Jennifer Lopez filmography
American actress Jennifer Lopez has appeared in many motion pictures and television programs. She is one of the highest paid actresses in Hollywood and is the highest paid actor of Latin descent, making up to US$15 million per film role.[1][2] In addition, she is also the richest actress in Hollywood, with an estimated net worth of $250 million (2013).[3] Lopez made her acting debut at age 16 with a small role in the 1986 film My Little Girl. From there, she received her first high-profile job in 1991 as a Fly Girl dancer on the television comedy program In Living Color. Following her departure from the show in 1993, Lopez made several guest appearances in the television series South Central, appeared in the made-for-television movie Lost in the Wild (1993) and starred as Melinda Lopez in the television series Second Chances (1993) and its spin-off Hotel Malibu (1994). Second Chances and Hotel Malibu ran for only a brief period, receiving negative reviews.[4] Lopez's first major film role came in the 1995 motion picture Money Train, alongside Wesley Snipes and Woody Harrelson. The film faced negative reviews and is considered to be a box office bomb.[5] Her next two film roles in Jack (1996) and Blood and Wine (1997) were received similarly; however, critics were divided by the latter.[6][7] Lopez received her first leading role in the Selena biopic of the same name in 1997. The film was a commercial and critical success[8] and is often cited by critics as her breakout role.[9][10] Later that year, Lopez starred as Terri Flores in the film Anaconda, which garnered negative reviews by critics despite being a box office success.[11] In 1998, Lopez starred alongside George Clooney in the crime film Out of Sight (1998). The film met with positive reviews and was a box office success.[12] In the same year, she also lent her voice to the animated film Antz.
Following the launch of her music career in 1999, Lopez returned to the big screen as the star of the 2000 psychological thriller The Cell. In 2001, Lopez starred in the films The Wedding Planner and Angel Eyes, which were received unfavorably.[13] The simultaneous release of The Wedding Planner and her second album J.Lo made Lopez the first person in history to have a number one album and film in the same week.[1] Lopez starred alongside Ralph Fiennes in the romantic comedy Maid in Manhattan in 2002. The film received mixed reviews, despite its box office success.[14] In 2003 and 2004 she starred alongside then-boyfriend Ben Affleck in the films Gigli and Jersey Girl. Critics wrote negatively for both films,[15] and Gigli is considered one of the worst films of all time.[16] Lopez retained box office success co-starring in the 2004 film Shall We Dance? alongside Richard Gere. She then co-starred opposite Jane Fonda in the romantic comedy Monster-in-Law (2005). Following the role, Lopez starred in the independent films An Unfinished Life (2005), Bordertown (2006) and El Cantante (2006); she also acted as the executive producer of the latter. In 2006 and 2007 Lopez worked further behind the scenes as an executive producer of the television series South Beach and DanceLife, the film Feel the Noise and the mini-series Jennifer Lopez Presents: Como Ama una Mujer.
