Janesville, Wisconsin

This article is about the city. For the adjacent town, see Janesville (town), Wisconsin.
City of Janesville

Downtown Janesville looking south on Main Street (2004)
Nickname(s): "Wisconsin's Park Place"
"Bower City"

Location in Rock County and the state of Wisconsin.
City of Janesville

Location in the United States

Coordinates: 42°41′2″N 89°0′59″W / 42.68389°N 89.01639°W / 42.68389; -89.01639Coordinates: 42°41′2″N 89°0′59″W / 42.68389°N 89.01639°W / 42.68389; -89.01639
Municipality City
Incorporated 1853
Government
 • City manager Mark Freitag
Area[1]
 • Total 34.45 sq mi (89.23 km2)
 • Land 33.86 sq mi (87.70 km2)
 • Water 0.59 sq mi (1.53 km2)
Population (2010)[2]
 • Total 63,575
 • Estimate (2012[3]) 63,588
 • Density 1,877.6/sq mi (724.9/km2)
Time zone Central (UTC−6)
 • Summer (DST) CDT (UTC−5)
Area code(s) 608
Website www.ci.janesville.wi.us

Janesville is a city in southern Wisconsin, United States.[4] It is the county seat of Rock County[4] and the principal municipality of the Janesville, Wisconsin Metropolitan Statistical Area. As of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 63,575.[5]

History

The Janesville area was home to many Native American tribes before the settlement of people from the East. With the Indian Removal Act of 1830 many Native American peoples were uprooted and forced out of their homelands to make room for the American settlers, with many Native peoples, including the Ho-Chunk and Potawatomi, being forced onto reservations.[6]

American settlers John Inman, George Follmer, Joshua Holmes, and William Holmes, Jr. built a crude log cabin in the region in 1835.[7] Later that year, one key settler named Henry Janes, a native of Virginia who was a self-proclaimed woodsman and early city planner arrived in what is now Rock County. Janes came to the area in the early 1830s and initially wanted to name the budding village “Blackhawk" after the famous Sauk leader Chief Black Hawk, but was turned down by Post Office officials. After some discussion it was settled that the town would be named after Janes himself and thus in 1835, Janesville was founded.[8] Despite being named after a Virginian, Janesville was founded by immigrants from New England. These were old stock Yankee immigrants, who were descended from the English Puritans who settled New England in the 1600s. The completion of the Erie Canal caused a surge in New England immigration to what was then the Northwest Territory. Some of them were from upstate New York and had parents who had moved to that region from New England shortly after the Revolutionary War. New Englanders and New England transplants from upstate New York were the vast majority of Janesville's inhabitants during the first several decades of its history.[9][10][11][12] Land surveys encouraged pioneers to settle in the area among the abundance of fertile farmland and woodlands. Many of these early settlers established farms and began cultivating wheat and other grains.

As the population grew in the Janesville area, several new industries began cropping up along the Rock River including flour and lumber mills. The first dam was built in 1844.[8]

Some of the key settlers in the Janesville hailed from the burned-over district of western New York State, an area marked by its abundance of Christian revival and awakening groups during the mid-19th century. These groups were also active in abolitionist and women’s rights movements.[8]

Of these settlers was William Tallman who hailed from Rome, New York. Tallman came to the area in 1850 and bought up large tracts of land in hopes of inspiring his fellow New Yorkers to settle in the fertile Rock County. Tallman established himself as one of the most influential and affluent members of the budding Janesville populace. He was impassioned by the call for abolition and became a supporter of the Republican Party. One of the crowning moments in Tallman’s life was when he convinced the up-and-coming Illinois Republican Abraham Lincoln to speak in Janesville in 1859. The Tallman house is now a historical landmark and now best known as “The place where Abraham Lincoln slept”.[8]

Janesville was very active during the Civil War. Local farms sold grains to the Union army, and Rock County was one of the counties in Wisconsin with the highest number of men enlisted.[8] Thomas H. Ruger of Janesville served in the war, along with brothers Edward, William, and Henry, rising to the rank of brigadier general. Ruger later served as military governor of Georgia and commandant of West Point. He is memorialized at Fort Ruger in Diamond Head, Hawaii.[13]

