Jacky Ickx
 Jacky Ickx in 2013. | |||||||||||
| Born |
Jacques Bernard Ickx 1 January 1945 Brussels, Belgium | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Formula One World Championship career | |||||||||||
| Nationality |
.svg.png){kind=small} Belgian | ||||||||||
| Active years | 1967 – 1979 | ||||||||||
| Teams | Cooper · Ferrari · Brabham · McLaren · Williams · Lotus · Wolf · Ensign · Ligier | ||||||||||
| Entries | 122 (116 starts) | ||||||||||
| Championships | 0 | ||||||||||
| Wins | 8 | ||||||||||
| Podiums | 25 | ||||||||||
| Career points | 181 | ||||||||||
| Pole positions | 13 | ||||||||||
| Fastest laps | 14 | ||||||||||
| First entry | 1966 German Grand Prix | ||||||||||
| First win | 1968 French Grand Prix | ||||||||||
| Last win | 1972 German Grand Prix | ||||||||||
| Last entry | 1979 United States Grand Prix | ||||||||||
| |||||||||||
Jacques Bernard "Jacky" Ickx (French pronunciation: [dʒaki ɪks]) (born 1 January 1945 in Brussels) is a Belgian former racing driver who won the 24 Hours of Le Mans six times, achieved eight wins and 25 podium finishes in Formula One, won the Can-Am Championship in 1979 and is a former winner of the Dakar Rally.
Early racing career
Jacky Ickx was introduced to the sport when he was taken by his father, motoring journalist Jacques Ickx, to races which he covered. Despite this family background, Jacky had limited interest in the sport until his father bought him a 50 cc Zündapp motorcycle. Soon afterwards, Ickx won 8 of 13 races at the first season and the European 50 cc trials title. He took another two titles before he moved to racing a Lotus Cortina in touring car racing, taking his national saloon car championship in 1965, as well as winning the Spa 24 Hours race in 1966 driving a BMW 2000TI. He also competed in sports car races where he had already significant experience from taking part in the 1000 km races at the Nürburgring.
Formula One
Early career
Ickx entered his first Grand Prix at the Nürburgring in 1966, driving a Matra MS5-Cosworth one-litre Formula Two (F2) car, entered by Ken Tyrrell.[1] However, a first lap collision with John Taylor caused both cars to retire[2] and Taylor later died as a result of burns received in the accident. In 1967, Ickx again drove at the Nurburgring, with an F2 Matra MS7-Cosworth 1.6-litre, also entered by Tyrrell.[1] Despite the greater power of the Formula One (F1) cars, only two F1 drivers qualified with a faster time than Ickx: Denny Hulme and Jim Clark. As Ickx was racing in the separate F2 class, he started the race behind all of the F1 cars, but within four laps of the 28 km circuit he was up to fifth place, having overtaken 12 F1 cars. He was forced to retire after 12 laps with broken front suspension, but set fastest lap of the F2 runners.[1]
At Monza in 1967, he made his F1 debut in a Cooper T81B-Maserati, finishing sixth, despite suffering a puncture on the last lap. he also drove for Cooper in the United States Grand Prix at Watkins Glen but retired on lap 45 with overheating.[1]
1968: Ferrari
In 1968 Ickx drove in Formula 1 for Ferrari. He retired from his first two races, but at his home race at Spa-Francorchamps he started from the front row and finished 3rd. At the French Grand Prix at Rouen he took his first win, in heavy rain. Ickx also finished third at Brands Hatch and fourth at the Nürburgring after driving almost the entire race in heavy rain without his helmet visor. At Monza he finished the race in third position. In Canada he crashed and broke his left leg during practice, thus did not start and also missed the subsequent United States Grand Prix.[1] He returned in time for the final race of the season in Mexico. Ickx scored 33 points in the 1968 Formula One season finishing in third place behind Graham Hill and Jackie Stewart.
