Jasmine

This article is about the plant genus. For the given name, see Jasmine (given name). For other uses, see Jasmine (disambiguation).
Jasmine
Jasminum sambac 'Grand Duke of Tuscany'
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
(unranked): Angiosperms
(unranked): Eudicots
(unranked): Asterids
Order: Lamiales
Family: Oleaceae
Tribe: Jasmineae
Genus: Jasminum
L.
Type species
Jasminum officinale
L.
Species

More than 200, see List of Jasminum species[1][2][3]

Synonyms[4]
  • Jacksonia hort. ex Schltdl
  • Jasminium Dumort.
  • Menodora Humb. & Bonpl.
  • Mogorium Juss.
  • Noldeanthus Knobl.

Jasmine (taxonomic name Jasminum /ˈjæsmᵻnəm/)[5] is a genus of shrubs and vines in the olive family (Oleaceae). It contains around 200 species native to tropical and warm temperate regions of the Eurasia, Australasia and Oceania. Jasmines are widely cultivated for the characteristic fragrance of their flowers. A number of unrelated plants contain the word "Jasmine" in their common names (see Other plants called "Jasmine").

Description

Jasmines can be either deciduous (leaves falling in autumn) or evergreen (green all year round), and can be erect, spreading, or climbing shrubs and vines. Their leaves are borne opposite or alternate. They can be simple, trifoliate, or pinnate. The flowers are typically around 2.5 cm (0.98 in) in diameter. They are white or yellow in color, although in rare instances they can be slightly reddish. The flowers are borne in cymose clusters with a minimum of three flowers, though they can also be solitary on the ends of branchlets. Each flower has about four to nine petals, two locules, and one to four ovules. They have two stamens with very short filaments. The bracts are linear or ovate. The calyx is bell-shaped. They are usually very fragrant. The fruits of jasmines are berries that turn black when ripe.

The basic chromosome number of the genus is 13, and most species are diploid (2n=26). However, natural polyploidy exists, particularly in Jasminum sambac (2n=39), Jasminum flexile (2n=52), Jasminum mesnyi (2n=39), and Jasminum angustifolium (2n=52).[6]

Distribution and habitat

Jasmines are native to tropical and subtropical regions of Eurasia, Australasia and Oceania, although only one of the 200 species is native to Europe.[7][8] Their center of diversity is in South Asia and Southeast Asia.[9]

A number of jasmine species have become naturalized in Mediterranean Europe. For example, the so-called Spanish jasmine (Jasminum grandiflorum) was originally from Iran and western South Asia, and is now naturalized in the Iberian peninsula.[6]

Jasminum fluminense (which is sometimes known by the inaccurate name "Brazilian Jasmine") and Jasminum dichotomum (Gold Coast Jasmine) are invasive species in Hawaii and Florida.[10][11] Jasminum polyanthum, also known as White Jasmine, is an invasive weed in Australia.[12]

Taxonomy

Species belonging to genus Jasminum are classified under the tribe Jasmineae of the olive family (Oleaceae).[6] Jasminum is divided into five sections—Alternifolia, Jasminum, Primulina, Trifoliolata, and Unifoliolata.[4]

The genus name is derived from the Persian Yasameen ("gift from God") through Arabic and Latin.[13][14][15]

Selected Species

A double-flowered cultivar of Jasminum sambac in flower with an unopened bud. The flower smells like the tea as it opens.

Species include:[16]

  • J. abyssinicum Hochst. ex DC. – forest jasmine
  • J. adenophyllum Wall. – bluegrape jasmine, pinwheel jasmine, princess jasmine
  • J. angulare Vahl
  • J. angustifolium (L.) Willd.
  • J. auriculatum Vahl – Indian hasmine, needle-flower jasmine
  • J. azoricum L.
  • J. beesianum Forrest & Diels – red jasmine
  • J. dichotomum Vahl – Gold Coast jasmine
  • J. didymum G.Forst.
  • J. dispermum Wall.
  • J. elegans Knobl.
  • J. elongatum (P.J.Bergius) Willd.
  • J. floridum Bunge
  • J. fluminense Vell.
  • J. fruticans L.
  • J. grandiflorum L. – Catalonian jasmine, jasmin odorant, royal jasmine, Spanish jasmine
  • J. humile L. – Italian jasmine, Italian yellow jasmine
  • J. anceolarium Roxb.
  • J. mesnyi Hance – Japanese jasmine, primrose jasmine, yellow jasmine
  • J. multiflorum (Burm.f.) Andrews – Indian jasmine, star jasmine, winter jasmine
  • J. multipartitum Hochst. – starry wild jasmine
  • J. nervosum Lour.
  • J. nobile C.B.Clarke
  • J. nudiflorum Lindl. – winter jasmine
  • J. odoratissimum L. – yellow jasmine
  • J. officinale L. – common jasmine, jasmine, jessamine, poet's jasmine, summer jasmine, white jasmine
  • J. parkeri Dunn – dwarf jasmine
  • J. polyanthum Franch.
  • J. sambac (L.) Aiton – Arabian jasmine, Sambac jasmine
  • J. simplicifolium G.Forst.
  • J. sinense Hemsl.
  • J. subhumile W.W.Sm.
  • J. subtriplinerve Blume
  • J. tortuosum Willd.
  • J. urophyllum Hemsl.

