit as a Liberal if elected.^[55] In the aftermath of her controversial maiden speech to the House, however, Howard said that she was entitled to express her opinion, that many others would share it, and that to denounce her would "elevate it".^[48][56] Howard did repudiate Hanson's views seven months after her speech.^[54]

Following the Wik Decision of the High Court in 1996, the Howard government moved swiftly to legislate limitations on its possible implications through the so-called Ten-Point Plan.

From 1997, Howard spearheaded the Coalition push to introduce a Goods and Services Tax (GST) at the 1998 election. Before winning the Prime Ministership, Howard said that he considered the Coalition's defeat in 1993 to be a rejection of the GST, and as a result it would "never ever" be part of Coalition policy.^[57] A long held conviction of Howard's, his tax reform package was credited with "breaking the circuit" of party morale—boosting his confidence and direction, which had appeared to wane early in the Government's second term.^[58] The 1998 election was dubbed a "referendum on the GST", and the tax changes—including the GST—were implemented in the government's second term after amendments to the legislation were negotiated with the Australian Democrats to ensure its passage through the Senate.

Through much of its first term, opinion polling was disappointing for the government and its members at times feared being a "one-term wonder".^[48][59][60] The popularity of Pauline Hanson, and the new restrictions on gun ownership drew many traditionally Coalition voters away from the Howard government. Also unpopular with voters were large spending cuts aimed at eliminating the budget deficit (and Howard's distinction between "core" and "non-core" election promises when cutting spending commitments), industrial changes and the 1998 waterfront dispute, the partial sale of government telecommunications company Telstra, and the Government's commitment to a GST.

Howard called a snap election for October 1998, three months sooner than required. The Coalition actually lost the national two-party preferred vote to Labor, suffering a 14-seat swing. However, the uneven nature of the swing allowed Howard to win a second term in government, with a considerably reduced majority (from 45 seats to 12). Howard himself finished just short of a majority on the first count in his own seat, and was only assured of reelection on the ninth count. He ultimately finished with a fairly comfortable 56 percent of the two-party preferred vote.

Second term, 1998–2001

In 1998, Howard convened a Constitutional Convention which decided in principle that Australia should become a Republic. At the convention Howard confirmed himself as a monarchist, and said that of the Republican options, he preferred the minimalist model. Howard outlined his support for retaining the status quo on the basis that it had provided a long period of stability and whilst he said there was no question that Australia was a fully independent nation, he believed that the "separation of the ceremonial and executive functions of government" and the presence of a neutral "defender of constitutional integrity" was an advantage in government and that no republican model would be as effective in providing such an outcome as the Australian constitutional monarchy.^[61] Despite opinion polls suggesting Australians favoured a republic, a 1999 referendum rejected the model chosen by the convention.

Although new Indonesian President B.J. Habibie had some months earlier agreed to grant special autonomy to Indonesian-occupied East Timor, his subsequent snap decision for a referendum on the territory's independence triggered a Howard and Downer orchestrated shift in Australian policy. In September 1999, Howard organised an Australian-led international peace-keeping force to East Timor (INTERFET), after pro-Indonesia militia launched a violent "scorched-earth" campaign in retaliation to the referendum's overwhelming vote in favour of independence. The successful mission was widely supported by Australian voters, but the government was criticised for "foreign policy failure" following the violence and collapse of diplomatic relations with Indonesia. By Howard's fourth term, relations with Indonesia had recovered to include counter-terrorism cooperation and Australia's $1bn Boxing Day Tsunami relief efforts, and were assisted by good relations between Howard and Indonesian President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono.^[62][63]

Throughout his prime-ministership, Howard was resolute in his refusal to provide a parliamentary "apology" to Indigenous Australians as recommended by the 1997 "Bringing Them Home" Report. Howard argued this was inappropriate, because "Australians of this generation should not be required to accept guilt and blame for past actions and policies."^[64] Howard did offer this personal apology before the release of the Report: "I feel deep sorrow for those of my fellow Australians who suffered injustices under the practices of past generations towards indigenous people. Equally, I am sorry for the hurt and trauma many here today may continue to feel, as a consequence of these practices".^[65]