After the Civil War, Janesville’s agriculture continued to surge and a greater demand for new farming technology led to the development of several foundries and farm machine manufacturers in the area. Among these were the Janesville Machine Company and the Rock River Iron Works. With the boom in the farm service sector and establishment of a rail system, Janesville soon began to ship goods to and from prominent eastern cities, including New York, Boston, and Philadelphia. After decades of rigorous grain farming, the soil quality around Janesville began to degrade. The farmers responded to this issue by planting tobacco which became one of the most profitable and prolific crops grown in Wisconsin during the late 19th century.[8]

Another development during the mid-19th century was the establishment of a women’s rights movement in Janesville. The movement was founded in the 1850s and was continued after the Civil War. One of the key focuses of the group during the 1870s was the Temperance movement.

In the late 1880s German immigrants began to arrive in Janesville in large numbers (making up less than 5% of the town before this time). They were the largest non-English-speaking group to settle there. Unlike other instances, they experienced virtually no hostility or xenophobia. Janesville's founding English-Puritan-descended Yankee population welcomed them with open arms, with many writing back to relatives in Germany enthusiastically. This led to chain migration which increased the German population of the town.[14] Only one German-language newspaper was founded in the town known as The Janesville Journal, which began in 1889 and only ran for a few years.[15] In the late 19th and early 20th centuries the Milwaukee Road and Chicago and North Western railroads had freight and passenger rail connections to the city. Passenger rail service continued until 1971.[16]

One of the key developments in Janesville’s history was the establishment of a General Motors plant in 1919. The plant was initially established to produce Samson tractors, a company acquired by GM co-founder William C. Durant. Durant was encouraged by Joseph Craig, the president of Janesville Machine to build a plant to produce the Samson tractors in Janesville, to which Durant agreed. In the years following World War I the demand for tractors plummeted and the plant shifted its focus to the production of automobiles.[8]

One of the most prominent turn of the century figures in Janesville was George Parker who developed new pen technologies and styles and eventually established the Parker Pen Company. His developments included the “lucky curve” ink feed system, and the “trench pen” a pen commissioned by the U.S. Army for use in World War I. Parker designed and established a headquarters and factory in downtown Janesville. The Parker Pen Company was handed down to George’s son Ken who developed the revolutionary “Parker 51” in the 1940s. A Parker pen was used by Dwight D. Eisenhower to sign Germany’s Armistice agreement to end World War II in Europe, and subsequently General Douglas MacArthur used his 20-year-old Parker Duofold in the signing of Japan’s surrender at the end of the War in the Pacific. The Parker Pen Company was one of the top employers in the area for over 70 years. The company was eventually sold off in a leveraged buyout in the 1980s.[8]

Another important figure in Janesville's history was John Nolen, who was hired by the city in 1919. Nolen was a city planner who saw the Rock River as a focal point for community and park development. His park planning established Janesville as the “City of Parks”.[8]

Janesville was the site of the first Wisconsin State Fair in 1851, attended by approximately 10,000 people.[17]

Lavinia Goodell, Wisconsin's first female lawyer (1874), lived in Janesville.[18]

A tree that once stood in downtown Courthouse Park was the site of a lynch mob that hanged a convicted murderer in 1859.[19] The location of a cross burning in 1992 is now "Peace Park" with a playground and a peace pole, said to be the world's tallest at 52 feet.[20]

National Register of Historic Places

Twenty percent of Wisconsin's buildings listed on the National Register of Historic Places are located in Janesville.[21] The 1857 Lincoln-Tallman House, which models the Italian Villa-style architecture, is one of 34 sites on the Register.[22] Abraham Lincoln slept there for two nights. The Columbus Circle neighborhood became Janesville's tenth historic district in 2005. The former Janesville Public Library,[23] a Carnegie library built in 1902, was designed by J.T.W. Jennings. The Courthouse Hill Historic District was added in 1986.[24] In 1976, the Lappin-Hayes Block, once the site of the cabin belonging to Henry Janes, was added.[25] The Lovejoy and Merrill-Nowlan Houses, the residences of two Janesville Mayors, including Allen P. Lovejoy, were added in 1980.[26] The Frances Willard Schoolhouse, partially built by Josiah Willard and named after his daughter, Frances, was added in 1977.[27]