Following the birth of her twins in 2008, Lopez took a break from her career. She made her return to the small screen and the big screen in 2010, making a guest appearance in an episode of How I Met Your Mother and starring in the film The Back-up Plan. In 2011 and 2012, during their tenth and eleventh seasons, Lopez was a judge on the reality television singing competition American Idol. She earned a reported $12 million for her first and $20 million for her second season on the show.[17] In 2012, she launched ¡Q'Viva! The Chosen, a talent show created by Simon Fuller, that followed Lopez, Marc Anthony and director-choeographer Jamie King as they travelled across 21 Latin American countries to find talent for a Las Vegas show. Lopez co-starred alongside an ensemble cast consisting of Cameron Diaz, Elizabeth Banks, Matthew Morrison and Dennis Quaid in the film What to Expect When You're Expecting (2012).[18] The film, which is based on the book of the same name, was a moderate commercial success and received generally negative reviews from film critics.[19] Later that same year, she lent her voice to the animated film, Ice Age: Continental Drift, the fourth in the Ice Age franchise. The film gave Lopez her highest opening weekend figure.[20]
Film
Indicates a film that has not yet been released | |
Indicates a documentary | |
Title | Year | Credited as | Box office | USD$ (millions) | Ref. | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Actress | Producer | Other | Role | |||||
My Little Girl | 1986 | Yes | Myra | N/A | N/A | [21] | ||
Lost in the Wild | 1993 | Yes | Romero, RosieRosie Romero | N/A | N/A | [22] | ||
My Family | 1995 | Yes | Young Maria | N/A | N/A | [23] | ||
Money Train | 1995 | Yes | Santiago, GraceGrace Santiago | N/A | N/A | [24] | ||
Jack | 1996 | Yes | Miss Marquez | 45 | N/A | [25] | ||
Blood and Wine | 1996 | Yes | Gabriella | N/A | N/A | [26] | ||
Selena | 1997 | Yes | Quintanilla, SelenaSelena Quintanilla | N/A | N/A | [27] | ||
Anaconda | 1997 | Yes | Flores, TerriTerri Flores | N/A | 136.9 | [28] | ||
U Turn | 1997 | Yes | McKenna, GraceGrace McKenna | N/A | N/A | [29] | ||
Out of Sight | 1998 | Yes | Sisco, KarenKaren Sisco | N/A | 77.7 | [30] | ||
Antz | 1998 | Yes | Azteca (voice) | 105 | 171.8 | [31] | ||
Cell, TheThe Cell | 2000 | Yes | Deane, CatherineCatherine Deane | 33 | 104.2 | [32] | ||
Wedding Planner, TheThe Wedding Planner | 2001 | Yes | Fiore, MaryMary Fiore | 35 | 94.7 | [33] | ||
Angel Eyes | 2001 | Yes | Pogue, SharonSharon Pogue | 53 | 29.7 | [34] | ||
Enough | 2002 | Yes | Hiller, SlimSlim Hiller | 38 | 51.8 | [35] | ||
Maid in Manhattan | 2002 | Yes | Ventura, MarisaMarisa Ventura | 55 | 154.9 | [36] | ||
Gigli | 2003 | Yes | Ricki | 54 | 7.3 | [37] | ||
Jersey Girl | 2004 | Yes | Steiney, GertrudeGertrude Steiney | 35 | 36.1 | [38] | ||
Shall We Dance? | 2004 | Yes | Paulina | 50 | 170.1 | [39] | ||
Monster-in-Law | 2005 | Yes | Cantilini, CharlotteCharlotte Cantilini | 43 | 154.7 | [40] | ||
Unfinished Life, AnAn Unfinished Life | 2005 | Yes | Gilkyson, JeanJean Gilkyson | 30 | 18.6 | [41] | ||
Bordertown | 2006 | Yes | Yes | Adrian, LaurenLauren Adrian | N/A | N/A | [42] | |
El Cantante | 2006 | Yes | Yes | Puchi | N/A | N/A | [43] | |
Manufacturing Dissent | 2007 | Yes | Herself | N/A | N/A | [44] | ||
Feel the Noise | 2007 | Yes | Yes | Herself | N/A | N/A | [45] | |
Back-up Plan, TheThe Back-up Plan | 2010 | Yes | Zoe | N/A | N/A | [46] | ||
Scrat's Continental Crack-Up: Part 2 | 2011 | Yes | Shira | N/A | N/A | [47] | ||
Sellebrity | 2012 | Yes | Herself | N/A | N/A | [48] | ||
What to Expect When You're Expecting | 2012 | Yes | Holly | N/A | N/A | [49] | ||
Ice Age: Continental Drift | 2012 | Yes | Shira | N/A | N/A | [50] | ||
Parker | 2013 | Yes | Rodgers, LeslieLeslie Rodgers | N/A | N/A | [51] | ||
Jennifer Lopez: Dance Again | 2014 | Yes | Yes | Herself | N/A | N/A | [52] | |
Boy Next Door, TheThe Boy Next Door | 2015 | Yes | Yes | Peterson, ClaireClaire Peterson | N/A | N/A | [53] | |
