Ja'far ibn Fallah

Ja'far ibn Fallah or ibn Falah was a Berber general of the Kutama tribe in the service of the Fatimid Caliphate.[1][2] He led the first Fatimid attempt to conquer Syria in 970–971, but his attack on Byzantine-held Antioch was repulsed, and he lost his life in June 971 fighting against the Qarmatians.

Biography

In summer 969, the troops of the Fatimids of Ifriqiya, under the command of Jawhar al-Siqilli, conquered Egypt from its Ikhshidid rulers. The only resistance was offered by the regiments of the Ikhshidid army barricaded on the island of Rawdah Island near the capital of Fustat, but the Nile was low and the Fatimids' Kutama troops quickly crossed it and massacred the Ikhshidid troops.[3] At the same time, further north, the Byzantine Empire seized Antioch. Seized with the spirit of jihad and aiming to legitimize their rule, the Fatimids used the Byzantine advance on Antioch and the "infidel" threat as a major item in their propaganda aimed towards the newly conquered region, along with promises to restore just government.[4]

Jawhar therefore sent Ja'far ibn Fallah, who had distinguished himself before Fustat, to invade Palestine, where the remnants of the Ikhshidids were holding out.[2] [5] Ibn Fallah defeated and captured the Ikhshidid governor al-Hasan ibn Ubayd Allah ibn Tughj and took Ramla on 24 May 970. he then moved against Tiberias, held by the ghulam Fatik and his Banu Uqayl Bedouin allies. Fatik was killed through treachery, while Ibn Fallah used other Bedouin, the Banu Murra and the Banu Fazara, to drive the Uqayl north towards Homs. At the news of these events, the Ikhshidid-appointed governor of Damascus, Shamul, surrendered himself to the Fatimids.[6][7] The Damascenes however resolved to resist and set up a governor of their own under the Abbasid Ibn Abi Ya'la and a certain Muhammad ibn Asuda, after Ibn Fallah's Kutama soldiers mistreated and robbed a delegation of leading citizens. The Damascene militia drove off the first detachments of the Fatimid army that appeared before the city walls, but as soon as Ibn Fallah himself with the bulk of his force appeared before the city in November and they were driven back behind the city walls, they offered to surrender. In stark contrast to Jawhar's leniency to Fustat, Ibn Fallah imposed humiliating terms on Damascus, demanding that the women come out and let their hair down in the dust. During the takeover of the city, the Kutama pillaged the markets and clashed with the populace for three days, after which Ibn Fallah executed several prominent citizens. This quietened the situation for the time, and Ibn Fallah secured Damascus by erecting a citadel in the city, but it left a legacy of hatred towards the Fatimids and their Berber troops in the city.[8][9]

Almost as soon as Damascus submitted, Ibn Fallah entrusted one of his ghulams, named Futuh ("Victories"), to carry out the promised jihad against the Byzantines.[10] Futuh assembled a large army of Kutama Berbers, strengthened with levies from Palestine and southern Syria, and moved to besiege Antioch in December 970. The city resisted with success, and although Ibn Fallah sent reinforcements, they were unable to take it. In spring, a Byzantine relief army defeated a detachment of the Fatimid troops, forcing the Fatimids to raise the siege and withdraw.[11] At the same time, Ibn Fallah faced an invasion by the Qarmatians. The Damascene leader Muhammad ibn Asuda, along with the Uqayli chieftain Zalim ibn Mawhub, had sought refuge with the Qarmatians of the Syrian Desert, and urged them to attack the Fatimids. The Qarmatians were all the more responsive because the Fatimids had stopped the Ikhshidid practice of paying them a tribute of some 300,000 gold dinars a year in exchange for peace. The Qarmatians mounted a major retaliatory expedition that invovled a broad coalition of the region's powers: not only were the Qarmatians of Syria aided by their co-religionists of Bahrayn, but they also received aid from the Buyid ruler of Baghdad, Izz al-Dawla, and the Hamdanids of Mosul. They were also joined by former Ikhshidid ghulams, the Bedouin of the Banu Kilab tribe, and the Uqayli followers of Zalim. Unwisely, Ibn Fallah chose to confront them in the open desert, where he was defeated and killed in battle in August 971. Muhammad ibn Asuda cut off his head in revenge at the death of his brother, who had been among the Damascene notables executed by Ibn Fallah.[2][12][13]

This defeat led to the near total collapse of Fatimid control in southern Syria and Palestine, and the Qarmatian invasion of Egypt. The Fatimids were victorious before Fustat, however, and eventually managed to drive the Qarmatians out of Syria and restore their control over the restive province.[14][15]

His son Sulayman also became a senior Fatimid commander, serving from the late 970s until the late 990s,[16] as did his brother Ibrahim.[17] Another brother, Ali, also became a senior commander at the turn of the 11th century, and was honoured with the laqab of Qutb al-Dawla ("Axis of the Realm") for his services against Mufarrij ibn Daghfal ibn al-Jarrah and his Bedouin.[18]

References

  1. ↑ Bianquis 1998, p. 138.
  2. 1 2 3 Kennedy 2004, p. 318.
  3. ↑ Brett 2001, pp. 297–304.
  4. ↑ Brett 2001, pp. 295–308.
  5. ↑ Brett 2001, pp. 311–312.
  6. ↑ Brett 2001, p. 312.
  7. ↑ Gil 1997, pp. 336–337.
  8. ↑ Brett 2001, pp. 312–313.
  9. ↑ Gil 1997, p. 338.
  10. ↑ Brett 2001, p. 313.
  11. ↑ Walker 1972, pp. 431–439.
  12. ↑ Brett 2001, pp. 313–314.
  13. ↑ Gil 1997, p. 339.
  14. ↑ Brett 2001, pp. 314–315, 346.
  15. ↑ Gil 1997, pp. 339ff..
  16. ↑ Kennedy 2004, pp. 323, 328.
  17. ↑ Gil 1997, p. 344.
  18. ↑ Gil 1997, pp. 367, 383–385.

Sources

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