1969: Brabham
In 1969, Ickx moved to Brabham, partly at the instigation of the John Wyer team for whom he'd had considerable success in sports cars. Wyer's main sponsor, Gulf Oil were keen to ensure that they retained his services rather than possibly lose him to Ferrari's sports car team.[1] His first results at Brabham were poor, but after Jack Brabham broke his foot in a testing accident, Ickx's results improved: Alan Henry suggests that Ickx performed better with the whole team focussed on him.[3] Ickx finished third in France, second in Great Britain and won in Canada and in Germany at the Nürburgring, where he also took pole position and fastest lap,[4] in the last Formula One race there before 'The Ring' was made less bumpy and dangerous. In the 1969 Mexican Grand Prix Ickx finished second and ended the year as runner-up in the drivers' world championship, behind Stewart. He returned to the Ferrari team for the 1970 season, a move he had been considering since the Italian Grand Prix.[5]
1970–1973: Ferrari
As in 1969, Ickx had a disappointing start to the 1970 season. On the first lap of the Spanish Grand Prix he collided with the BRM of Jackie Oliver and his car caught fire.[4] It took at least 20 seconds for him to leave the burning car and he was hospitalized with severe burns. After 17 days he was back in his car at the Monaco Grand Prix, where he ran fifth before retiring with a driveshaft failure.[4] The car started to improve and at the German Grand Prix (held at Hockenheim as his favourite Nürburgring was boycotted for safety reasons) he fought with Jochen Rindt for the win, but finished a close second. At the Austrian Grand Prix it was Ickx that took the win. At Monza, Rindt died in an accident during free practice. Ickx was the only driver with a chance to take the championship from Rindt who had already won five of nine races in that season, with four more to go. Monza saw a win by Ferrari team-mate Clay Regazzoni while Ickx's car broke down. The Belgian took the win at Canada but in the US Grand Prix at Watkins Glen he only finished fourth, with Emerson Fittipaldi scoring his first win for Lotus as well as the Championships for the team and his late team-mate. Despite winning the last race in Mexico, Ickx could not beat Rindt's points total. Ickx later stated in a 2011 article in the British magazine Motor Sport, that he was glad he did not win the 1970 World Championship. He did not want to win against a man who could not defend his chances, referring to the deceased Rindt.[6]
In 1971, Ickx and Ferrari started as favourites, but the championship went to Jackie Stewart with the new Tyrrell. Ferrari traditionally started the season with its full attention on the sports car championship rather than Formula One, a fact that had already caused John Surtees to leave in the middle of the 1966 season. Ickx won at Zandvoort in the rain with Firestone wet tyres, while Stewart had no chance with his Goodyear rubber. After that, he had a lot of retirements, while Stewart took one win after the other, despite Ickx giving him a good challenge at the Nürburgring once again, where both drivers shared victories from 1968 to 1973. That long and very challenging track was the favourite of Ickx, while Stewart had called it the 'Green Hell' as well as being a driving force behind the driver boycott of 1970 that urged the Germans to rework the layout of the track, which had been built in 1927. Stewart said the only thing that had changed since then were the trees growing bigger. As requested, those near the track were cut and replaced with a small run-off area, and armco. So, the Scot and the Belgian not only fought on the track, but also off the track. Stewart was constantly fighting for more safety in Formula One, while Ickx thought by doing that the challenge was taken out of the sport.
In 1972, Ickx stayed at Ferrari and finished second in Spain and Monaco. After that the Ferrari only got noticed for its retirements. Yet, once again it was the Nürburgring where Ickx was eager to show it was his track, giving his great rival Stewart no chance at all. As for Stewart one year later, and other champions such as Juan Manuel Fangio in 1957, it turned out that the last Formula One win for Ickx came at Nürburgring, where superior driving skill could beat superior machinery.