In 1999 Howard negotiated a "Motion of Reconciliation" with Aboriginal Senator Aden Ridgeway. Eschewing use of the word "sorry", the motion recognised mistreatment of Aborigines as the "most blemished chapter" in Australia's history; offered "deep and sincere regret" for past injustices.^[66] Following his 2007 loss of the prime ministership, Howard was the only living former prime minister who declined to attend the February 2008 apology made by Kevin Rudd with bi-partisan support.^[67]

Howard did not commit to serving a full term if he won the next election; on his 61st birthday in July 2000 he said he would consider the question of retirement when he turned 64.^[68] This was interpreted as boosting Costello's leadership aspirations, and the enmity over leadership and succession resurfaced publicly when Howard did not retire at the age of 64.^[69][70] In the first half of 2001, rising petrol prices, voter enmity over the implementation of the GST, a spike in inflation and economic slowdown led to bad opinion polls and predictions the Government would lose office in the election later that year.^[71] With Howard telling Cabinet he would not be "sacrificed on the pyre of ideological purity", the government announced a series of policy reversals and softenings which boosted the government's fortunes, as did news that the economy had avoided recession. Following the Liberal Party win at the Aston by-election, Howard said that the Coalition was "back in the game".^[71] The government's position on "border protection", in particular the Tampa affair where Howard refused the landing of asylum seekers rescued by a Norwegian freighter, consolidated the improving polls for the government, as did the 11 September 2001 attacks.^[72] Howard led the government to victory in the 2001 federal election with an increased majority.^[73][74][75]

Third term, 2001–04

Howard had first met US President George W. Bush in the days before the 11 September terrorist attacks and was in Washington the morning of the attacks.^[76] In response to the attacks, Howard invoked the ANZUS Treaty and said that the invocation of the treaty "demonstrates Australia's steadfast commitment to work with the United States." In October, he committed Australian military personnel to the war in Afghanistan. Howard developed a strong personal relationship with the President,^[77] and they shared often similar ideological positions – including on the role of the United States in world affairs and their approach to the "War on Terror". In May 2003, Howard made an overnight stay at Bush's Prairie Chapel Ranch in Texas, after which Bush said that Howard "...is not only a man of steel, he's showed the world he's a man of heart."^[78]

In April 2002, Howard was the first Australian prime minister to attend a royal funeral, that of Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother. In October Howard responded to the 2002 Bali bombing, in which 88 Australian citizens were killed, by calling on Australians to "wrap their arms around the people of Indonesia" and said that, while affected, Australia remained "strong and free and open and tolerant".^[79] Howard re-dedicated his government to the "War on Terror", saying the Bali bombing was proof that no country was "immune" to the effects of terrorism.

In March 2003, Australia joined the US-led "Multinational force in Iraq" in sending 2,000 troops and naval units to support in the invasion of Iraq. Howard said that the invasion to "disarm Iraq...is right, it is lawful, and it is in Australia's national interest." He later said that the decision to go into Iraq was the most difficult he made as prime minister.^[80] In response to the Australian participation in the invasion, there were large protests in Australian cities during March 2003, and Prime Minister Howard was heckled from the public gallery of Parliament House.^[81] While opinion polls showed that opposition to the war without UN backing was between 48 and 92 per cent,^[82] Howard remained preferred prime-minister over the Leader of the Opposition, Simon Crean, although his approval ratings were lower compared to before the war.^[83][84]

