Janie Allan

Janie Allan
Born Jane Allan
(1868-03-28)28 March 1868
Glasgow
Died 29 April 1968(1968-04-29) (aged 100)
Nationality British
Years active 1902–1914
Known for Women's rights activism

Jane "Janie" Allan (28 March 1868 – 29 April 1968)[1] was a leading Scottish activist in the militant suffragette movement of the early 20th century.

Early life and family

Janie Allan was born into the wealthy Glasgow family that owned the Allan Line shipping company.[2] Her grandfather, Alexander Allan, founded the firm in 1819, and by the time that her father – the youngest of Alexander Allan's five sons, also named Alexander – took over the running of the company's Glasgow operations, the line had many vessels, additional offices in Liverpool and Montreal, and had wrested the Royal Mail's North American contract away from the Cunard line.

In common with many of her family, Allan held socialist political views. She was an early member of the Independent Labour Party (ILP), and she edited a column covering women's suffrage issues for the socialist newspaper Forward.[1]

Suffragette movement

In May 1902, Allan was instrumental in re-founding the Glasgow branch of the National Society for Women's Suffrage as the Glasgow and West of Scotland Association for Women's Suffrage (GWSAWS), and was a member of its executive committee.[3] She was a significant financial supporter, and as one of the GWSAWS vice-presidents she took up a position on the National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies (NUWSS) committee in 1903, in order to represent the association following their affiliation.[4]

In 1906, Allan was among the audience when Teresa Billington (who had been arrested and jailed following a protest in London earlier in the year) toured Scotland,[1] although the GWSAWS themselves refused to invite Billington to speak, and in December of that year she attended a lecture by Helen Fraser as she expounded the militant principles of the newly formed Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU).[4] In 1907, concerned that the non-violent GWSAWS was not being as effective as it should have been, Allan resigned from their executive committee and joined the WSPU,[5] although she maintained her subscription to GWSAWS until 1909.

Over the following few years, Allan provided at least £350 (approximately equivalent to £31,900 in 2016) in funds to the WSPU,[2] as well as donating some funding for the Women's Freedom League (WFL) following their split from the WSPU. In addition to her monetary contributions, Allan was an active participant in the WSPU's militant activism.

Imprisonment and forced-feeding

In early March 1912, along with over 100 others Allan participated in a window smashing protest in central London. The women secreted large stones and hammers under their skirts and, once in position, in a coordinated action they destroyed shop windows in Regent Street, Oxford Street, and the vicinity. Following this, the women patiently and calmly waited for the police to arrive. While police attention was diverted elsewhere by the protests, Emmeline Pankhurst and three others managed to get close enough to 10 Downing Street to throw stones through four of its windows. In the aftermath, along with many of her associates Allan was arrested, tried, and sentenced to four months in Holloway Prison.[4]

Her imprisonment was widely publicised, and around 10,500 people from Glasgow signed a petition to protest for her freedom.[2] Her fellow suffragette, Margaret McPhun – who was herself imprisoned in Holloway for two months in 1912 after breaking a government office window – composed a poem entitled "To A Fellow Prisoner (Miss Janie Allan)", that was included in the anthology Holloway Jingles published by the Glasgow branch of the WSPU later that year.[6]

While in prison Allan used her privileged position to improve the levels of comfort for her inmates, including distributing confectionery and fruit to fellow suffragettes. Two months into her sentence, she barricaded the door to her cell, and it reportedly took three men with tools around three quarters of an hour to break in to the room.[4] Following this action, Allan started a hunger strike,[2] a form of protest that had been pioneered amongst the suffragette movement by Marion Dunlop in 1909. However, following Dunlop having thus successfully forced the authorities to release her on health grounds, the British government introduced a policy of forced-feeding of imprisoned suffragette activists who refused food.

In accordance with this policy, Allan was force-fed for a full week. Forcible feeding was an ordeal described by Pankhurst as a "horrible outrage", and has been likened by women's history scholar June Purvis to a form of rape.[7] In a later letter to a friend, Allan herself stated that "I did not resist at all ... yet the effect on my health was most disastrous. I am a very strong woman and absolutely sound in heart and lungs, but it was not till 5 months after, that I was able to take any exercise or begin to feel in my usual health again – the nerves of my heart were affected and I was fit for nothing In the way of exertion ... There can be no doubt that it simply ruins the health."[8]

Taxation protests

Allan was back in court in 1913. In addition to direct suffragette action, she was involved with and supported the Women's Tax Resistance League, which argued that as women could not vote and therefore were not represented in parliament, they should not be subject to taxation.[9] These beliefs led to her refusal to pay the super tax due on her income and investments in March 1913. She lost her case when it came to trial.[4]

The St. Andrew's Halls incident

By early 1914, Allan had become one of the principal organizers for the WSPU in western Scotland, based in Glasgow. On 9 March 1914, Emmeline Pankhurst, the WSPU national leader, was to address a public meeting at St. Andrew's Halls in the city, and Allan was in attendance. Pankhurst had recently been released from prison under the terms of the new, so-called 'Cat and Mouse Act', introduced by the government to counter the suffragette hunger strikes. In accordance with the Act, once Pankhurst was returned to full health she was due to be rearrested and re-incarcerated.[10]

Glasgow police decided to use the occasion of the public address to effect the arrest. However, the WSPU activists anticipated their action and increased security coverage for their leader, including enforcing strict secrecy surrounding her movements and erecting a concealed barbed wire barrier across the front of the stage.[11] A short time into Pankhurst's speech, around 160 police officers stormed the hall and began to move toward the stage. They were met by a barrage of thrown chairs and plant pots, and soon fights broke out between the police and members of the audience. During the commotion one of the women present drew a revolver and fired several blank cartridges toward the ceiling. The police attempted to apprehend her, but she managed to slip their grasp and escape.[11] Although not positively identified at the time, many since have stated that Janie Allan was the woman with the revolver.[4]

Later life

At the outbreak of World War I later in 1914, the WSPU suspended their suffragette activities and threw their weight behind a concerted national effort in the conflict. Allan herself donated a large sum of money that enabled the founding of the Women's Hospital Corps.[12]

Janie Allan died one month after her 100th birthday, in April 1968.

References

Citations

  1. 1 2 3 Ewan et al. (2006), p. 11
  2. 1 2 3 4 Simkin (1997)
  3. ↑ Crawford (2001), p. 246
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Crawford (2001), p. 7
  5. ↑ Crawford (2001), p. 244
  6. ↑ Norquay (1995), p. 176
  7. ↑ Purvis (2002), p. 134
  8. ↑ Allan (1914)
  9. ↑ Mackintosh Architecture
  10. ↑ National Library of Scotland (2009)
  11. 1 2 The Glasgow Herald (1914)
  12. ↑ Crawford (2001), p. 8

Bibliography

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