Jiangxi

Jiangxi Province
江西省
Province
Name transcription(s)
 • Chinese 江西省 (Jiāngxī Shěng)
 • Abbreviation simplified Chinese: 赣; traditional Chinese: 贛 (pinyin: Gàn
Kōm (Gan))
 • Gan Kongsi
 • Hakka Pinyim Gong1 Si1 Sen3
Map showing the location of Jiangxi Province
Map showing the location of Jiangxi Province
Coordinates: 27°18′N 116°00′E / 27.3°N 116.0°E / 27.3; 116.0Coordinates: 27°18′N 116°00′E / 27.3°N 116.0°E / 27.3; 116.0
Named for Contraction of:
江南西; Jiāngnán Xī
"The western Jiangnan"
Capital
(and largest city)		 Nanchang
Divisions 11 prefectures, 99 counties, 1549 townships
Government
 • Secretary Qiang Wei
 • Governor Lu Xinshe
Area
 • Total 166,900 km2 (64,400 sq mi)
Area rank 18th
Population (2013)[1]
 • Total 45,200,000
 • Rank 13th
 • Density 270/km2 (700/sq mi)
 • Density rank 16th
Demographics
 • Ethnic composition Han – 99.7%
She – 0.2%
 • Languages and dialects Gan, Hakka, Huizhou, Wu, Jianghuai Mandarin
ISO 3166 code CN-36
GDP (2014) CNY 1,570.9 billion
US$ 255.71 million (19th)
 • per capita CNY 34,754
US$ 5,657 (24th)
HDI (2010) 0.662[2] (medium) (24th)
Website http://www.jiangxi.gov.cn/
(Chinese)
Jiangxi
Chinese 江西
Postal Kiangsi
Literal meaning "Western Jiang[nan]"

Jiangxi (Chinese: 江西; pinyin:  Jiāngxī; Wade–Giles: Chiang1-hsi1; Gan: Kongsi) is a province in the People's Republic of China, located in the southeast of the country. Spanning from the banks of the Yangtze river in the north into hillier areas in the south and east, it shares a border with Anhui to the north, Zhejiang to the northeast, Fujian to the east, Guangdong to the south, Hunan to the west, and Hubei to the northwest.[3]

The name "Jiangxi" derives from the circuit administrated under the Tang dynasty in 733, Jiangnanxidao (江南西道, Circuit of Western Jiangnan; Gan: Kongnomsitau).[4] The short name for Jiangxi is 赣 (pinyin: Gàn; Gan: Gōm), for the Gan River which runs across from the south to the north and flows into the Yangtze River. Jiangxi is also alternately called Ganpo Dadi (贛鄱大地) which literally means the "Great Land of Gan and Po".

History

Main article: History of Jiangxi

Jiangxi is centered on the Gan River valley, which historically provided the main north-south transport route of south China. The corridor along the Gan River is one of the few easily traveled routes through the otherwise mountainous and rugged terrain of the south-eastern mountains. This open corridor was the primary route for trade and communication between the North China Plain and the Yangtze River valley in the north and the territory of modern Guangdong province in the south. As a result, Jiangxi has been strategically important throughout much of China's history.

Jiangxi was outside the sphere of influence of early Chinese civilization during the Shang dynasty (16th to 11th centuries BC). It is likely that peoples collectively known as the Baiyue inhabited the region. During the Spring and Autumn period, the northern part of modern Jiangxi formed the western frontier of the state of Wu. After Wu was conquered by the state of Yue (a power based in modern northern Zhejiang) in 473 BC, the state of Chu (based in modern Hubei) took over northern Jiangxi and there may have been some Yue influence in the south. Chu subjugated Yue in 333 BC. In 223 BC, when Qin conquered Chu, majority of Jiangxi area was recorded to be put under Jiujiang Commandary situated in Shouchun (壽春).[5] However the commandary was ineffective and ended shortly when Qin falls.