Throughout 2002 and 2003 Howard had increased his opinion poll lead over Labor Party leader, Simon Crean. In December 2003, Crean resigned after losing party support and Mark Latham was elected leader. Howard called an election for 9 October 2004. While the government was behind Labor in the opinion polls, Howard himself had a large lead over Latham as preferred prime minister. In the lead up to the election, Howard again did not commit to serving a full term.^[85] Howard campaigned on the theme of trust, asking: "Who do you trust to keep the economy strong, and protect family living standards? Who do you trust to keep interest rates low?"^[86] Howard attacked Latham's economic record as Mayor of Liverpool City Council and attacked Labor's economic history saying: "It is an historic fact that interest rates have always gone up under Labor governments over the last 30 years, because Labor governments spend more than they collect and drive budgets into deficit ... So it will be with a Latham Labor government... I will guarantee that interest rates are always going to be lower under a Coalition government."^[87] The election resulted in a five-seat swing to the Coalition, netting it a majority almost as large as in 1996. It also resulted the first, albeit slim, government majority in the Senate since 1981. For the second time since becoming prime minister, Howard came up short of a majority in the first count for his own seat. He was assured of reelection on the third count, ultimately winning 53.3 percent of the two-party preferred vote.^[88] On 21 December 2004, Howard overtook Bob Hawke to become the second longest-serving Australian prime minister after Sir Robert Menzies.^[89]

Fourth term, 2004–07

In 2006, with the government now controlling both houses of parliament for the first time since the Fraser era, industrial relations changes were enacted. Named "WorkChoices" and championed by Howard, they were intended to fundamentally change the employer-employee relationship. Opposed by a broad trade union campaign and antipathy within the electorate, WorkChoices was subsequently seen as a major factor in the government's 2007 election loss.^[90][91][92]

In April 2006, the government announced it had completely paid off the last of $96 billion of Commonwealth net debt inherited when it came to power in 1996.^[93] By 2007, Howard had been in office for 11 of the 15 years of consecutive annual growth enjoyed by the Australian economy. Unemployment had fallen from 8.1% at the start of his term to 4.1% in 2007,^[94][95] and average weekly earnings grew 24.4% in real terms.^[96] Howard often cited economic management as a strong point of the government, and during his Prime Ministership, opinion polling consistently showed that a majority of the electorate thought his government were better to handle the economy than the Opposition.^[97]

In 2006, Ian McLachlan and Peter Costello said that under a 1994 deal between Howard and Costello, Howard would serve one and a half terms as prime minister if the Coalition won the next election before stepping aside to allow Costello to take over. Howard denied that this constituted a deal;^{[98][99][100]} and there were calls for Costello to either challenge or quit.^[101][102] Citing strong party room support for him as leader, Howard stated later that month that he would remain to contest the 2007 election.^[103] Six weeks before the election, Howard said that, if elected, he would stand down during the next term, and anointed Costello as his successor.^[104] Costello commented, in 2007 while still in government, that "The Howard treasurership was not a success in terms of interest rates and inflation... he had not been a great reformer", and questioned Howard's account of his conflicts with the Prime Minister Fraser.^[105]

The Coalition trailed Labor in opinion polls from mid-2006 onward, but Howard still consistently led Labor leader Kim Beazley on the question of preferred Prime Minister – and was even described as a "revolutionary" in his opposition to unionism.^[106] In December 2006, after Kevin Rudd became Labor leader, the two-party preferred deficit widened even further and Rudd swiftly overtook Howard as preferred prime minister. Howard chaired APEC Australia 2007, culminating in the APEC Economic Leaders Meeting in Sydney during September.^[107] The meeting was at times overshadowed by further leadership speculation following continued poor poll results.^[108]

Howard supported the Bush administration's 2007 surge strategy in Iraq, and criticised Democrat US Presidential candidate Barack Obama for calling for a complete withdrawal of Coalition troops by March 2008. Howard said that such a withdrawal would deliver victory to terrorists and destabilise the Middle East: "If I was running al-Qaeda in Iraq, I would put a circle around March 2008 and pray, as many times as possible, for a victory not only for Obama, but also for the Democrats", he told the media. Obama called the criticism "empty rhetoric" and Labor attempted to censure Howard in Parliament.^[109]

