John Gardner (American writer)

Not to be confused with John Gardner (British writer)

John Gardner
Gardner in 1977
Born	John Champlin Gardner Jr. (1933-07-21)July 21, 1933 Batavia, New York
Died	September 14, 1982(1982-09-14) (aged 49) Susquehanna County, Pennsylvania
Occupation	Novelist, essayist, literary critic, professor
Citizenship	United States
Alma mater	Washington University in St. Louis
Notable works	Grendel, The Sunlight Dialogues, On Moral Fiction
Spouse	Joan Louise Patterson (1953-1980), Liz Rosenberg (1980-1982)

John Champlin Gardner Jr. (July 21, 1933 – September 14, 1982) was an American novelist, essayist, literary critic and university professor. He is perhaps most noted for his novel Grendel, a retelling of the Beowulf myth from the monster's point of view.

Early life and education

Gardner was born in Batavia, New York. His father was a lay preacher and dairy farmer, and his mother taught English at a local school. Both parents were fond of Shakespeare and often recited literature together. He was active in the Boy Scouts of America and made Eagle Scout. As a child, Gardner attended public school and worked on his father's farm, where, in April 1945, his younger brother Gilbert was killed in an accident with a cultipacker. Gardner, who was driving the tractor during the fatal accident, carried guilt for his brother's death throughout his life, suffering nightmares and flashbacks. The incident informed much of Gardner's fiction and criticism — most directly in the 1977 short story "Redemption," which included a fictionalized recounting of the accident.^[1]

Gardner began his university education at DePauw University, but received his undergraduate degree from Washington University in St. Louis in 1955. He received his M.A. & PhD. in 1958 from the University of Iowa.^[2] He was Distinguished Visiting Professor at the University of Detroit in 1970 or 1971.^[3]

Fiction

Gardner's best known novels include: The Sunlight Dialogues, about a brooding, disenchanted policeman who is asked to engage a madman fluent in classical mythology; Grendel, a retelling of the Beowulf legend from the monster's point of view with a philosophical underlying; and October Light, about an aging and embittered brother and sister living and feuding together in rural Vermont. This last novel won the National Book Critics Circle Award in 1976.^[4]

Teaching and criticism

Gardner was a lifelong teacher of fiction writing. He was a favorite at the Bread Loaf Writers' Conference.^[5] His two books on the craft of writing fiction—The Art of Fiction and On Becoming a Novelist—are considered classics. He was famously obsessive with his work, and acquired a reputation for advanced craft, smooth rhythms, and careful attention to the continuity of the fictive dream. At one level or another, his books nearly always touched on the redemptive power of art.

In 1978, Gardner's book of literary criticism, On Moral Fiction, sparked a controversy that excited the mainstream media, vaulting Gardner into the spotlight with an interview on The Dick Cavett Show (May 16, 1978) and a cover story on The New York Times Magazine (July, 1979).^[6] His judgments of contemporary authors—including such luminaries of American fiction as John Updike and John Barth—which could be termed either direct, courageous, or unflattering, depending on one's perspective, harmed his relations with many in the publishing industry. Gardner claimed that lingering animosity from critics of this book led to the lukewarm critical reception of his final novel, Mickelsson's Ghosts. What was seemingly lost in the furor over On Moral Fiction was Gardner's central thesis: that fiction should be moral. Gardner meant "moral" not in the sense of narrow religious or cultural "morality," but rather that fiction should aspire to discover those human values that are universally sustaining. Gardner felt that few contemporary authors were "moral" in this sense, but instead indulged in "winking, mugging despair" (to quote his assessment of Thomas Pynchon) or trendy nihilism in which Gardner felt they did not honestly believe.^[7] Gore Vidal found the book, as well as Gardner's novels, sanctimonious and pedantic, and he called Gardner the "late apostle to the lowbrows, a sort of Christian evangelical who saw Heaven as a paradigmatic American university."^[8]

Gardner inspired and, according to Raymond Carver, also intimidated his writing students. At Chico State University, when Carver, who was almost five years younger, mentioned to Gardner that he had read but not liked the assigned short story, Robert Penn Warren's "Blackberry Winter," Gardner said, "You'd better read it again." "And he wasn't joking", said Carver, who related this anecdote in his foreword to Gardner's book On Becoming a Novelist. In that foreword, he makes it clear how much he respected Gardner and also relates his extraordinary kindness.

Gardner taught at Southern Illinois University at Carbondale, and spent the years before his death as a professor at Harpur College of Binghamton University.^[5]

Scholarship

In 1977, Gardner published The Life and Times of Chaucer. In a review in the October 1977 issue of Speculum, Sumner J. Ferris pointed to several passages that were allegedly lifted either in whole or in part from work by other authors without proper citation. Ferris charitably suggested that Gardner had published the book too hastily, but on April 10, 1978, reviewer Peter Prescott, writing in Newsweek, cited the Speculum article and accused Gardner of plagiarism, insinuations that were met by Gardner "with a sigh."^[9]

Cancer

On December 10, 1977, Gardner was hospitalized with colon cancer. He remained in Johns Hopkins Hospital for about a month and a half.