Yuzhang Commandery (豫章, Gan: Ì-zong) was established in Jiangxi at the beginning of the Han dynasty, possibly before the death of Xiang Yu in 202 BC, and it's also the very first commandery set up by Chinese dynasty in Jiangxi. It was named after the Yuzhang River (豫章江, Gan: Ì-zong Kong), the original name of Gan River. "Gan" has become the abbreviation of the province. In 201, eight counties were added to the original seven of Qin, and three more were established in later years. Throughout most of the Han dynasty the commandery's eighteen counties covered most of the modern province of Jiangxi. The county seats of Nanchang, Gan, Yudu, Luling among others were located at the sites of modern major cities. Other counties, however, have been moved or abolished in later centuries.

Under the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han dynasty, Yuzhang Commandery was assigned to Yangzhou Province, as part of a trend to establish provinces (zhou) all across China. In 291 AD, during the Western Jin dynasty, Jiangxi became its own Zhou called Jiangzhou (江州, Gan: Kong-chiu). During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, Jiangxi was under the control of the southern dynasties, and the number of zhou slowly grew.

During the Sui dynasty, there were seven commanderies and twenty-four counties in Jiangxi. During the Tang dynasty, another commandery and fourteen counties were added. Commanderies were then abolished, becoming zhou (henceforth translated as "prefectures" rather than "provinces").

Circuits were established during the Tang dynasty as a new top-level administrative division. At first Jiangxi was part of the Jiangnan Circuit (lit. "Circuit south of the Yangtze"). In 733, this circuit was divided into western and eastern halves. Jiangxi was found in the western half, which was called Jiangnanxi Circuit (lit. "Western circuits south of the Yangtze"). This is the source of the modern name "Jiangxi".

The Tang dynasty collapsed in 907, heralding the division of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. Jiangxi first belonged to Wu (吳, Gan: Ng), then to Southern Tang (南唐, Gan: Nām-thóng). Both states were based in modern-day Nanjing, further down the Yangtze River.

During the Song dynasty, Jiangnanxi Circuit was reestablished with nine prefectures and four army districts (with sixty-eight districts).

During the Yuan dynasty, the circuit was divided into thirteen different circuits, and Jiangxi Province was established for the first time. This province also included the majority of modern Guangdong. Jiangxi acquired (more or less) its modern borders during the Ming dynasty after Guangdong was separated out. There has been little change to the borders of Jiangxi since.

After the fall of the Qing dynasty, Jiangxi became one of the earliest bases for the Communists and many peasants were recruited to join the growing people's revolution. The Nanchang Uprising took place in Jiangxi on August 1, 1927, during the Chinese Civil War. Later the Communist leadership hid in the mountains of southern and western Jiangxi, hiding from the Kuomindang's attempts to eradicate them. In 1931, the Chinese Soviet Republic's government was established in Ruijin, which is sometimes called the "Former Red Capital" (红色故都, Gan: Fūng-set Kū-tu), or just the "Red Capital". In 1935, after complete encirclement by the Nationalist forces, the Communists broke through and began the Long March to Yan'an.

Geography

Nanchang City
Xinyu City
Pingxiang City

Mountains surround Jiangxi on three sides, with the Mufu Mountains, Jiuling Mountains, and Luoxiao Mountains on the west; Huaiyu Mountains and Wuyi Mountains on the east; and the Jiulian Mountains (九连山) and Dayu Mountains in the south. The southern half of the province is hilly with ranges and valleys interspersed; while the northern half is flatter and lower in altitude. The highest point in Jiangxi is Mount Huanggang (黄岗山) in the Wuyi Mountains, on the border with Fujian. It has an altitude of 2,157 metres (7,077 ft).

The Gan River dominates the province, flowing through the entire length of the province from south to north. It enters Lake Poyang in the north, the largest freshwater lake of China; that lake in turn empties into the Yangtze River, which forms part of the northern border of Jiangxi. Important reservoirs include the Xiushui Tuolin Reservoir in the northwest of the province on the Xiushui River, and the Wan'an Reservoir(zh) in the upper section of the Gan.

Jiangxi has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa under the Köppen climate classification), with short, cool, damp winters, and very hot, humid summers. Average temperatures are about 3 to 9 °C (37 to 48 °F) in January and 27 to 30 °C (81 to 86 °F) in July. Annual precipitation is 1,200 to 1,900 millimetres (47 to 75 in), much of it falling in the heavy rains occurring in late spring and summer.