City flag

Janesville developed its first flag in 2015 in a design contest held in Janesville's schools. The winning flag was adopted by the city council in March 2015 and unveiled on June 15, 2015. The flag represents the community's past, present and future, with 1853 representing the year Janesville was incorporated, four stars symbolizing the city’s four original wards, a green background standing for the community's agricultural industry, and black representing the rich soil for which Janesville is known and the smoke that billowed from smokestacks as the community developed a manufacturing economy. The tree in the center is the city's logo, representing Janesville's slogan, "Wisconsin’s Park Place".[28]

Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 34.45 square miles (89.23 km2), of which 33.86 square miles (87.70 km2) is land and 0.59 square miles (1.53 km2) is water.[1] The city is divided by the Rock River.

Demographics

Historical population
Census Pop. %±
18607,703—
18708,78914.1%
18809,0182.6%
189010,83620.2%
190013,18521.7%
191013,8945.4%
192018,29331.7%
193021,62818.2%
194022,9926.3%
195024,8998.3%
196035,16441.2%
197046,42632.0%
198051,07110.0%
199052,1332.1%
200059,49814.1%
201063,5756.9%
Est. 201464,009[29]0.7%
U.S. Decennial Census[30]

2010 census

As of the census[31] of 2010, there were 63,575 residents, 25,828 occupied housing units, and 16,718 families in the city. The population density was 1,877.6 people per square mile (834.1/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 91.7% White, 2.6% Black or African American, 0.3% Native American, 1.3% Asian, 0.0% Pacific Islander, 2.0% from other races, and 2.1% from two or more races. 5.4% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

Of the 25,828 households, 30.4% had children under the age of 18 living in them, 46.6% were married couples living together, 12.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.3% were non-families. 28.2% of all households were made up of individuals, with 10.6% individuals aged 65 years or older. The average household size was 2.43 and the average family size was 2.95.

In the city, the population was spread out with 21.8% under the age of 18, and 13.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37.1 years.

Government

Janesville has had a city manager-council form of government since 1923.[32] The city council consists of seven members, elected at large for two-year terms.

Janesville is represented by Stephen Nass (R) and Janis Ringhand (D) in the Wisconsin State Senate, and Amy Loudenbeck (R) and Debra Kolste (D) in the Wisconsin State Assembly. Paul Ryan (R) represents the city in the United States House of Representatives, and Ron Johnson (R) and Tammy Baldwin (D) in the United States Senate.

Economy

Businesses headquartered in Janesville include Blain's Farm and Fleet, a three-state retail chain; Woodman's Food Market, a regional supermarket chain that built its first store in Janesville; Swing'n'Slide, a maker of wood-and-plastic playground equipment; Hufcor (formerly Hough Shade Company), a manufacturer of room dividers that markets internationally; and Gray's Brewing, maker of boutique beers and soft drinks.

From 1919 until 2008, Janesville was the site of the Janesville GM Assembly Plant. Begun in 1919, when GM bought the Janesville Machine Company and merged it with the Samson Tractor Company, the Janesville plant was the oldest General Motors plant in North America prior to its closing. It assembled light-duty trucks and sport utility vehicles,[33] which declined in popularity as gasoline prices increased.[34] The plant closed in December, 2008.[35][36] Production of General Motors sport-utility vehicles ended on December 23 and the remaining medium-duty Isuzu assembly line ended operations on April 23, 2009.[37]

The Parker Pen Company was founded in Janesville. At one time its factory was the largest writing instrument plant in the world. The company later purchased Manpower, Inc., but eventually sold the pen business to Gillette and no longer operates in Janesville. It is now owned by the Sanford division of Newell Rubbermaid. The Northwestern Mutual Life Insurance Company was founded in Janesville in 1857 but moved to Milwaukee two years later.

The Janesville Mall redeveloped in the late 1990s, and in 1998 Pine Tree Plaza opened. In November 2006, a Walmart Supercenter and a Sam's Club opened after a period of controversy. The site of the former Janesville Oasis, known for Bessie, a large fiberglass cow at its entrance, began redevelopment in 2007; the anchor tenant is a Super Menards. Bessie the cow was spared by popular demand.[38][39]

Largest employers

As of 2014, the largest employers in the city were:[40]

Transportation

Janesville Bus Station

Janesville operates a bus system, the Janesville Transit System (JTS), which also connects with neighboring Beloit and Milton. Van Galder Bus Company (a Coach USA company), based in Janesville, operates a regional bus service between Madison and downtown Chicago, Chicago O'Hare Airport, and Midway Airport.