In 1973, the Ferrari 312B3 was no longer competitive, and Ickx only managed one fourth place at the opening Grand Prix of the season. While being successful with their sports cars, which were driven to several wins by Ickx himself, the Formula One programme of the Italians was outclassed, and they even had to skip some races, notably at the Nürburgring. This was not acceptable to Ickx, who left the team halfway through the season, (after the 1973 British Grand Prix, where he finished eighth).[4] Instead, he competed in the German Grand Prix at the Nürburgring in a McLaren, and scored a sterling third place behind the all-conquering Tyrrells of Stewart and François Cevert. Ickx returned to Ferrari for the Italian Grand Prix at Monza again finishing eighth but drove for Williams in the 1973 United States Grand Prix at Watkins Glen finishing seventh.[4]
1974–1975: Lotus
When Ickx signed with Team Lotus in 1974, a difficult period awaited. Lotus had problems replacing the successful but ageing Lotus 72 (which debuted in 1970) with the troublesome Lotus 76 and, during the opening races of the championship, Ickx only managed a solitary third place in Brazil. Ickx demonstrated that he was still the Rain Master when he won the non-championship Race of Champions at Brands Hatch after having passed Niki Lauda on the outside at Paddock Bend. After the Brazilian Grand Prix his season deteriorated, the Lotus-Ford retiring in five consecutive races until an eleventh-place finish at Zandvoort.[4] However, in mid season Ickx recovered some form, rising through the field in the British Grand Prix to finish a strong third. Even better was his drive in the German Grand Prix. For most of the race Ickx dueled for fourth place with his teammate Ronnie Peterson who was using a Lotus 76, which had been grafted to the back end of a Lotus 72, Mike Hailwood in a McLaren M23 and Jochen Mass in a Surtees running on his home circuit on Firestone tyres well suited to the circuit. It was a classic duel on the daunting circuit, which still lacked armco around half the track in 1974. Two laps from the end Hailwood crashed badly ending his F1 career. On the last two laps Ickx was getting close to 3rd place Carlos Reutemann, but on the final lap, Ronnie Peterson slipstreamed past to claim 4th. In Austria, Ickx, this time in the Lotus 76, moved up the field but went off while attempting to take Depailler for second. In the last races of the year, tyre issues with Goodyears unsuitable for the Lotus 72 and 76 meant Lotus were not competitive.
1975 was even more disastrous for Lotus and Ickx left the team halfway through the season, even though he managed a second place in the chaotic Spanish Grand Prix which was overshadowed by accidents and stopped before half distance. Ickx was generally qualifying about 0.8 seconds slower than team-mate Peterson (Ickx was not the only driver to suffer from Peterson's blinding pace: Mario Andretti, running with just a four lap fuel load, could not get within 2 seconds of Peterson on a full tank in the same car during practice for the British GP in 1978). Ickx was stood down after the 1975 French GP with the promise that Chapman might re-employ him when a competitive new Lotus was ready to race. Ickx did not compete in Formula One for the remainder of 1975.