Nanchang, the provincial capital and the most densely populated city, is one of the largest Chinese metropolises. Nanchang is the hub of Jiangxi civilization throughout its history, which plays a leading role in the commercial, intellectual and industrial and political fields.[6] While Ganzhou is the largest subdivision of Jiangxi.

Major cities:

Administrative divisions

Jiangxi is divided into eleven prefecture-level divisions: all prefecture-level cities:

Administrative divisions of Jiangxi
№ Division code[7] English name Chinese Pinyin Area in km2[8] Population 2010[9] Seat Divisions[10]
Districts Counties CL cities
  360000 Jiangxi 江西省 Jiāngxī Shěng 166900.00 44,567,475 Nanchang 23 68 10
1 360100 Nanchang 南昌市 Nánchāng Shì 7432.18 5,042,565 Donghu District 6 3
5 360200 Jingdezhen 景德镇市 Jǐngdézhèn Shì 5256.23 1,587,477 Changjiang District 3 1 1
7 360300 Pingxiang 萍乡市 Píngxiāng Shì 3823.99 1,854,510 Anyuan District 2 3
6 360400 Jiujiang 九江市 Jiǔjiāng Shì 18796.79 4,728,763 Xunyang District 2 9 2
9 360500 Xinyu 新余市 Xīnyú Shì 3177.68 1,138,873 Yushui District 1 1
11 360600 Yingtan 鹰潭市 Yīngtán Shì 3556.74 1,124,906 Yuehu District 1 1 1
3 360700 Ganzhou 赣州市 Gànzhōu Shì 39317.14 8,368,440 Zhanggong District 2 15 1
4 360800 Ji'an 吉安市 Jí'ān Shì 25283.80 4,810,340 Jizhou District 2 10 1
10 360900 Yichun 宜春市 Yíchūn Shì 18637.67 5,419,575 Yuanzhou District 1 6 3
2 361000 Fuzhou 抚州市 Fǔzhōu Shì 18811.12 3,912,312 Linchuan District 1 10
8 361100 Shangrao 上饶市 Shàngráo Shì 22826.04 6,579,714 Xinzhou District 2 9 1

The eleven prefecture-level divisions of Jiangxi are subdivided into 100 county-level divisions (22 districts, 10 county-level cities, and 68 counties). Those in turn are divided into 1548 township-level divisions (770 towns, 651 townships, seven ethnic townships, and 120 subdistricts).

See List of administrative divisions of Jiangxi for a complete list of county-level divisions.

Politics

The Politics of Jiangxi is structured in a dual party-government system like all other governing institutions in mainland China.

The Governor of Jiangxi is the highest-ranking official in the People's Government of Jiangxi. However, in the province's dual party-government governing system, the Governor has less power than the Jiangxi Communist Party of China Provincial Committee Secretary, colloquially termed the "Jiangxi CPC Party Chief".

Economy

Rice is the dominant crop in Jiangxi. Cash crops commonly grown include cotton and rapeseed. Jiangxi is the leading producer of kumquats in China, particularly Suichuan County.[11]

Jiangxi is rich in mineral resources, leading the provinces of China in deposits of copper, tungsten, gold, silver, uranium, thorium, tantalum, niobium, among others. Noted centers of mining include Dexing (copper) and Dayu County (tungsten).

Jiangxi is a rather poor province when compared to its neighboring provinces. It is located in extreme proximity to some of the richest provinces of China (Guangdong, Zhejiang, Fujian), which are sometimes blamed for taking away talent and capital from Jiangxi.[12]

Jiangxi has the lowest wages and third lowest property prices in all of China.[12] Jiangxi's nominal GDP for 2011 was 1158.3 billion yuan (183.8 billion USD) and a per capita of 17,248 RMB (2,525USD).