2007 election

Leading up to the 24 November election, the Coalition had been behind Labor in the polls for almost two years, a margin that grew even larger after Rudd became opposition leader. In the election, Howard and his government were defeated, suffering a 23-seat swing to Labor, which was almost as large as the 29-seat swing that propelled him to power in 1996. Howard lost his seat of Bennelong to former journalist Maxine McKew by 44,685 votes (51.4 percent) to Howard's 42,251 (48.6 percent). The latest redistribution placed Bennelong right on the edge of seats Labor needed to win in order to make Rudd Prime Minister. The ABC actually listed Bennelong as a Labor gain on election night.^[110][111] However, the final result remained in doubt for a few days after the election. The final tally indicated that McKew defeated Howard on the 14th count due to a large flow of Green preferences to her; 3,793 (78.84 percent) of Green voters listed McKew as their second preference.^[112] Howard told a former colleague that losing Bennelong was a "silver lining in the thunder cloud of defeat" as it spared him the ignominy of opposition.^[113] Howard is the second Australian prime minister, after Stanley Bruce, to lose his seat in an election.^[114] He remained in office as caretaker prime minister until the formal swearing in of Rudd's government on 3 December.^[115]

By a matter of only a few minutes, Howard was the third-longest serving member of the House of Representatives at the time of his retirement. Alan Cadman, the member for the nearby seat of Mitchell, was also elected in 1974, but was sworn in before Howard. Only Philip Ruddock, who has represented three different seats in the Sydney area, had served longer than Cadman and Howard.

Federal Liberal Party director Brian Loughnane said "it was the failure of Kim Beazley's leadership that had masked voter concerns about Howard".^[116] Media analysis of The Australian Election Study, a postal survey of 1873 voters during the 2007 poll, found that although respondents respected Howard and thought he had won the 6-week election campaign, Howard was considered "at odds with public opinion on cut-through issues", his opponent had achieved the highest "likeability" rating in the survey's 20-year history, and a majority had decided their voting intention before the election campaign.^[117]

After politics (2007–present)

In January 2008, Howard signed with a prominent speaking agency called the Washington Speakers Bureau, joining Tony Blair, Colin Powell, Madeleine Albright, and others. He will be available for two speeches, Leadership in the New Century and The Global Economic Future.^[118]

The Australian and New Zealand cricket boards unsuccessfully nominated Howard as their candidate for president of the International Cricket Council.^[119] Howard is currently the chairman of the International Democrat Union, a body of international conservative political parties,^[120] and in 2008 was appointed a director of the foundation established to preserve the legacy of Donald Bradman.^[121]

Howard's autobiography Lazarus Rising: A Personal and Political Autobiography was released on 26 October 2010.^[122]

In 2014 Howard published The Menzies Era, concerning the premiership of Prime Minister Robert Menzies.^[123]

Howard was the subject of a lengthy interview series by The Australian columnist Janet Albrechtsen in 2014, which aired as a featured story on Seven Network's Sunday Night, and again in January 2015 as its own five part series on Sky News Australia entitled Howard Defined.^[124]

Titles, styles and honours

Titles and styles

• 26 July 1939 – 18 May 1974: Mr John Howard
• 18 May 1974 – 22 December 1975: Mr John Howard, MP
• 22 December 1975 – 24 November 2007: The Honourable John Howard, MP
• 24 November 2007 – 26 January 2008: The Honourable John Howard
• 26 January 2008 – 1 January 2012: The Honourable John Howard, AC
• 1 January 2012 – Present: The Honourable John Howard, OM, AC

Honours

Orders

• 26 January 2008: Companion of the Order of Australia (AC) "for distinguished service to the Parliament of Australia, particularly as prime minister and through contributions to economic and social policy reform, fostering and promoting Australia's interests internationally, and the development of significant philanthropic links between the business sector, arts and charitable organisations".^[125]
• 1 January 2012 Member of the Order of Merit (OM) by Her Majesty, Queen Elizabeth II.^[126]

Medals

• 1 January 2001 Centenary Medal.^[127]

Foreign honours

• 15 June 2005: Star of the Solomon Islands (SSI).^[128][129]
• 13 January 2009 Presidential Medal of Freedom by the President of the United States George W. Bush.^[130]
• 10 December 2013 Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun by the Japanese Government represented by Ambassador Yoshitaka Akimoto.^[131]