Cultivation and uses

Widely cultivated for its flowers, jasmine is enjoyed in the garden, as a house plant, and as cut flowers. The flowers are worn by women in their hair in southern and southeast Asia.

Jasmine tea

Green tea with jasmine flowers

Jasmine tea is consumed in China, where it is called jasmine-flower tea (茉莉花茶; pinyin: mò lì huā chá). Jasminum sambac flowers are also used to make jasmine tea, which often has a base of green tea or white tea, but sometimes an Oolong base is used. Flowers and tea are "mated" in machines that control temperature and humidity. It takes four hours or so for the tea to absorb the fragrance and flavour of the jasmine blossoms, and for the highest grades, this process may be repeated as many as seven times. It must be refired to prevent spoilage. The spent flowers may or may not be removed from the final product, as the flowers are completely dry and contain no aroma. Giant fans are used to blow away and remove the petals from the denser tea leaves.

In Okinawa, Japan, jasmine tea is known as sanpin cha (さんぴん茶).

Jasmonates

Main article: Jasmonate

Jasmine gave name to the jasmonate plant hormones as methyl jasmonate isolated from the jasmine oil of Jasminum grandiflorum led to the discovery of the molecular structure of jasmonates.[17]

Cultural importance

The White Jasmine Branch, painting of ink and color on silk by Chinese artist Zhao Chang, early 12th century

Madurai, a city in Tamil Nadu is famous for its Jasmine production. In the western and southern states of India, including Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu, jasmine is cultivated in private homes. These flowers are used in regular worship and for hair ornaments. Jasmine is also cultivated commercially, for both the domestic and industrial uses such as the perfume industry. It is used in rituals like marriages, religious ceremonies and festivals. In the Chandan Yatra of lord Jagannath, the deity is bathed with water flavored in sandalwood paste and jasmine.

Jasmine used as garland for Meenakshi Sundareswarar, Madurai, Tamil Nadu
Jasmine flower blooming near Hyderabad, India

Jasmine flower vendors selling ready-made garlands of jasmine, or in the case of the thicker motiyaa (in Hindi) or mograa (in Marathi) varietal, bunches of jasmine, as well as flowers by weight, are a common sight on city streets in many parts of India. They may be found around entrances to temples, on major thoroughfares, and in major business areas.

A change in presidency in Tunisia in 1987[18][19] and the Tunisian Revolution of 2011 are both called "Jasmine revolutions" in reference to the flower. Jasmine flowers were also used as a symbol during the 2011 Chinese pro-democracy protests in the People's Republic of China.

In Syria, jasmine is the symbolic flower of Damascus, which is called the City of Jasmine. In Thailand, jasmine flowers are used as a symbol for motherhood.

"Jasmine" is also a feminine given name in some countries.

Jasmine as a national flower

Several countries and states consider jasmines as a national symbol. They are the following:

Other plants called "Jasmine"

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Jasminum". Index Nominum Genericorum. International Association for Plant Taxonomy. Retrieved 2008-06-03.
  2. ↑ "10. Jasminum Linnaeus". Chinese Plant Names 15: 307. Retrieved 2008-06-03.
  3. ↑ UniProt. "Jasminum". Retrieved 2008-06-03.
  4. 1 2 USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. "Jasminum L.". Germplasm Resources Information Network, National Germplasm Resources Laboratory. Retrieved November 22, 2011.
  5. ↑ Sunset Western Garden Book, 1995:606–607.
  6. 1 2 3 A.K. Singh (2006). Flower Crops: Cultivation and Management. New India Publishing. pp. 193–205. ISBN 978-81-89422-35-6.
  7. ↑ Ernst Schmidt, Mervyn Lötter, & Warren McCleland (2002). Trees and shrubs of Mpumalanga and Kruger National Park. Jacana Media. p. 530. ISBN 978-1-919777-30-6.
  8. ↑ Jasminum @ EFloras.org.
  9. ↑ H. Panda (2005). Cultivation and Utilization of Aromatic Plants. National Institute Of Industrial Research. p. 220. ISBN 978-81-7833-027-3.
  10. ↑ "Jasminum fluminense". Natural Resources Conservation Service PLANTS Database. USDA.
  11. ↑ "Jasminum dichotomum". Natural Resources Conservation Service PLANTS Database. USDA.
  12. ↑ "Weeds of the Blue Mountains Bushland - Jasminum polyanthum".
  13. ↑ "jasmine, -in, jessamine, -in", OED
  14. ↑ "jasmine." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002.
  15. ↑ Metcalf, 1999, p. 123.
  16. ↑ GRIN. "Jasminum information from NPGS/GRIN". Taxonomy for Plants. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland: USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Retrieved October 19, 2012.
  17. ↑ Demole E; Lederer, E.; Mercier, D. (1962). "Isolement et détermination de la structure du jasmonate de méthyle, constituant odorant caractéristique de l'essence de jasmin". Helv Chim Acta 45 (2): 675–85. doi:10.1002/hlca.19620450233.
  18. ↑ Michael, Ayari; Vincent Geisser (2011). "Tunisie : la Révolution des "Nouzouh"* n'a pas l'odeur du jasmin" (in French). Témoignage chrétien. Archived from the original on 2011-03-14. Retrieved 2011-03-14.
  19. ↑ "La révolution par le feu et par un clic" (in French). Le Quotidien d'Oran/moofid.com. 2011-02-25. Archived from the original on 2011-03-14. Retrieved 2011-03-14.

Further reading

External links

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