HotSpot

This article is about Oracle's Java virtual machine. For other uses, see Hotspot.
Java HotSpot Virtual Machine
Developer(s) Oracle Corporation (previously Sun Microsystems)
Stable release 23.25-b01
Written in C++
Operating system Cross-platform
Type Java Virtual Machine
License Proprietary (early versions), GNU General Public License (current)
Website Sun's OpenJDK Hotspot page

HotSpot, released as the "Java HotSpot Performance Engine"[1] is a Java virtual machine for desktops and servers, maintained and distributed by Oracle Corporation. It features techniques such as just-in-time compilation and adaptive optimization designed to improve performance.

History

The Java HotSpot Performance Engine, first released April 27, 1999,[1] built on technologies from the Strongtalk implementation of the Smalltalk programming language originally developed by Longview Technologies, which traded as "Animorphic". Animorphic's virtual-machine technology had earlier been successfully used in a Sun research project, the Self programming language. In 1997 Sun Microsystems purchased Animorphic.[2]

Shortly after acquiring Animorphic, Sun intended to write a new just-in-time (JIT) compiler for the newly developed virtual machine.[3] This new compiler would give rise to the name "HotSpot", which derives from the fact that, as the software runs Java bytecode, it continually analyzes the program's performance for "hot spots" which are frequently or repeatedly executed. These are then targeted for optimization, leading to high-performance execution with a minimum of overhead for less performance-critical code. In one report, the JVM beat some C++ or C code in some benchmarks.[4]

Initially available as an add-on for Java 1.2,[5] HotSpot became the default Sun JVM in Java 1.3.[6]

Features

Sun's JRE features two virtual machines, one called Client and the other Server. The Client version is tuned for quick loading. It makes use of interpretation. The Server version loads more slowly, putting more effort into producing highly optimized JIT compilations, that yield higher performance. Both VMs compile only often-run methods, using a configurable invocation-count threshold to decide which methods to compile.

Tiered compilation, an option introduced in Java 7, uses both the client and server compilers in tandem to provide faster startup time than the server compiler, but similar or better peak performance.[7] Starting in Java 8, tiered compilation is the default for the server VM.[8]

The HotSpot Java virtual machine is written in C++. As stated on the HotSpot web page, the source contains approximately 250,000 lines of code.[9] Hotspot provides:

JVM flags

HotSpot supports many command-line arguments for options of the virtual machine execution. Some are standard and must be found in any conforming Java virtual machine, others are specific to HotSpot and may not be found in other JVMs (options that begin with -X or -XX are non-standard).[10][11][12][13]

License

On 13 November 2006, the HotSpot JVM and the JDK were licensed[14] under the GPL version 2. This is the code that became part of Java 7 (codename Dolphin[15]).

Supported platforms

Maintained by Oracle

As for the whole JDK, HotSpot is supported by Oracle Corporation on Microsoft Windows, Linux, Solaris, and Mac OS X. Supported ISAs are IA-32, x86-64, ARMv6, ARMv7, and SPARC (exclusive to Solaris).[16]

Ports by third parties

Ports are also available by third parties for various other Unix operating systems. Several different hardware architectures are supported, including x86, PowerPC, and SPARC (Solaris only).

Porting HotSpot is difficult because the code, while primarily written in C++, contains a lot of assembly language.[17] To remedy this, the IcedTea project has developed a generic port of the HotSpot interpreter called zero-assembler Hotspot (or zero), with almost no assembly code. This port is intended for easy adaptation of the interpreter component of HotSpot to any Linux processor architecture. The code of zero-assembler Hotspot is used for all the non-x86 ports of HotSpot (PPC, IA-64, S390 and ARM) since version 1.6.[18][19][20]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 "Sun Announces Availability of the Java HotSpot Performance Engine". Press Release. Sun Microsystems. Retrieved 26 March 2013.
  2. ↑ "Sun's Gosling Previews Hotspot Java Virtual Machine". ComputerGram. 1998-02-13. Retrieved 2008-04-20.
  3. ↑ "Cliff Click on Azul's Pauseless GC, Zing, JVM Languages". InfoQ. 2011-01-20. Retrieved 2012-07-11.
  4. ↑ Lewis, J. P. (2004). "Performance of Java versus C++". Retrieved 2007-10-03.
  5. ↑ Shankland, Stephen (18 February 1999). "HotSpot finally makes its mark". Cnet.
  6. ↑ "Sun Microsystems releases fastest client-side Java platform to date". Sun Microsystems. 2000-05-08. Retrieved 2007-10-03.
  7. ↑ http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/technotes/guides/vm/performance-enhancements-7.html
  8. ↑ https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/technotes/guides/vm/performance-enhancements-7.html
  9. ↑ "The HotSpot Group". Sun Microsystems. 2007. Retrieved 2007-10-03. There are nearly 1500 C/C++ header and source files, comprising almost 250,000 lines of code
  10. ↑ "Java HotSpot VM Options". Sun Microsystems. Retrieved 2009-02-08.
  11. ↑ Mocker, Joseph D. (2007-08-28). "A Collection of JVM Options". Archived from the original on 2011-04-30. Retrieved 2009-02-08.
  12. ↑ Maximovich, Dmitri. "The most complete list of -XX options for Java 6 JVM". Archived from the original on 2010-01-30. Retrieved 2009-02-08.
  13. ↑ Nutter, Charles (2009-01-29). "My Favorite Hotspot JVM Flags". Retrieved 2009-02-08.
  14. ↑ "Sun Opens Java". Sun Microsystems. 2006-11-13. Retrieved 2007-10-03.
  15. ↑ JDK7, Sun.
  16. ↑ "Supported System Configurations". Oracle Corporation. Retrieved 2012-01-06.
  17. ↑ Gary, Benson (2007-11-06). "Gary's guide to porting IcedTea". Retrieved 2008-01-26.
  18. ↑ Gary, Benson (2008-02-01). "1st February 2008". Retrieved 2008-02-03.
  19. ↑ Andrew, Haley (2008-01-31). "Making zero-assembler the default on ppc". Retrieved 2008-02-03.
  20. ↑ Lilian, Angel (2008-02-13). "IcedTea 1.6 Released with Zero-assembler and JNLP support!". Red Hat. Retrieved 2008-02-13.

External links

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