Later career: 1976–1979
It seemed that the end of Ickx's career was near. After Fittipaldi left McLaren, Ickx was thought likely to get the drive, but tobacco company promoter John Hogan preferred James Hunt. In 1976 Ickx began the season with Wolf-Williams Racing (then entering as "Frank Williams Racing Cars"),[7] but after three races signed with the new team of Walter Wolf Racing, which had substantial financial backing from Wolf. The Wolf team were also running the Wolf-Williams FW05 which was essentially a rebadged Hesketh 308C from 1975 and was uncompetitive. However, at the Race of Champions, Ickx was challenging Hunt and Alan Jones for the lead, when Ickx's visor ripped off. In the world championship races he failed to qualify on four occasions,[7] (a first in his career) achieving a degree of respectability only with a 7th in Spain and a good drive to 10th out of 19 finishers in the French GP in a car which, in the estimate of James Hunt and Chris Amon, was worse than useless. Nevertheless, for a large payment from Wolf, Amon agreed to swap drives with Ickx and Ickx raced the rest of the season in the fast and fragile Lotus styled Ensign N176, in which design Amon had suffered horrific breakages at Zolder and in the Swedish GP. For most of the Dutch GP, Ickx moved through the field, running the third fastest lap and on most laps was the fastest car in the race. With a newer Cosworth engine, Ickx probably would have won, but the under-maintained engine expired ten laps from the end. In the Italian GP, Ickx drove at competitive pace in F1 for the last time, when he finished tenth, only 30 seconds behind winner Ronnie Peterson, hard on the tail of Carlos Reutemann in a works Ferrari 312T2 in ninth. After a bad crash at the United States Grand Prix at Watkins Glen which he was lucky to have survived with only ankle injuries, Ickx never really tried again in F1, only competing sporadically. In 1977 Ickx competed in only one Grand Prix at Monaco for Ensign finishing tenth.[7] In 1978 he entered four Grands Prix, again for Ensign but only achieved a tweflth place at Zolder.[7] In the Swedish Grand Prix at Anderstorp Ickx failed to qualify.[7] In 1979 he ended his career as a Grand Prix driver at Ligier, standing in for the injured Patrick Depailler[1] gaining a fifth and sixth, but finding the ground effect cars dangerous and disconcerting, ill suited to his precise style. Outside of Formula One, Ickx continued to win races in various sports car series, which he had decided to concentrate on exclusively.
Endurance racing
Career
In 1966, Ickx teamed up with Hubert Hahne in a BMW 2000TI to win the Spa 24 Hours endurance race in his native Belgium. In 1968 Ickx won the Brands Hatch six hour endurance race partnered with Brian Redman in a John Wyer entered Ford GT40 Mk1. Ickx would go on to win the Brands race on a further three occasions, in 1972 for Ferrari alongside Mario Andretti and 1977 and 1982 driving Porsches with Jochen Mass and Derek Bell respectively.
In 1969 Jacky Ickx raced in the 24 hours of Le Mans for the first time. This race also saw the first appearance of the Porsche 917 at Le Mans, which was regarded by far as the favourite. The Ford GT40 that Ickx drove with Jackie Oliver appeared at that time to be an obsolete car, outperformed by the new Porsche 917 but also by the older Porsche 908 and the new generation of 3-litre prototypes from Ferrari, Matra and Alfa Romeo.
As Ickx was opposed to the traditional Le Mans start which he considered to be dangerous, he slowly walked across the track to his machine, instead of running. He locked the safety belt carefully and thus was the last to start the race, chasing the field. On lap one, a tragic event proved that Ickx was right: private driver John Woolfe, who had not taken time to belt himself in, had a fatal accident in his new and powerful 917.
During the race the Porsche 917 cars proved unreliable, and none finished. The last four hours of the race turned into a duel between the Porsche 908 of Hans Herrmann/Gérard Larrousse and the Ford GT-40 of Ickx/Oliver. In the last hour, Ickx and Herrmann continually leapfrogged each other, the Porsche being faster on the straights owing to having less aerodynamic drag, while being passed again under braking as the brake pads were worn and the team reckoned there was not enough time left to change them. Ickx won the race by the smallest of competitive margins ever, with less than 120 yards (110 m) between the two cars, despite having lost a bigger distance intentionally at the start. He also won his case for safety: from 1970, all drivers could start the race sitting in their cars with the belts tightened properly.
In later years, Ickx won a record six times at the 24h race at Le Mans, becoming known as "Monsieur Le Mans". Three of the wins were with Derek Bell: this would become one of the most legendary partnerships. In 2005, Tom Kristensen surpassed Ickx's record and when Kristensen announced his proposed retirement at the end of the 2014 season[8] had nine victories.