Lila & Eve | 2015 | Yes | Rafael, EveEve Rafael | N/A | N/A | [54] | ||
Home | 2015 | Yes | Tucci, LucyLucy Tucci | N/A | N/A | [55] | ||
The Latin Explosion: A New America | 2015 | Yes | Herself | N/A | N/A | [56] | ||
Ice Age: Collision Course | 2016 | Yes | Shira | N/A | N/A | [57] | ||
Television
Title | Year | Credited as | Ref. | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Actress | Producer | Other | Role | |||
In Living Color | 1991–93 | Yes | Fly Girl | [58] | ||
Second Chances | 1993 | Yes | Lopez, MelindaMelinda Lopez | [4] | ||
South Central | 1994 | Yes | Lucille | [59] | ||
Hotel Malibu | 1994 | Yes | Lopez, MelindaMelinda Lopez | [60] | ||
Will & Grace | 2004 | Yes | Herself | [61] | ||
South Beach | 2006 | Yes | [62] | |||
DanceLife | 2007 | Yes | Yes | Creator | [63] | |
Jennifer Lopez Presents: Como Ama una Mujer | 2007 | Yes | Yes | Creator | [64] | |
How I Met Your Mother | 2010 | Yes | Appleby, AnitaAnita Appleby | [65] | ||
American Idol | 2011–2012, 2014-2016 | Yes | Herself | [66] | ||
South Beach Tow | 2011–14 | Yes | [67] | |||
Q'Viva! The Chosen | 2012 | Yes | Yes | Herself | [68] | |
The Fosters | 2013–16 | Yes | [69] | |||
Shades of Blue | 2016 | Yes | Yes | Santos , HarleeHarlee Santos | [70] | |
Video games
Title | Year | Role | Developer(s) | Publisher(s) | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ice Age: Continental Drift – Arctic Games | 2012 | Shira (voice) | Behaviour Interactive | Activision | [71] |
References
- 1 2 Woog, Adam (February 2008). "Jennifer Lopez". Chelsea House Publications: 9. ISBN 0-7910-9724-2. Retrieved November 30, 2011.
- ↑ Additional references:
- "Obsessions: Jennifer Lopez is back in a big, big way". Articles.cnn.com. April 14, 2011. Retrieved January 9, 2012.
- Silverman, Stephen M. (October 31, 2001). "J.Lo Enters Movie Salary Stratosphere – Jennifer Lopez". People.com. Retrieved January 9, 2012.
- "J.Lo and Casper Smart Travel to Morocco". Extratv.warnerbros.com. December 2, 2011. Retrieved January 9, 2012.
- ↑ http://au.ibtimes.com/articles/483277/20130626/top-5-richest-actresses-hollywood.htm
- 1 2 Second Chances:
- Scott, Tony (December 5, 1993). "Variety Reviews – Second Chances – Film Reviews". Variety (Reed Business Information). Retrieved October 30, 2011.
- Hale, Mike. "Second Chances – TV Series – Cast & Credits – Listings". The New York Times (The New York Times Company). Retrieved October 30, 2011.
- ↑ "Money Train". Rotten Tomatoes. Flixster. Retrieved November 29, 2011.
- ↑ "Jack". Rotten Tomatoes. Flixster. Retrieved November 29, 2011.
- ↑ "Blood and Wine". Rotten Tomatoes. Flixster. Retrieved November 29, 2011.
- ↑ "Selena". Rotten Tomatoes. Flixster. Retrieved November 29, 2011.
- ↑ "Girl Culture: An Encyclopedia". Greenwood Publishing Group. December 30, 2007: 387. ISBN 978-0-313-08444-7. Retrieved November 27, 2011.
- ↑ "Breakout Roles: Jennifer Lopez". Latina. December 19, 2011. Retrieved January 9, 2012.
- ↑ "Anaconda". Rotten Tomatoes. Flixster. Retrieved November 29, 2011.
- ↑ "Out of Sight". Rotten Tomatoes. Flixster. Retrieved November 30, 2011.
- ↑ The Wedding Planner and Angel Eyes at Rotten Tomatoes:
- "The Wedding Planner". Rotten Tomatoes. Flixster. Retrieved November 30, 2011.
- "Angel Eyes". Rotten Tomatoes. Flixster. Retrieved November 30, 2011.
- ↑ "Maid in Manhattan". Rotten Tomatoes. Flixster. Retrieved November 30, 2011.
- ↑ Gigli and Jersey Girl at Rotten Tomatoes:
- "Gigli". Rotten Tomatoes. Flixster. Retrieved November 27, 2011.
- "Jersey Girl". Rotten Tomatoes. Flixster. Retrieved November 27, 2011.