Family life

Gardner married Joan Louise Patterson on June 6, 1953; the marriage, which produced children, ended in divorce in 1980.^[5] Gardner then married the poet Liz Rosenberg in 1980, but this marriage also ended in divorce in 1982.^[2]

Death

Gardner was killed in a motorcycle accident about two miles from his home in Susquehanna County, Pennsylvania on Tuesday, September 14, 1982. State Police said that at about 2:30 pm Gardner completed a curve on Route 92 about 3 mi (4.8 km) north of Oakland, when he lost control of his 1979 Harley-Davidson, went into the dirt shoulder, and then was thrown from the motorcycle. He was pronounced dead at Barnes-Kasson Hospital in Susquehanna.^[10][11] Gardner's fiancée, Susan Thornton, stated that Gardner had been drinking the night before the accident.^[12] An autopsy revealed Gardner had a blood alcohol level of 0.075; the legal limit for driving at the time was 0.08.^[12] Thornton also mentioned exhaustion from overwork as a contributing factor, and that the curve on Route 92 had been freshly-oiled gravel.^[12]:267 The crash was four days before his planned marriage to Thornton.^[12]:269 He was buried next to his brother Gilbert in Batavia's Grandview Cemetery.

Works

Fiction

• The Resurrection. New American Library, 1966; Vintage Books, 1987, ISBN 978-0-394-73250-3
• The Wreckage of Agathon. Harper & Row, 1970; Dutton, 1985, ISBN 978-0-525-48180-5
• Grendel. New York: Vintage Books, 1971, illustrated by Emil Antonucci, ISBN 0-679-72311-0
• The Sunlight Dialogues. Knopf, 1972, ISBN 978-0-394-47144-0; reprint New Directions Publishing, 2006, ISBN 0-8112-1670-5
• Jason and Medeia. Knopf, 1973, ISBN 978-0-394-48317-7; Vintage Books, 1986, ISBN 978-0-394-74060-7
• Nickel Mountain: A Pastoral Novel. Knopf. 1973. ISBN 978-0-394-48883-7. ; reprint New Directions Publishing, 2007, ISBN 978-0-8112-1678-4
• The King's Indian. Knopf, 1974, ISBN 978-0-394-49221-6; reissue Ballantine Books, 1983, ISBN 978-0-345-30372-1
• October Light. Knopf. 1976. ISBN 978-0-394-49912-3. ; reprint New Directions Publishing, 2005, ISBN 978-0-8112-1637-1
• In the Suicide Mountains. Knopf, 1977, ISBN 978-0-394-41880-3
• Vlemk the Box Painter. Lord John Press, 1979, ISBN 978-0-935716-02-3
• Freddy's Book. Knopf, 1980, ISBN 978-0-394-50920-4; White Pine Press, 2007, ISBN 978-1-893996-84-7
• The Art of Living and Other Stories. Knopf, 1981; reprint, Vintage Books, 1989, ISBN 978-0-679-72350-9
• Mickelsson's Ghosts. Knopf, 1982, ISBN 978-0-394-50468-1; reprint New Directions Publishing, 2008, ISBN 978-0-8112-1679-1
• Stillness and Shadows. Knopf, 1986, ISBN 978-0-394-54402-1.

Biography

• The Life and Times of Chaucer. Knopf. 1977. ISBN 978-0-394-49317-6. ; reprint Barnes & Noble Publishing, 1999, ISBN 978-0-7607-1281-8

Poems

• Poems, Lord John Press, 1978

Children's stories

• Dragon, Dragon (and Other Tales). Knopf, 1975; Bantam Books, 1979, ISBN 978-0-553-15067-4
• Gudgekin The Thistle Girl (and Other Tales). Knopf, 1976, ISBN 978-0-394-83276-0
• The King of the Hummingbirds (and Other Tales). Knopf, 1977, ISBN 978-0-394-83319-4
• A Child's Bestiary. Knopf, 1977, ISBN 978-0-394-83483-2

Criticism and Instruction

• The Forms of Fiction (1962)
• The Construction of the Wakefield Cycle (1974)
• The Poetry of Chaucer (1977)
• On Moral Fiction, Basic Books, 1979, ISBN 978-0-465-05226-4
• On Becoming a Novelist (1983)
• The Art of Fiction (1983)

Translation

• The Complete Works of the Gawain Poet (1965)
• The Alliterative Morte Arthure and Other Middle English Poems (1971)
• Tengu Child0 (with Nobuko Tsukui) (1983)
• Gilgamesh (with John Maier, Richard A. Henshaw) (1984)

Essays and reviews

• On Writers and Writing. Addison-Wesley Pub. Co. 1994. ISBN 978-0-201-62672-8. ; reprint Westview Press, 1995, ISBN 978-0-201-48338-3

Further reading

• John Michael Howell (1993). Understanding John Gardner. University of South Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0-87249-872-3. 
• Barry Silesky (2004). John Gardner: literary outlaw. Algonquin Books. ISBN 978-1-56512-218-5. 

References

External links

• "The Arch and the Abyss: A John C. Gardner Resource". Genesee Community College. April 9, 2007. Retrieved October 31, 2010. 
• Paul F. Ferguson, John R. Maier, Sara Matthiessen, Frank McConnell (Spring 1979). "John Gardner, The Art of Fiction No. 73". The Paris Review. 
• "Audio Interview with John C. Gardner", Wired for Books
• "Thirty years Later: A Conversation on John Gardner (with Joel Gardner). March 2012.
• Audio interview of John Gardner by Stephen Banker, circa 1978