From 1976 on, he was a factory driver for Porsche and their new turbocharged race cars, the 935 and especially the 936 sports car, which he drove to wins in Le Mans three times. These drives, as well as the losing effort in 1978, often in the rain and at night, were some of the finest ever. Jacky Ickx considers the 1977 24 Hours of Le Mans race to be his favourite win of all time. Retiring earlier on in another Porsche 936, which he shared with Henri Pescarolo, the team transferred him to the car of Jürgen Barth and Hurley Haywood which was in 42nd place. Ickx made up for lost laps to lead the race by early morning, but suffered a mechanical problem which forced the car to pit. The mechanics resolved the issue by switching off one cylinder, and Ickx went on to win the race. The win in 1982 came with the new and superior Porsche 956 model, though, which carried him to two titles as world champion of endurance racing, in 1982 and 1983.
In 1983, Ickx was the team leader at Porsche, but a new teammate was faster than he was: young German Stefan Bellof set new lap records at the Nürburgring in the last ever sports car race held on the original configuration of Ickx's favourite track. As it turned out, Ickx and Bellof would become involved in controversial events later on.
In 1984, Ickx acted as Formula One race director in Monaco, and red-flagged the race because of rain, just as leader Alain Prost in a Porsche-powered McLaren was caught by a young Ayrton Senna. Also, Stefan Bellof had started from the back of the grid, as his underpowered Tyrrell-Cosworth could not provide extra boost in qualifying like the turbo-powered cars. Yet, in the wet race, he managed to pass many others and was on pace to catch both Senna and Prost, when Ickx decided to stop the race. That meant the win went to Prost, but owing to the short distance covered overall, only half the points for the win were awarded (4.5), less than for a second place in a full race (6). Prost subsequently lost the 1984 championship to Niki Lauda by half a point.
In 1985, Ickx was involved with Bellof again, but with tragic consequences. Bellof raced a privateer Porsche while waiting to join the Ferrari F1 team in 1986, which had promised him a seat after his performance in Monaco, similar to what they had done for Lauda after he outclassed Ickx there in 1973. At Spa, Ickx's home track, the young German in the private Porsche 956 of Walter Brun tried to pass the experienced Belgian in the factory Porsche 962 for 1st place after being held up by Ickx for 3 laps. At Eau Rouge corner, Bellof attempted the pass with disastrous consequences, as Ickx closed the door the cars collided and crashed, Bellof tragically dying an hour later, while Ickx was shaken but unharmed. He retired from professional circuit racing at the end of the season.
24 hours of Le Mans victories
- 1969 – Jacky Ickx / Jackie Oliver (Ford GT-40)
- 1975 – Jacky Ickx / Derek Bell (Mirage GR8)
- 1976 – Jacky Ickx / Gijs van Lennep (Porsche 936)
- 1977 – Jacky Ickx / Hurley Haywood / Jürgen Barth (Porsche 936)
- 1981 – Jacky Ickx / Derek Bell (Porsche 936)
- 1982 – Jacky Ickx / Derek Bell (Porsche 956)
Other races
Ickx also co-drove to victory with Allan Moffat at the 1977 Hardie-Ferodo 1000 in Australia, becoming the last debutant to win the race until 2011, when Nick Percat matched this feat partnering two time winner Garth Tander, became champion of Can-Am in 1979, and won the Rally Paris-Dakar in 1983 in a Mercedes-Benz G-Class.[9] The victory at the Bathurst 1000 was in a Ford XC Falcon Group C Touring Car manufactured in Australia with limited modifications for racing. After only days practice in a car he had never driven before he was doing lap times the same or quicker than drivers who drove nothing else and who were familiar with the circuit.
In 1979, in the newly-reborn Can-Am series for rebodied covered wheel Formula 5000 cars, Ickx won against strong opposition from Keke Rosberg, Elliot Forbes-Robinson and Bobby Rahal. Formula One fledgling Rosberg drove his Can Am car with ferocity, but often went off the road trying to match the pace of Ickx, who won the series decisively at the season finale at Riverside. The previous weekend, on the dangerous and undulating Laguna Seca circuit near Monterey, Ickx elected to race conservatively rather than going after leaders Forbes-Robinson and Rosberg, but film of the race indicates the brutal nature of this late generation of Can Am racing. Ickx did not return to defend his title the following season.