Interstate 90/39 passes through Janesville, as do U.S. Hwy 14 and 51 and state Hwy 26 and 11.

Just south of Janesville is Southern Wisconsin Regional Airport, which provides business and air cargo services. The closest airports with commercial air service are Dane County Regional Airport in Madison and Chicago Rockford International Airport in Rockford, Illinois.

The city is served by three freight railroads: Union Pacific, which has two daily freight trains between Janesville and Chicago; the Wisconsin and Southern Railroad, a regional carrier that provides freight service to cities throughout southern Wisconsin; and the Iowa, Chicago and Eastern Railroad, a subsidiary of the Canadian Pacific Railway, that operates a weekly train to Chicago.[41]

Media

The Janesville Gazette, owned by Bliss Communications, is one of two daily newspapers in Rock County, Wisconsin (the Beloit Daily News[42] is the other), and serves a regional market stretching into Walworth County. Delavan-based Community Shoppers, Inc. publishes the bi-weekly Janesville Messenger.[43]

Janesville has two television stations licensed to the city: CW affiliate WBUW (Channel 57), which has its offices and transmitter in Madison and serves all of south-central Wisconsin, and WDNW-LD (Channel 45), a low-power translator station of the Trinity Broadcasting Network. Janesville is in both the Rockford and Madison television markets. Janesville is served by at least five radio stations WJVL 99.9 FM, WSJY 107.3 FM, WWHG 105.9, WSLD 104.5, and WCLO 1230 AM.

Education

A basketball game between cross-town rivals, Joseph A. Craig High School and George S. Parker High School

The Janesville School District[44] has twelve elementary schools, three middle schools, two high schools and five charter schools: the Janesville Academy for International Studies, ARISE Virtual Academy, Rock River Charter School, Rock University High School, and TAGOS Leadership Academy. In addition, there are a number of parochial schools in the city.

The Wisconsin School for the Blind and Visually Impaired[45] has been located in Janesville since 1850. A two-year community college, the University of Wisconsin–Rock County, located on the southwest side of Janesville, is part of the University of Wisconsin System. A two-year technical college, Blackhawk Technical College, is located midway between Janesville and Beloit; Blackhawk also offers degree programs through Upper Iowa University.

Hedberg Public Library

The library began in 1865 as a privately supported reading room for the Young Men's Library Association. After a referendum passed in 1884, it became a public library that was housed in rented quarters. In 1903, a new building was constructed with $30,000 from Andrew Carnegie and other donors. The city also agreed to appropriate $3,000 for library operations. The library then moved to its first official home across from the Rock County Court House on Main Street. When it outgrew these quarters in the early 1960s, a new library was built in 1968 at 316 S. Main Street.

Just 20 years later, the library began planning for expanded space. With $4.6 million donated by Don and Gerry Hedberg, local philanthropists, as well as city and other donated monies, an expanded and completely renovated library was opened in 1996. Janesville's public library was then renamed Hedberg Public Library in honor of its largest contributors.[46]

Parks and recreation

Rock Aqua Jays

Janesville is known as "Wisconsin's Park Place". Its 2,590-acre (10.5 km2) park system includes 64 improved parks, as well as boat launches, golf courses, and nature trails.[47] This is one of the highest acreages per capita in Wisconsin.

Janesville has a public, internationally themed botanical garden, Rotary Gardens, that was created from an abandoned sand pit.

Traxler Park is home to the Rock Aqua Jays, a water ski team. The RAJ's are the most successful water ski show team in the world with 62 total tournament victories including 19 U.S. National Championships. The team originated and regularly hosts the National Show Ski championships, and was the host of the first ever World Water Ski Show championship, with teams competing from Australia, Belgium, Canada and China. Traxler Park is also the site of the city's annual Fourth of July festivities.