- ↑ Grey, Neha. "The Ten Worst Movies Ever Made". Divine Caroline. Retrieved December 20, 2011.
- ↑ Elliott, Hannah (April 18, 2012). "The Real American Idol: How J.Lo Got Her Mojo Back". Forbes. Retrieved May 24, 2012.
- ↑ Labrecque, Jeff (June 24, 2011). "Jennifer Lopez signs on for 'What to Expect When You're Expecting'". Entertainment Weekly (Time Inc.). Archived from the original on July 23, 2011. Retrieved July 23, 2011.
- ↑ "What to Expect When You're Expecting". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved August 8, 2012.
- ↑ Associated Press (July 15, 2012). "Ice Age movie tops box office with $46 million opening weekend...but Batman is lurking to snatch the title". London: Daily Mail. Retrieved July 24, 2012.
- ↑ My Little Girl:
- Mannikka, Eleanor. "My Little Girl (1986)". AllMovie. All Media Network. Retrieved October 30, 2011.
- "My Little Girl (1987)". Box Office Mojo. Amazon.com. Retrieved November 28, 2011.
- ↑ Brennan, Sandra. "Lost in the Wild (1993)". AllMovie. All Media Network. Retrieved October 30, 2011.
- ↑ My Family:
- Tobey, Matthew. "My Family (1995)". AllMovie. All Media Network. Retrieved October 30, 2011.
- "My Family (1995)". Box Office Mojo. Amazon.com. Retrieved November 28, 2011.
- ↑ Money Train:
- Blaise, Judd. "Money Train (1995)". AllMovie. All Media Network. Retrieved October 30, 2011.
- "Money Train (1995)". Box Office Mojo. Amazon.com. Retrieved November 28, 2011.
- ↑ Jack:
- Fountain, Clarke. "Jack (1996)". AllMovie. All Media Network. Retrieved October 30, 2011.
- "Jack (1996)". Box Office Mojo. Amazon.com. Retrieved November 28, 2011.
- ↑ Blood and Wine:
- Brennan, Sandra. "Blood and Wine (1996)". AllMovie. All Media Network. Retrieved October 30, 2011.
- "Blood and Wine (1997)". Box Office Mojo. Amazon.com. Retrieved November 28, 2011.
- ↑ Selena:
- Deming, Mark. "Selena (1997)". AllMovie. All Media Network. Retrieved October 30, 2011.
- "Selena (1997)". Box Office Mojo. Amazon.com. Retrieved November 28, 2011.
- ↑ Anaconda:
- Deming, Mark. "Anaconda (1997)". AllMovie. All Media Network. Retrieved October 30, 2011.
- "Anaconda (1997)". Box Office Mojo. Amazon.com. Retrieved November 28, 2011.
- ↑ U Turn:
- Stewart, Bhob. "U-Turn (1997)". AllMovie. All Media Network. Retrieved October 30, 2011.
- "U-Turn (1997)". Box Office Mojo. Amazon.com. Retrieved November 28, 2011.
- ↑ Out of Sight:
- Stewart, Bhob. "Out of Sight (1998)". AllMovie. All Media Network. Retrieved October 30, 2011.
- "Out of Sight (1998)". Box Office Mojo. Amazon.com. Retrieved November 28, 2011.
- ↑ Antz:
- Stewart, Bhob. "Antz (1998)". AllMovie. All Media Network. Retrieved October 30, 2011.
- "Antz (1998)". Box Office Mojo. Amazon.com. Retrieved November 28, 2011.
- ↑ The Cell:
- Deming, Mark. "The Cell (2000)". AllMovie. All Media Network. Retrieved October 30, 2011.
- "The Cell (2000)". Box Office Mojo. Amazon.com. Retrieved November 28, 2011.
- ↑ The Wedding Planner:
- Williams, Karl. "The Wedding Planner (2001)". AllMovie. All Media Network. Retrieved October 30, 2011.
- "The Wedding Planner (2001)". Box Office Mojo. Amazon.com. Retrieved November 28, 2011.
- ↑ Angel Eyes:
- Williams, Karl. "Angel Eyes (2001)". AllMovie. All Media Network. Retrieved October 30, 2011.
- "Angel Eyes (2001)". Box Office Mojo. Amazon.com. Retrieved November 28, 2011.