Organisations

• 26 January 1997: Australian Father of the Year
• 22 August 2005: Woodrow Wilson Award from the Woodrow Wilson Center of the U.S. Smithsonian Institution
• May 2006: Presidential Gold Medal from the B'nai B'rith International^[132]
• 5 March 2008: Irving Kristol Award from the American Enterprise Institute^[133]
• 6 April 2008: Common Wealth Award of Distinguished Service for services to Government^[134]
•  IOC Gold Olympic Order^[135]

Appointments

Academic degrees

• December 2008 – : Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Honorary Doctorate for "outstanding statesmanship and leading role on the world stage in promoting democracy and combating international terrorism" and his "remarkable understanding of, and exceptional support for, the State of Israel and his deep friendship with the Australian Jewish community".^[136]
• 14 February 2009 – : Bond University, Honorary doctorate^[137]
• April 2012 – : Macquarie University, Honorary Doctor of Letters^[138]

See also

• First Howard Ministry
• Second Howard Ministry
• Third Howard Ministry
• Fourth Howard Ministry

References

Bibliography

• Bell, Stephen (2004), Australia's Money Mandarins, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-83990-4 
• Garran, Robert (2004), True Believer: John Howard, George Bush and the American Alliance, Sydney, Australia: Allen & Unwin, ISBN 1-74114-418-3 
• Grattan, Michelle (2000), 'John Winston Howard', in Michelle Grattan (ed.), Australian Prime Ministers, New Holland, Frenchs Forest, New South Wales, Pages 436–463. ISBN 1-86436-756-3
• Kelly, Paul (1992, 1994), The End of Certainty: Power, Politics, and Business in Australia, Sydney, Australia: Allen & Unwin, ISBN 1-86373-757-X  Check date values in: |date= (help)
• Markus, Andrew (2001), Race: John Howard and the Remaking of Australia, Sydney, Australia: Allen & Unwin, ISBN 1-86448-866-2 
• Van Onselen, Peter; Errington, Wayne (2007), John Winston Howard: The Biography, Melbourne University Press, ISBN 978-0-522-85334-6 

Further reading

Publications

• Barnett, David; Goward, Pru (1997), John Howard, Prime Minister, Viking, ISBN 0-670-87389-6 
• Boucher, Geoff; Sharpe, Matthew (2008), The Times Will Suit Them: Postmodern Conservatism in Australia, Allen & Unwin, ISBN 978-1-74175-624-1 
• Cater, Nick (2006), The Howard Factor, Melbourne University Publishing, ISBN 0-522-85284-X 
• Errington, Wayne; Van Onselen, Peter (2007), John Winston Howard: The Biography, Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, ISBN 978-0-522-85334-6 
• Gulmanelli, Stefano. "John Howard and the ‘Anglospherist’ reshaping of Australia." Australian Journal of Political Science 49#4 (2014): 581-595.
• Hartcher, Peter (2009), To the Bitter End: The Dramatic Story of the Fall of John Howard and the Rise of Kevin Rudd, Crows Nest, NSW: Allen & Unwin, ISBN 978-1-74175-623-4 
• Kingston, Margo (June 2004), Not Happy, John! defending Australia's democracy, Penguin, ISBN 0-14-300258-9 
• Maddox, Marion (February 2005), God Under Howard: The rise of the religious right in Australian politics, St Leonards: Allen & Unwin, ISBN 1-74114-568-6 
• Markus, Andrew. Race: John Howard and the remaking of Australia (Allen and Unwin, 2001)
• Marr, David; Wilkinson, Marian (August 2005), Dark Victory, St Leonards: Allen & Unwin, ISBN 1-74114-447-7 
• Wesley, Michael (2007), The Howard Paradox: Australian Diplomacy in Asia 1996–2006, ABC Books, ISBN 978-0-7333-2078-1 

Websites

• Howard, John W. (4 February 2003), "Ministerial Statements: Iraq" (PDF), Hansard (Parliament of Australia), retrieved 25 June 2011 

External links

• Howard, John (1939–) National Library of Australia, Trove, People and Organisation record for John Howard
• Australia's Prime Ministers: John Howard National Archives of Australia