Economic and technological development zones

Nanchang National Export Expressing Zone is located in NanChang Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone, it was approved by the State Council on May 8, 2006, and passed the national acceptance inspection on Sep 7th, 2007. It has a planning area of 1 km2 and now has built 0.31 km2. It enjoys simple and convenient customs clearances,and special preferential policies both for Nanchang National Export Expressing Zone and NCHDZ.[13]

Nanchang National High-tech Industrial Development Zone (NCHDZ for short hereafter) is the only national grade high-tech zoned in Jiangxi, it was established in Mar. 1991. The zone covers an area of 231 km2 (89 sq mi), in which 32 km2 (12 sq mi) have been completed. NCHDZ possesses unique nature condition and sound industry foundation of accepting electronics industry. NCHDZ has brought 25% industrial added value and 50% industrial benefit and tax to Nanchang city by using only 0.4% land area.[14]

Demographics

She ethnic townships in Jiangxi

The population of Jiangxi is approximately 39.66 million.[16] 99.73% of that is Han Chinese, predominantly Gan and Hakka. Ganzhou, Jiangxi's largest city, has an especially large number of Hakka. Ethnic minorities include Hui and Zhuang.

Jiangxi and Henan both have the most unbalanced gender ratios of all Chinese provinces. Based on a 2009 British Medical Journal study, the ratio is over 140 boys for every 100 girls in the 1-4 age group.[17]

Religion

Religion in Jiangxi[18][note 1] (73.64%)

The predominant religions in Jiangxi are Chinese folk religions, Taoist traditions and Chinese Buddhism. According to surveys conducted in 2007 and 2009, 24.05% of the population believes and is involved in cults of ancestors, while 2.31% of the population identifies as Christian.[18]

The reports didn't give figures for other types of religion; 73.64% of the population may be either irreligious or involved in worship of nature deities, Buddhism, Confucianism, Taoism, folk religious sects.

Altar of Shangdi and Doumu at the Chengxu Temple (Taoist) in Zhouzhuang.
Youmin Buddhist Temple in Nanchong.

Culture

Porcelain workshop in Jingdezhen.

Jiangxi is the main area of concentration of the Gan varieties of Chinese, spoken over most of the northern two-thirds of the province. Examples include the Nanchang dialect, Yichun dialect and Ji'an dialect. The southern one-third of the province speaks Hakka. There are also Mandarin, Huizhou, and Wu dialects spoken along the northern border.

Ganju (Jiangxi opera) is the type of Chinese opera performed in Jiangxi.

Although little known outside of the province, Jiangxi cuisine is rich and distinctive. Flavors are some of the strongest in China, with heavy use of chili peppers and especially pickled and fermented products.

Jingdezhen is widely regarded as the producer of the best porcelain in China.

Jiangxi also was a historical center of Chan Buddhism.

Prominent examples of Hakka architecture can be found in Jiangxi.

Transportation

As of January 2015, Jiangxi had two Yangtze River crossings, both in Jiujiang.

Rail

The Beijing–Kowloon Railway and Shanghai–Kunming Railway crisscross the province and intersect at Nanchang, which also has a high-speed rail link to Jiujiang. In addition, Jiangxi is connected by rail to Anhui Province via the Anhui–Jiangxi and Tongling–Jiujiang Railways; to Hubei via the Wuhan–Jiujiang Railway; and to Fujian via the Yingtan–Xiamen, Hengfeng–Nanping, Ganzhou–Longyan and Xiangtang–Putian Railways.

Tourism

The mountain peaks of Lushan National Park.

Near the northern port city of Jiujiang lies the well-known resort area of Mount Lu. Also near the city are the Donglin (East Wood) Temple and the Tiefo (Iron Buddha) Temple (铁佛寺), two important Buddhist temples.

Near the small city of Yingtan is the resort area of Longhushan, which purports to be the birthplace of Taoism and hence has great symbolic value to Taoists. The region has many temples, cave complexes, mountains and villages.

The Lushan National Park has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1996.

In 2007, Jiangxi (specifically the Zhelin Reservoir, about 40 kilometres (25 mi) from Nanchang) was the filming location for the fifteenth series of the American TV show Survivor.

Flora and fauna

The mountainous terrain and large forest coverage of Jiangxi has made it historically one of the more wild places of central China. South China tigers have been seen as recently as fifteen or twenty years ago and projects are underway to document evidence of existing tigers, if there are any. Several mountain areas along the northern border with Hunan and Hubei are potential sites for "wilderness" preserves specifically for protecting or even reintroducing tigers.