- ↑ Enough:
- Dillard, Brian J. "Enough (2002)". AllMovie. All Media Network. Retrieved October 30, 2011.
- "Enough (2002)". Box Office Mojo. Amazon.com. Retrieved November 28, 2011.
- ↑ Maid in Manhattan:
- LeVasseur, Andrea. "Maid in Manhattan (2002)". AllMovie. All Media Network. Retrieved October 30, 2011.
- "Maid in Manhattan (2002)". Box Office Mojo. Amazon.com. Retrieved November 28, 2011.
- ↑ Gigli:
- Ralske, Josh. "Gigli (2003)". AllMovie. All Media Network. Retrieved October 30, 2011.
- "Gigli (2003)". Box Office Mojo. Amazon.com. Retrieved November 28, 2011.
- ↑ Jersey Girl:
- Deming, Mark. "Jersey Girl (2004)". AllMovie. All Media Network. Retrieved October 30, 2011.
- "Jersey Girl (2004)". Box Office Mojo. Amazon.com. Retrieved November 28, 2011.
- ↑ Shall We Dance?:
- Cooper, Tracie. "Shall We Dance? (2004)". AllMovie. All Media Network. Retrieved October 30, 2011.
- "Shall We Dance (2004)". Box Office Mojo. Amazon.com. Retrieved November 27, 2011.
- ↑ Monster-in-Law:
- Deming, Mark. "Monster-in-Law (2005)". AllMovie. All Media Network. Retrieved October 30, 2011.
- "Monster-in-Law (2005)". Box Office Mojo. Amazon.com. Retrieved November 27, 2011.
- ↑ An Unfinished Life
- Deming, Mark. "An Unfinished Life (2005)". AllMovie. All Media Network. Retrieved October 30, 2011.
- "An Unfinished Life (2005)". Box Office Mojo. Amazon.com. Retrieved November 27, 2011.
- ↑ Bordertown:
- Southern, Nathan. "Bordertown (2006)". AllMovie. All Media Network. Retrieved October 30, 2011.
- "Bordertown (2006)". Box Office Mojo. Amazon.com. Retrieved December 19, 2011.
- ↑ El Cantante:
- Buchanan, Jason. "El Cantante (2006)". AllMovie. All Media Network. Retrieved October 30, 2011.
- "El Cantante (2007)". Box Office Mojo. Amazon.com. Retrieved November 27, 2011.
- ↑ Manufacturing Dissent:
- Buchanan, Jason. "Manufacturing Dissent (2007)". AllMovie. All Media Network. Retrieved October 30, 2011.
- "Manufacturing Dissent". The New York Times (The New York Times Company). Retrieved October 30, 2011.
- ↑ Feel the Noise:
- Buchanan, Jason. "Feel the Noise (2007)". AllMovie. All Media Network. Retrieved October 30, 2011.
- Howell, Peter (October 7, 2007). "'Feel the Noise': This Movie Barely Even Lets Us Hear It". Toronto Star (Star Media Group). Retrieved October 30, 2011.
- "Feel the Noise (2007)". Box Office Mojo. Amazon.com. Retrieved November 27, 2011.
- ↑ The Back-up Plan:
- Buchanan, Jason. "The Back-up Plan (2010)". AllMovie. All Media Network. Retrieved October 30, 2011.
- "The Back-up Plan (2010)". Box Office Mojo. Amazon.com. Retrieved November 27, 2011.
- ↑ "Hot Short: 'Scrat's Continental Crack-Up Part 2'". Deadline.com. November 17, 2011. Retrieved May 30, 2012.
- ↑ Buchanan, Jason. "$ellebrity (2013)". AllMovie. All Media Network. Retrieved January 26, 2015.
- ↑ What to Expect When You're Expecting:
- Buchanan, Jason. "What to Expect When You're Expecting (2012)". AllMovie. All Media Network. Retrieved October 30, 2011.
- "What to Expect When You're Expecting (2012)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved May 26, 2012.
- ↑ Ice Age: Continental Drift:
- Wheeler, Jeremy. "Ice Age: Continental Drift (2012)". AllMovie. All Media Network. Retrieved October 30, 2011.
- "Ice Age: Continental Drift (2012)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved July 21, 2012.