• Search or browse Hansard for John Howard at OpenAustralia.org
• John Howard addresses a joint session of parliament in Canada, the first Australian prime minister to do so since John Curtin in 1944.
• John Howard: A political life– a slideshow of John Howard's life
• ABC's Four Corners– Howard's End – video
• ABC's The Howard Years – video
• Past PMs Website
• Appearances on C-SPAN

Parliament of Australia
Preceded by John Cramer	Member for Bennelong 1974–2007	Succeeded by Maxine McKew
Political offices
Preceded by Bob Cotton as Minister for Consumer Affairs	Minister for Business and Consumer Affairs 1975–1977	Succeeded by Wal Fife
New office	Minister for Special Trade Negotiations 1977	Succeeded by Victor Garland as Minister for Special Trade Representations
Preceded by Phillip Lynch	Treasurer of Australia 1977–1983	Succeeded by Paul Keating
Preceded by Andrew Peacock	Leader of the Opposition 1985–1989	Succeeded by Andrew Peacock
Preceded by Alexander Downer	Leader of the Opposition 1995–1996	Succeeded by Kim Beazley
Preceded by Paul Keating	Prime Minister of Australia 1996–2007	Succeeded by Kevin Rudd
Party political offices
Preceded by Phillip Lynch	Deputy Leader of the Liberal Party of Australia 1982–1985	Succeeded by Neil Brown
Preceded by Andrew Peacock	Leader of the Liberal Party of Australia 1985–1989	Succeeded by Andrew Peacock
Preceded by Alexander Downer	Leader of the Liberal Party of Australia 1995–2007	Succeeded by Brendan Nelson
Diplomatic posts
Preceded by Thabo Mbeki	Chairperson of the Commonwealth of Nations 2002–2003	Succeeded by Olusegun Obasanjo

Prime Ministers of Australia Edmund Barton Alfred Deakin Chris Watson George Reid Alfred Deakin Andrew Fisher Alfred Deakin Andrew Fisher Joseph Cook Andrew Fisher Billy Hughes Stanley Bruce James Scullin Joseph Lyons Earle Page Robert Menzies Arthur Fadden John Curtin Frank Forde Ben Chifley Robert Menzies Harold Holt John McEwen John Gorton William McMahon Gough Whitlam Malcolm Fraser Bob Hawke Paul Keating John Howard Kevin Rudd Julia Gillard Kevin Rudd Tony Abbott Malcolm Turnbull

Liberal Party of Australia Leaders Robert Menzies Harold Holt John Gorton William McMahon Billy Snedden Malcolm Fraser Andrew Peacock John Howard Andrew Peacock John Hewson Alexander Downer John Howard Brendan Nelson Malcolm Turnbull Tony Abbott Malcolm Turnbull Deputy leaders Eric Harrison Harold Holt William McMahon John Gorton Billy Snedden Phillip Lynch John Howard Neil Brown Andrew Peacock Fred Chaney Peter Reith Michael Wooldridge Peter Costello Julie Bishop Ministries Menzies 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Holt 1 2 Gorton 1 2 McMahon Fraser 1 2 3 4 Howard 1 2 3 4 Abbott Turnbull Shadow cabinets Downer Nelson Turnbull Abbott Leadership contests 1989 1990 1994 1995 2007 2008 2009 February 2015 September 2015 Organisations Coalition Liberal National Party (QLD) Country Liberal Party (NT) Liberal Party (NSW) Liberal Party (SA) Young Liberals (WA, SA) Ginger Group Lyons Forum Menzies Research Centre History Protectionist Party Free Trade Party Commonwealth Liberal Party National Labor Party Nationalist Party of Australia Liberal Union Australian Party United Australia Party

Leaders of the Liberal Party of Australia Menzies Holt Gorton McMahon Snedden Fraser Peacock Howard Peacock Hewson Downer Howard Nelson Turnbull Abbott Turnbull

Chairpersons-in-Office of the Commonwealth of Nations Thabo Mbeki John Howard Olusegun Obasanjo Lawrence Gonzi Yoweri Museveni Patrick Manning Kamla Persad-Bissessar Julia Gillard Kevin Rudd Tony Abbott Mahinda Rajapaksa Maithripala Sirisena Joseph Muscat (Incumbent)

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