Hans Selye

János Hugo Bruno "Hans" Selye, CC (/ˈhænz ˈsɛljeɪ/; Hungarian: Selye János; January 26, 1907 – October 16, 1982), was a pioneering Austrian-Canadian endocrinologist of Hungarian origin. He conducted much important scientific work on the hypothetical non-specific response of an organism to stressors. Although he did not recognize all of the many aspects of glucocorticoids, Selye was aware of their role in the stress response. Charlotte Gerson^[1] considers him the first to demonstrate the existence of biological stress.

Biography

Selye was born in Vienna, Austria-Hungary on 26 January 1907.^[2] He grew up in Komárom, Hungary and the Hungarian language university in that town bears his name. He became a Doctor of Medicine and Chemistry in Prague in 1929, went to Johns Hopkins University on a Rockefeller Foundation Scholarship in 1931 and then went to McGill University in Montreal where he started researching the issue of stress in 1936. In 1945, he joined the Université de Montréal where he had 40 assistants and worked with 15,000 laboratory animals. Kantha (1992), in a survey of an elite group of scientists who have authored over 1,000 research publications, identified Selye as one who had published 1,700 research papers, 15 monographs, and 7 popular books. He died on 16 October 1982 in Montreal, Canada. He was a nominee to the Nobel prize for the first time in 1949.^[3]

Selye was of Austro-Hungarian origin and Hungarian^[4] ethnicity.

Work on stress

2nd World Conference on Stress. Stamp of Hungary, 2007.

His last inspiration for general adaptation syndrome (GAS, a theory of stress) came from an endocrinological experiment in which he injected mice with extracts of various organs. He at first believed he had discovered a new hormone, but was proved wrong when every irritating substance he injected produced the same symptoms (swelling of the adrenal cortex, atrophy of the thymus, gastric and duodenal ulcers). This, paired with his observation that people with different diseases exhibit similar symptoms, led to his description of the effects of "noxious agents" as he at first called it. He later coined the term "stress", which has been accepted into the lexicon of most other languages.

Selye has acknowledged the influence of Claude Bernard (who developed the idea of milieu intérieur) and Walter Cannon's "homeostasis". Selye conceptualized the physiology of stress as having two components: a set of responses which he called the "general adaptation syndrome", and the development of a pathological state from ongoing, unrelieved stress.

Selye discovered and documented that stress differs from other physical responses in that stress is stressful whether one receives good or bad news, whether the impulse is positive or negative. He called negative stress "distress" and positive stress "eustress". The system whereby the body copes with stress, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA axis) system, was also first described by Selye. He also pointed to an "alarm state", a "resistance state", and an "exhaustion state", largely referring to glandular states. Later he developed the idea of two "reservoirs" of stress resistance, or alternatively stress energy.

Selye wrote The Stress of Life (1956), From Dream to Discovery: On Being a Scientist (1964) and Stress without Distress (1974). He worked as a professor and director of the Institute of Experimental Medicine and Surgery at the Université de Montréal. In 1975 he created the International Institute of Stress, and in 1979, Dr. Selye and Arthur Antille started the Hans Selye Foundation. Later Selye and eight Nobel laureates founded the Canadian Institute of Stress.^[5]

In 1968 he was made a Companion of the Order of Canada.

Selye was one of the highly productive scientists in the 20th century, with over 1,700 research publications, according a study by Kantha (1992).

In recent years it has emerged that Selye worked as a consultant for the tobacco industry from the 1950s until his death, receiving extensive funding for his research, and taking part in pro-smoking campaigns paid for by the tobacco industry.^[6] He also helped RJ Reynolds to recruit other scientists, and there is evidence that Industry lawyers helped with the wording and content of some of Selye’s later academic papers. The tobacco industry’s funding of Selye’s research was cited as an example of racketeering in the successful anti-racketeering case brought by the US Department of Justice against 7 tobacco companies in 2009.

Former graduate students

• Roger Guillemin
• Paola S. Timiras

Publications

• "A Syndrome Produced by Diverse Nocuous Agents" - 1936 article by Hans Selye from The journal of neuropsychiatry and clinical neurosciences
• The Stress of Life. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1956, ISBN 978-0070562127
• Selye, H. (Oct 7, 1955). "Stress and disease". Science 122: 625–631. doi:10.1126/science.122.3171.625. 
• From Dream to Discovery: On being a scientist. New York: McGraw-Hill 1964, ISBN 978-0405066160
• Hormones and Resistance. Berlin; New York: Springer-Verlag, 1971, ISBN 978-3540054115
• Stress Without Distress. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Co., c1974, ISBN 978-0397010264

See also

• Science and technology in Canada
• Alvin Toffler

References

The "Father of Stress" Meets "Big Tobacco": Hans Selye and the Tobacco Industry. Petticrew, MP; Lee, K; (2011) The "Father of Stress" Meets "Big Tobacco": Hans Selye and the Tobacco Industry. American journal of public health, 101 (3). pp. 411–8 Available at: http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/3743/

External links

• Mementos and photos
• Stress, by Hans Selye, National Film Board