- ↑ Parker:
- Wheeler, Jeremy. "Parker (2013)". AllMovie. All Media Network. Retrieved October 30, 2011.
- "Parker (2013)". Box Office Mojo. Amazon.com. Retrieved April 11, 2012.
- ↑ http://www.tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2014/12/12/special-jennifer-lopez-dance-again-to-premiere-wednesday-december-31-on-hbo/338892
- ↑ The Boy Next Door:
- Buchanan, Jason. "The Boy Next Door (2015)". AllMovie. All Media Network. Retrieved January 25, 2015.
- "The Boy Next Door (2015)". Box Office Mojo. Amazon.com. Retrieved January 25, 2015.
- ↑ Lila & Eve:
- "Lila & Eve (2015)". AllMovie. All Media Network. Retrieved January 26, 2015.
- Setoodeh, Ramin (January 30, 2015). "Sundance: Jennifer Lopez and Viola Davis on Hollywood Diversity, TV Careers and ‘Lila & Eve’". Variety (Penske Media Corporation). Retrieved February 11, 2015.
- ↑ Home:
- Gelb, Daniel. "Home (2015)". AllMovie. All Media Network. Retrieved January 26, 2015.
- "Home (2015)". Box Office Mojo. Amazon.com. Retrieved March 29, 2015.
- ↑ http://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/16/arts/television/review-the-latin-explosion-a-new-america-on-hbo-is-a-music-civics-lesson.html
- ↑ Ice Age: Collision Course:
- Gelb, Daniel. "Ice Age: Collision Course (2016)". AllMovie. All Media Network. Retrieved December 28, 2015.
- "Ice Age: Collision Course (2016)". Box Office Mojo. Amazon.com. Retrieved December 28, 2015.
- ↑ "In Living Color". TV.com. CBS Interactive. Retrieved October 30, 2011.
- ↑ Hale, Mike. "South Central – TV Series – Cast & Credits – Listings". The New York Times (The New York Times Company). Retrieved October 30, 2011.
- ↑ Hotel Malibu:
- Tucker, Ken (August 5, 1994). "Hotel Malibu Review". Entertainment Weekly (Time Inc.). Retrieved October 30, 2011.
- Hale, Mike. "Hotel Malibu – TV Series – Cast & Credits – Listings". The New York Times (The New York Times Company). Retrieved October 30, 2011.
- ↑ Will & Grace:
- "J.Lo to Guest on 'Will & Grace'". People (Time Inc). March 26, 2004. Retrieved October 30, 2011.
- "Will & Grace: FYI: I Hurt, Too Episode Summary". TV.com. CBS Interactive. Retrieved October 30, 2011.
- "Will & Grace: I Do, Oh, No, You Di-in't Episode Summary". TV.com. CBS Interactive. Retrieved October 30, 2011.
- ↑ South Beach:
- Erickson, Hal. "South Beach (TV Series)". AllMovie. All Media Network. Retrieved November 26, 2011.
- Hale, Mike. "South Beach – TV Series". The New York Times (The New York Times Company). Retrieved November 26, 2011.
- ↑ "DanceLife". MTV. MTV Networks. Retrieved November 26, 2011.
- ↑ "Jennifer Lopez Presents: Como ama una mujer (2007)". AllMovie. All Media Network. Retrieved November 26, 2011.
- ↑ "Jennifer Lopez to Guest Star on How I Met Your Mother". People (Time Inc). January 27, 2010. Retrieved November 26, 2011.
- ↑ "American Idol: Season 10 – Cast and Crew". AllRovi. All Media Network. Retrieved November 26, 2011.
- ↑ http://insidetv.ew.com/2011/07/13/jennifer-lopez-towing-reality-show
- ↑ "Jennifer Lopez Dances for Marc Anthony in Q'Viva: The Chosen Trailer". People. December 19, 2011. Retrieved January 23, 2012.
- ↑ Ng, Philiana (August 23, 2012). "ABC Family Orders Pilots From Jennifer Lopez and Gavin Polone". Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved September 2, 2012.
- ↑ http://tvline.com/2014/02/21/shades-of-blue-jennifer-lopez-nbc-series
- ↑ Brown, Christopher (October 3, 2010). "Ice Age: Continental Drift – Arctic Games – Overview". allgame. Retrieved September 2, 2012.
External links
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