Other major parks include Riverside Park, a recreational park along the Rock River including a golf course and a segment of the Ice Age Trail; Rockport Park, largely undeveloped, including the municipal swimming pool and Peace Park; Monterey Park, including the Big Rock, an early natural landmark signaling a good ford of the Rock River (and the namesake of the county, but not the river), as well as a sports stadium used by the school system; Lustig Park, used for a disc golf course; and Palmer Park, which includes a 9-hole golf course and CAMDEN Playground (an accessible play area, considered the largest accessible/integrated playground in the world and the most accessible/integrated playground). Most of the hiking and biking trails in the city are connected to the Ice Age Trail, which will eventually connect to the west with the Sugar River State Trail, north to Milton and Fort Atkinson and east to the Kettle Moraine State Forest.[48]

Janesville also has a nearly 500-acre greenbelt system to provide areas for surface water runoff and habitat for a diversity of plants and animals.

Religion

There are four Roman Catholic parishes in Janesville, all part of the Diocese of Madison. The oldest is St. Patrick's, established in a log chapel in 1844 when there were only six Catholic families in Janesville. A Priest arrived in March 1845 and celebrated mass. St. Patrick's present church was built of cream colored brick in 1863 and is located at 315 Cherry Street. Located on a hill near the center of town, the architecturally prominent Nativity of Mary church (St. Mary's) was organized in 1876 by German immigrants who wanted a parish of their own. The present red brick structure was completed in 1902. The remaining two Janesville parishes include St. John Vianney, located on East Racine Street, and St. William on the near west side.

The city is also home to many other Christian churches including Lutheran, Methodist, Episcopalian, Baptist, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and others. The First Baptist Church of Janesville was organized October 13, 1844, and founded by the Rev. Jeremiah Murphy. The Seventh Day Baptist General Conference has its offices in Janesville; the denomination's nearest church is in nearby Milton. All Saints Anglican Catholic Church[49] a part of the continuing Anglican movement, is located in a historic church near downtown that was built by German Lutherans in the 1880s.

There are four cemeteries in Janesville: Oakhill, a municipal cemetery, Mount Olivet, a Roman Catholic cemetery, Dillenbeck Cemetery,[50] and Milton Lawns, a non-demominational private cemetery.

The Gideon Bible organization was founded at the Janesville YMCA in 1899 by Janesville resident John H. Nicholson and a Beloit man after they had shared a Boscobel hotel room.[51]

Sports

In fall 2009, Janesville became home to the Janesville Jets, an expansion team in the North American Hockey League, with games played at the Janesville Ice Arena. The Janesville Cubs, a minor league baseball team affiliated with the Chicago Cubs, was based in Janesville from 1941 to 1942 and 1946 to 1953. They were called the Bears in 1946.