One of his other Le Mans 24 hour victories in a non-driving capacity was when he consulted for the Oreca team who were running a Mazda 787B for Mazdaspeed in 1991. Ickx was also selected to participate in the 1978 and 1984 editions of the International Race of Champions.
Although he had never driven a stock car before, Ickx was entered to race in the 1969 Daytona 500, in a car owned by Junior Johnson. A few days before the race, Ickx crashed the car during practice, and although he was not injured, the car was damaged beyond repair. The team's only backup car was needed by eventual race winner LeeRoy Yarbrough, so Ickx did not have the opportunity to race.[10]
After he retired from his professional racing career, he continued to compete in the Paris-Dakar Rally, even competing with daughter Vanina in recent years. Nowadays, he appears in historic events as a driver, such as the Goodwood Festival of Speed and the Monterey Historics, usually on behalf of Porsche and Ferrari. He still acts as the Clerk of the Course for the Monaco Grand Prix and is still a resident of Brussels.
Awards
- Awarded the Honorary Citizen of Le Mans prior to the 2000 race, the first sports person to do so.
- Inducted into the International Motorsports Hall of Fame in 2002.
In popular culture
- Ickx often appears in the famous Belgian Comics Michel Vaillant, as one of the main characters
- The Chopard Company developed three limited edition Chopard Mille Miglia Jacky Ickx Men's watches dedicated to him, with a fourth Chopard watch designed with his cooperation.[11]
Personal life
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Jacky Ickx is married to singer Khadja Nin. The couple were guests at the wedding of Prince Albert of Monaco and Charelene Wittstock in July 2011.[12] Ickx became a resident of Monaco in the early 1980s.[13]
Ickx's father Jacques Ickx and younger brother Pascal Ickx were racing drivers.[14] His daughter, Vanina Ickx (from his first marriage with Catherine Ickx) followed in her father's footsteps to become a racing driver as well.
See also
Racing record
Complete Formula One World Championship results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; results in italics indicate fastest lap)
Non-Championship results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)
| Year | Entrant | Chassis | Engine | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1967 | Matra Sports | Matra MS5 | Cosworth Str-4 | ROC Ret |
SPC | INT | SYR | OUL Ret |
ESP DNS | ||
| 1968 | Scuderia Ferrari | Ferrari 312/67 | Ferrari V12 | ROC 8 |
INT 4 |
OUL Ret | |||||
| 1969 | Motor Racing Developments | Brabham BT26A | Ford V8 | ROC Ret |
INT 4 |
MAD | OUL 1 | ||||
| 1971 | Scuderia Ferrari | Ferrari 312B | Ferrari F12 | ARG | ROC | QUE 11 |
SPR | INT | RIN 1 |
OUL | VIC |
| 1974 | John Player Team Lotus | Lotus 72E | Ford V8 | PRE | ROC 1 |
INT | |||||
| 1975 | John Player Team Lotus | Lotus 72E | Ford V8 | ROC 4 |
INT | SUI | |||||
| 1976 | Hesketh Racing | Hesketh 308C | Cosworth V8 | ROC 3 |
|||||||
| Wolf-Williams Racing | Wolf-Williams FW05 | Ford V8 | INT Ret | ||||||||
| 1978 | Team Tissot Ensign | Ensign N177 | Ford V8 | INT Ret | |||||||
Complete 24 Hours of Le Mans results
Complete European Formula Two Championship results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; results in italics indicate fastest lap)
