Iveagh Gardens

The Iveagh Gardens (/ˈaɪviː/; Irish: Gairdíní Uí Echach) is a public park located between Clonmel Street and Upper Hatch Street, near the National Concert Hall in Dublin, Ireland. It is designated as a National Historic Property.^[1]

History

The site of the gardens was shown in 1756 as Leeson's Fields^[2] after Joseph Leeson, 1st Earl of Milltown.

Clonmell Lawns

In the late 18th Century Lord Milltown leased the land to John Hatch, the principal developer of Harcourt and Hatch streets. Hatch sold it to John Scott, 1st Earl of Clonmell, (also known as "Copper-faced Jack")^[2] as his private gardens. The gardens then became known as "Clonmell Lawns"^[3] Located on Harcourt Street is Clonmell House that faces on to Clonmell Street which leads into the Iveagh Gardens. A subterranean passage brought the Earl from his house to the gardens without him having to walk over the street.^[3] The Wide Streets Commission had planned for Clonmell Street to run through what is now the gardens thereby linking Harcourt Street to the then newly constructed Earlsfort Terrace. However, this passage was not located during archaeological monitoring conducted during the construction of the LUAS.^[4]

Coburg Gardens

When the 1st Earl died in 1798, his son the 2nd Earl (then aged 14 years old) inherited the estate including Clonmell Gardens. The estate was sold in 1810 and the gardens were opened for public use around 1817^[5] and renamed "Coburg Gardens" after the royal family of Saxe-Coburg.^[6] Entrance to the park was from the South Side of St Stephen's Green, the "Royal Horse Bazaar".^[3]

The Coburg Gardens provided the setting for a major riot in August 1835, during which several Orangemen were badly injured.^[6][7] By 1860 the gardens had fallen into disrepair being used as a site for grazing sheep and dumping waste.^[6]

Dublin Exhibition Palace and Winter Garden

Plan of the Dublin Exhibition Palace and Winter Garden

In 1862, Sir Benjamin Lee Guinness co-founded the Dublin Exhibition Palace and Winter Garden Company (Limited), with the intention of "providing a permanent exhibition of Irish arts and manufactures and also reading rooms, flower gardens, and a gas-lit winter garden, for public enjoyment"^[5] modeled on the Crystal Palace of Sydenham. He sold the 17 acre site to the company for the price he had paid for it.^[8] The site was selected as the location for the Dublin Exhibition Palace and Winter Garden which was opened by the Prince of Wales on 9 May 1865.^[3]

Reversion to private ownership by the Guinness family

In 1870, Sir Benjamin Lee’s sons, Edward Cecil Guinness (later Lord Iveagh) and Arthur Edward Guinness (later Lord Ardilaun) re-acquired the buildings and grounds from the Dublin Exhibition Palace Company. In 1872, the site was used for an Exhibition of Irish arts and manufactures, however, this was not a success and the gardens reverted to private ownership. The Winter Gardens were sold in 1882 and removed to England.^[9] In 1883, Edward Cecil Guinness sold the exhibition buildings to the Commissioners of Public Works to be adapted to house the new Royal University, and the gardens remained the property of the Guinness family. The buildings were further adapted after the creation of University College, Dublin in 1908 and in 1918, the present façade to Earlsfort Terrace was erected to the designs of Rudolph Maximilian Butler.

Gift to the Irish nation

Eamon de Valera who was then Taoiseach and also Chancellor of University College, Dublin initiated inquiries of Rupert Guinness, 2nd Earl of Iveagh, as to whether he would sell Iveagh House and gardens complex to the Irish state. On 8 June 1937 this request was declined. However, on 4 May 1939 Rupert Guinness wrote to Eamon de Valera offering the Iveagh complex by way of gift to the nation. Rupert Guinness had been concerned as to the future use of the site, and specified in his letter of offer to Eamon de Valera that the Iveagh Gardens remain "unbuilt on", as a "lung" for Dublin. On 17 May 1939 this gift was accepted by the Government and Eamon de Valera wrote to Rupert Guinness.^[10] In 1941, the Gardens were re-united with the college buildings of Earlsfort Terrace.^[5] However, there is currently no public access with the college buildings which are now buildings of the National Concert Hall.

With the growth of student numbers at the university buildings, consideration was given in 1961 to building on the Iveagh Gardens. However, this did not occur and the university moved instead to Belfield thereby saving the gardens.^[11]

Management by the Office of Public Works

Statue in Gardens

In 1991 the gardens were placed under the management of the Office of Public Works.^[12] The OPW brief was under six distinct headings:^[12]

1. to conserve and restore a unique city centre park, which has remained largely unaltered since its layout by the landscape architect Ninian Niven;
2. to improve public accessibility by constructing a new entrance from Hatch Street;
3. to focus attention on one of Ireland’s most influential landscape architects and horticulturists, Ninian Niven, by conserving one of his few surviving landscape creations;
4. to conserve the internal and perimeter vegetation to screen out adjacent office blocks and buildings;
5. to highlight the large range of landscape features for public enjoyment and landscape appreciation; and
6. to restore these gardens creating a major tourist attraction offering a unique landscape not available in other city parks and gardens in Dublin.