Notable people

See also

References

  1. 1 2 "US Gazetteer files 2010". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2012-11-18.
  2. ↑ "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2012-11-18.
  3. ↑ "Population Estimates". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2013-06-24.
  4. 1 2 "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Retrieved 2011-06-07.
  5. ↑ Janesville (city) QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau
  6. ↑ The Wisconsin Cartographer's Guild. Wisconsin's Past and Present: A Historical Atlas. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press: 1998, p. 13.
  7. ↑ Janesville By Judith Adler, Den Adler page 7
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 David Hestad. Wisconsin Hometown Stories: Janesville. Madison, WI: Wisconsin Public Television, 2006.
  9. ↑ History of Rock County, Wisconsin (Chicago: Western Historical Company Chicago)
  10. ↑ The Expansion of New England: The Spread of New England Settlement and Institutions to the Mississippi River, 1620-1865 by Lois Kimball Mathews page 244
  11. ↑ New England in the Life of the World: A Record of Adventure and Achievement By Howard Allen Bridgman page 77
  12. ↑ "When is Daddy Coming Home?": An American Family During World War II By Richard Carlton Haney page 8
  13. ↑ Wisconsin Historical Society. "Janesville general memorialized in Honolulu", The Wisconsin State Journal, September 17, 2014.
  14. ↑ Faust-Foust Family in Germany & America Howard M. Faust (1984)
  15. ↑ City on the Rock River: chapters of Janesville's history Carol Lohry Cartwright, Scott C. Shaffer, Randal Waller, Janesville Historic Commission Janesville Historic Commission, 1998 page 48-49
  16. ↑ The History of Wisconsin: Urbanization and industrialization, 1873-1893 [by] Robert C. Nesbit William Fletcher Thompson State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1985
  17. ↑ FIRST - State Fair in Wisconsin - Janesville, WI - First of its kind on Waymarking.com
  18. ↑ WisBar | Pioneers in Law: Rhoda Lavinia Goodell
  19. ↑ Allison, R. Bruce (2005), Every Root an Anchor: Wisconsin’s Famous and Historic Trees (PDF) (2nd ed.), Madison: Wisconsin Historical Society Press, p. 38
  20. ↑ Janesville Wisconsin Fun Facts
  21. ↑ Janesville Convention and Visitors Bureau | Janesville History
  22. ↑ Staff (2010-07-09). "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service.
  23. ↑ "?". BNET. Retrieved 19 November 2010.
  24. ↑ Courthouse Hill Historic District
  25. ↑ Lappin-Hayes Block
  26. ↑ Lovejoy and Merrill-Nowlan Houses - Janesville, WI
  27. ↑ Frances Willard Schoolhouse
  28. ↑ "History of Janesville". City of Janesville. Retrieved 9 November 2015.
  29. ↑ "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2014". Retrieved June 4, 2015.
  30. ↑ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
  31. ↑ "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
  32. ↑ City of Janesville, Council-Manager Form of Government. Retrieved January 2, 2013.
  33. ↑ Janesville Convention and Visitors Bureau | Tour Opportunities
  34. ↑ "GM: Trucks out, cars in", CNN Money, retrieved on 2012–09–02.
  35. ↑ GM to close Janesville plant on December 23 2008, The Capital Times, October 13, 2008.
  36. ↑ Jim Leute, "GM employees get official word," Janesville Gazette, October 13, 2008.
  37. ↑ Thursday is last day of production as Isuzu line comes to end," The Janesville Gazette, April 21, 2009. Retrieved August 31, 2012.
  38. ↑ WJVL (June 16, 2008). "Bessie the Cow is back!". Retrieved 7 April 2009.
  39. ↑ Nelesen, Marcia (June 16, 2008). "City to recognize "Bessie the Cow Day"". The Janesville Gazette. Retrieved 7 April 2009.
  40. ↑ http://www.forwardjanesville.com/CommunityInfo/Employment.aspx
  41. ↑ City of Janesville. Transportation, Regional.
  42. ↑ "BDN Connection homepage". beloitdailynews.com. Retrieved 19 November 2010.
  43. ↑ "Community Shoppers Free Newspaper".
  44. ↑ School District of Janesville Home Page - Janesville, Wisconsin
  45. ↑ Wisconsin Center for the Blind and Visually Impaired
  46. ↑ A Brief History of Hedberg Public Library
  47. ↑ Janesville Parks Division
  48. ↑ Janesville Bicycle Trails
  49. ↑ All Saints Anglican Catholic Church,
  50. ↑ http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~wirock/Cems/JC-sur.html
  51. ↑ The Gideons International
  52. 1 2 3 "Wisconsin Medal of Honor Recipients". Wisconsin Department of Veterans Affairs. December 1998. Retrieved 19 November 2010.
  53. ↑ "Victor F. Bleasdale". militarytimes.com. Retrieved 19 November 2010.
  54. ↑ "Conger, Harmon Sweatland, (1816 - 1882)". congress.gov. Retrieved 19 November 2010.
  55. ↑ Common Cause in Wisconsin: Tim Cullen to join CC/WI state governing board
  56. ↑ "Medal of Honor Recipients - World War II (A-F)".
  57. ↑ 'Wisconsin Blue Book 1872,' Biographical Sketch of Alexander Graham, pg. 456
  58. ↑ Stylus Interview
  59. ↑ "Joe Riggert Statistics and History". baseball-reference.com. Retrieved 2010-12-06.
  60. ↑ 'Collection of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin,' Wisconsin Historical Society: 1882, Wisconsin Necrology-1881, pg. 455
  61. ↑ "Medal of Honor Recipients - Indian Wars Period".

Further reading

External links

Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Janesville.
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