Other wildlife, though not plentiful, are more numerous in Jiangxi than in many other developed areas of China. Numerous species of birds are common, especially around the marshes of Lake Poyang in the north. Though protected, mammals such as muntjac, wild boar, civet cats, and pangolins, are still common enough that they'll even occasionally be seen in markets for sale as game meat, or possibly even in a forest.

The late Paleocene mesonychid, Jiangxia chaotoensis was found in the province, and named after it.

Education

Colleges and universities

Twinnings

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ The data was collected by the Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS) of 2009 and by the Chinese Spiritual Life Survey (CSLS) of 2007, reported and assembled by Xiuhua Wang (2015)[18] in order to confront the proportion of people identifying with two similar social structures: ① Christian churches, and ② the traditional Chinese religion of the lineage (i. e. people believing and worshipping ancestral deities often organised into lineage "churches" and ancestral shrines). Data for other religions with a significant presence in China (deity cults, Buddhism, Taoism, folk religious sects, Islam, et. al.) was not reported by Wang.</ref>
      Christianity (2.31%)
      Other religions or not religious people<ref group='note'>This may include:

References

  1. ↑ "Communiqué of the National Bureau of Statistics of People's Republic of China on Major Figures of the 2010 Population Census [1] (No. 2)". National Bureau of Statistics of China. 29 April 2011. Retrieved 4 August 2013.
  2. ↑ 《2013中国人类发展报告》 (PDF) (in Chinese). United Nations Development Programme China. 2013. Retrieved 2014-05-14.
  3. ↑ "www.ctoptravel.com". www.ctoptravel.com. Retrieved 2012-12-24.
  4. ↑ (Chinese) Origin of the Names of China's Provinces, People's Daily Online.
  5. ↑ http://218.65.88.149:8080/was40/detail?record=1&primarykeyvalue=%E9%A2%98%E5%90%8D%3D%E8%B1%AB%E7%AB%A0%E6%95%85%E9%83%A1&channelid=7274
  6. ↑ "www.china.com.cn". China.com.cn. 2008-11-26. Retrieved 2012-12-24.
  7. ↑ "中华人民共和国县以上行政区划代码". 中华人民共和国民政部.
  8. ↑ 深圳市统计局. 《深圳统计年鉴2014》. 深圳统计网 (中国统计出版社). Retrieved 2015-05-29.
  9. ↑ shi, Guo wu yuan ren kou pu cha ban gong; council, Guo jia tong ji ju ren kou he jiu ye tong ji si bian = Tabulation on the 2010 population census of the people's republic of China by township / compiled by Population census office under the state; population, Department of; statistics, employment statistics national bureau of (2012). Zhongguo 2010 nian ren kou pu cha fen xiang, zhen, jie dao zi liao (Di 1 ban. ed.). Beijing Shi: Zhongguo tong ji chu ban she. ISBN 978-7-5037-6660-2.
  10. ↑ 中华人民共和国民政部 (2014.08). 《中国民政统计年鉴2014》. 中国统计出版社. ISBN 978-7-5037-7130-9. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  11. ↑ Zhonghua quan guo min zhu fu nü lian he hui (1988). Chung-kuo fu nü. Foreign Language Press. Retrieved 16 June 2011.
  12. 1 2 "Jiangxi Province: Economic News and Statistics for Jiangxi's Economy". Thechinaperspective.com. Retrieved 2012-12-24.
  13. ↑ "Nanchang Export Processing Zone". RightSite.asia. Retrieved 2012-12-24.
  14. ↑ "Nanchang High-Tech Industrial Development Zone". RightSite.asia. Retrieved 2012-12-24.
  15. ↑ "Nanchang Economic & Technological Development Zone". RightSite.asia. Retrieved 2012-12-24.
  16. ↑ ":: Xinhuanet ::". News.xinhuanet.com. 2003-04-02. Retrieved 2012-12-24.
  17. ↑ "China's excess males, sex selective abortion, and one child policy: analysis of data from 2005 national intercensus survey". BMJ. Retrieved 2012-12-24.
  18. 1 2 3 China General Social Survey 2009, Chinese Spiritual Life Survey (CSLS) 2007. Report by: Xiuhua Wang (2015, p. 15)
  19. ↑ ":: Notícias MS ::". Noticias.ms.gov.br. 2009-10-23. Retrieved 2012-12-24.

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