A major restoration of the gardens to return the gardens to their original state commenced in 1992 and the gardens opened again to the public in 1992.^[12] The waterfall or cascade was allocated IR£200,000 in 1996 for its restoration.^[13]

In 2003, a new entrance was added to the Gardens from Upper Hatch Street.^[14]

In 2007 it was envisaged that the Earlsfort Terrace buildings would be re-united with the Iveagh Gardens, facilitating increased public access and new public rooms, cafes and restaurants would over-look the Gardens and the city.^[15] This plan remains currently unrealised.

Design

The gardens in their present form were designed by Ninian Niven, in 1865, as an intermediate design between the 'French Formal' and the 'English Landscape' styles.^[16] They demonstrated the artistic skills of the landscape Architect of the mid 19th century.^[16]

What to see

Iveagh Garden Maze

• A large sunken lawn located near the Earlsfort Terrace entrance is Ireland’s only purpose-built archery field. At its eastern end was a pond and boating tower. The tower now stands inside the boundary wall of Iveagh House.^[2] Beneath this lawn lie the remains of an elephant from Dublin Zoo, which was buried there in 1922.
• The cascade, or waterfall, flows over an immense rockery, with rocks from each of Ireland’s 32 counties. The Cascade uses recycled water today but originally used water from the Grand Canal.^[17]
• The maze, which is a miniature copy of London’s Hampton Court Maze.^[18]

External links

• 1797 Map of Dublin
• 1818 Map of Dublin with Coburg Gardens
• 1836 Map of Dublin with Coburg Gardens
• 1837 Survey and design for building on the Coburg Garden, the estate of the Earl of Clonmel - showing the plan of a proposed new street to be named Clonmel Street
• 1837 Map - Earlsfort Terrace, Stephen’s Green South and Harcourt Street - showing plan of proposed new street (Clonmel Street) and design for converting the original lawn of Clonmel House into building ground - approved of and signed by Wide Streets Commissioners, also elevation by Neville and Son
• 1840 Map of Dublin with Coburg Gardens
• 1848 Map of Dublin with Coburg Gardens
• 1863 Map of Dublin with Coburg Gardens
• Ordnance Survey Ireland: 6" map of Coburg Gardens
• Ordnance Survey Ireland: 25" map of Iveagh Gardens
• Ordnance Survey Ireland: Current map of Iveagh Gardens
• Aerial photograph of Iveagh Gardens

References

1. ↑ "National Historic Properties" (PDF). Office of Public Works. Retrieved 25 October 2014. 
2. 1 2 3 Christine Casey (2005). Dublin: The City Within the Grand and Royal Canals and the Circular Road with the Phoenix Park. Yale University Press. pp. 485–. ISBN 0-300-10923-7. 
3. 1 2 3 4 "Coburg Gardens now Iveagh Gardens". Retrieved 24 October 2014. 
4. ↑ Margaret Gowen & Co. Ltd. (28 April 2005). LUAS - Archaeological Monitoring - Final Report - Line B (PDF) (Report). 
5. 1 2 3 "Archive Fact Sheet: St. Stephen’s Green, Iveagh House, Iveagh Gardens" (PDF). Guinness Storehouse. Retrieved 23 October 2014. 
6. 1 2 3 Frank Hopkins (2003). Rare Old Dublin: Heroes, Hawkers & Hoors. Mercier Press Ltd. pp. 18–. ISBN 978-1-86023-154-4. 
7. ↑ HANSARDS PARLIAMENTARY DEBATES: VOL XXX. SEPTEMBER 1835. 1835. pp. 1–. 
8. ↑ Dublin International Exhibition of Arts and Manufactures (1865) (1865). Dublin International Exhibition of Arts and Manufactures - Official Catalogue. J. Falconer. Retrieved 24 October 2014. 
9. ↑ "A move that completes a historic legacy" (PDF). Retrieved 23 October 2014. 
10. ↑ "The Court: The IRTA's Request For An Oral Hearing". Irish Real Tennis Association. Retrieved 26 October 2014. 
11. ↑ "Seanad Éireann Debate Vol. 53 No. 10". Dáil Éireann. Houses of the Oireachtas. Retrieved 26 October 2014. 
12. 1 2 3 "Adjournment Debate - Sport and Recreational Development". Dáil Éireann. 30 June 2009. Retrieved 25 October 2014. 
13. ↑ "Dáil Éireann Debate Vol. 463 No. 2". Dáil Éireann. Houses of the Oireachtas. 14 March 1996. Retrieved 27 October 2014. 
14. ↑ Office of Public Works (June 2003). A bi-annual newsletter from the Office of Public Works (Issue 9 - June 2003 (Report). p. 27.  |access-date= requires |url= (help)
15. ↑ "Dáil Éireann Debate Vol. 637 No. 7". Dáil Éireann. Houses of the Oireachtas. 5 July 2007. Retrieved 26 October 2014. 
16. 1 2 "The Iveagh Gardens". Heritage Ireland. Retrieved 21 October 2014. 
17. ↑ "Gardening With Dermot O'Neill - Dublin's Iveagh Gardens". Retrieved 24 October 2014. 
18. ↑ "The Iveagh Gardens". Choose Ireland. Retrieved 24 October 2014. 

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