| Year | Entrant | Chassis | Engine | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | Place | Points |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1967 | Tyrrell Racing Organisation | Matra MS5 F2 | Cosworth Str-4 |
SNE DNS |
SIL 7 |
NUR 3 |
HOC 10 |
TUL 5 |
JAR | ZAN 1 |
EMM 3 |
BRH 5 |
VAL 1 |
1st | 45 |
Dakar Rally results
| Year | Class | Vehicle | Result | Stages | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1981 | Car |  Citroen |
DNF | 1 | |
| 1982 |  Mercedes-Benz |
5th | 7 | ||
| 1983 | 1st | 5 | |||
| 1984 | Porsche |
6th | 9 | ||
| 1985 | DNF | 1 | |||
| 1986 | 2nd | 1 | |||
| 1987 |  Lada |
DNF | 0 | ||
| 1988 | 38th | 0 | |||
| 1989 | Peugeot |
2nd | 3 | ||
| 1990 | Lada |
7th | 1 | ||
| 1991 | Citroen |
DNF | 1 | ||
| 1992 | 6th | 0 | |||
| 1993-1994 | Did not enter | ||||
| 1995 | Car |  Toyota |
18th | 0 | |
| 1996-1999 | Did not enter | ||||
| 2000 | Car | Mitsubishi |
18th | 0 | |
References
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Steve Small. The Guinness Complete Grand Prix Who's Who. p. 196. ISBN 0851127029.
- ↑ http://www.grandprix.com/gpe/rr147.html
- ↑ Henry (1985) p.85 "Interestingly, the somewhat unpredictable Belgian rose to the occasion in superb fashion and seemed able to produce more impressive form when the effort was concentrated on him exclusively rather than being shared with the boss."
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 Steve Small. The Guinness Complete Grand Prix Who's Who. p. 197. ISBN 0851127029.
- ↑ Henry (1985) p.89
- ↑ Taylor, Simon (October 2011). "A Lunch With... Jacky Ickx". MotorSport Magazine. Retrieved 2 December 2014.
- 1 2 3 4 5 Steve Small. The Guinness Complete Grand Prix Who's Who. p. 198. ISBN 0851127029.
- ↑ Watkins, Gary (19 November 2014). "Le Mans legend Tom Kristensen announces retirement from racing". AUTOSPORT.com. Retrieved 4 January 2015.
- ↑ "Mercedes-Benz G-Class History". Edmunds. Retrieved 7 August 2012.
- ↑ Smyle, Don. "Jacky Ickx: The Forgotten Race". National Speed Sport News. Turn 3 Media LLC. Retrieved 6 November 2014.
- ↑ Chopard Company to Honor Jacky Ickx
- ↑ "Jacky Ickx and his wife Khadja Nin are sighted leaving the 'Hermitage' hotel to attend the Royal Wedding of Prince Albert II of Monaco to Charlene Wittstock in the main courtyard at on July 2, 2011 in Monaco, Monaco.".
- ↑ David Chappell. "Ickx is looking for consistency on the road to Dakar.", The Times, London, 9 January 1991.
- ↑
- "DRIVER: Ickx, Jacky". Autocourse Grand prix Archive. Archived from the original on 2007-12-22. Retrieved 2007-09-12.
- "Europe’s Mr Versatility". 8W. Retrieved 2007-09-12.
- "Tribute to Jacky Ickx". Jacky-Ickx-Fan.net. Retrieved 2007-09-12.
- "Drivers: Jacky Ickx". GrandPrix.com. Retrieved 2007-09-12.
- "Jacky Ickx". Grand Prix Racing. Retrieved 2007-09-12.
- "Chopard Company to Honor Jacky Ickx". Watches Channel Infoniac. Retrieved 2007-12-12.
- Books
- Henry, Alan (1985). Brabham, the Grand Prix Cars. Osprey. ISBN 0-905138-36-8.
External links
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jacky Ickx. |
- Official Jacky Ickx Website
- Jacky Ickx in Le Mans 24h
- http://www.lemans.org
- Jacky Ickx miniature book, hosted by the University of North Texas Libraries Digital Collections
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