Italian bee

Italian bee Apis mellifera ligustica
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Hymenoptera
Family:	Apidae
Genus:	Apis
Species:	A. mellifera
Subspecies:	A. m. ligustica
Trinomial name
Apis mellifera ligustica Spinola, 1806

Apis mellifera ligustica is the Italian bee which is a subspecies of the western honey bee (Apis mellifera).

Origin

The Italian honey bee is thought to originate from the continental part of Italy, south of the Alps, and north of Sicily. The subspecies may have survived the last Ice Age in Italy.^[1] It is genetically a different subspecies than that from the Iberian peninsula and from Sicily. It is the most widely distributed of all honey bees, and has proven adaptable to most climates from subtropical to cool temperate, but it is less successful in humid tropical regions. It is sometimes called the Ligurian bee.

Italian bees, having been conditioned to the warmer climate of the central Mediterranean, are less able to cope with the "hard" winters and cool, wet springs of more northern latitudes. They do not form such tight winter clusters. More food has to be consumed to compensate for the greater heat loss from the loose cluster. The tendency to raise broods late in autumn also increases food consumption. The noted beekeeper, Thomas White Woodbury, first introduced the Italian bee to Britain in 1859 and regarded it as vastly superior to the English Black.

Anatomy

• Color: Abdomen has brown and yellow bands. Among different strains of Italian bees, there are three different colors: Leather; bright yellow (golden); and very pale yellow (Cordovan).
• Size: Their bodies are smaller and their overhairs shorter than those of the darker honeybee races
• Tongue length: 6.3 to 6.6 mm
• Mean cubital index: 2.2 to 2.5

Disease resistance

There is no clear evidence that A. m. ligustica is any more resistant to acarine mites than the Northern dark bee. They also appear to be less tolerant of Nosema than Northern dark bees. They are unable to retain faeces in the gut for long periods and require more frequent cleaning flights than the dark bees. They are affected by the parasitic varroa mite, Tracheal Mites, and the bacterial diseases European Foulbrood, American Foul Brood, Chalkbrood and other diseases of the honey bee.

Characteristics

Italian honey bees bearding outside the hive entrance

Italian honey bees swarming

Italian honey bee carrying pollen from flowers

It has a reputation for gentleness, but hybrids with the darker races can be especially vicious.

Brother Adam, a bee breeder and developer of the Buckfast bee, characterized the Italian bee in his book Breeding the Honeybee:

From the commercial and breeding point of view the value of the Ligustica lies in a happy synthesis of a great number of good characteristics. Among these we must mention industry, gentleness, fertility, reluctance to swarm, zeal for building comb, white honey-cappings, a willingness to enter supers, cleanliness, resistance to disease, and the tendency to collect flower honey rather than honey dew. The last-named trait is of value only in countries where the colour of the honey determines the price. The Ligustica has shown that she is able to produce good crops from the red clover. In one other characteristic has the Ligustica proved exceptional and that is in her resistance to Acarine. This is especially true of the dark, leather-coloured variety, whereas the golden strains are highly susceptible to Acarine.

— Brother Adam, "Breeding the Honeybee" (Northern Bee Books: Mytholmroyd, 1987), pp. 96-98.

While the Italian bee has many strong points, among the A.m. ligustica it has a large number of weak points:

The Ligustica has her drawbacks, and these are serious. She lacks vitality and is inclined to excessive brood rearing. These two faults are the root cause of her other disadvantages. She has too a tendency to drift which is caused by a poor sense of orientation and this can prove a drawback where colonies are set out in rows facing in one direction as is the common practice in apiaries almost world-wide....

Curiously enough, all the above mentioned faults of the Ligustica appear in greatly emphasised form in the very light coloured strains, with an additional one, an unusually high consumption of stores. In European countries such strains have proved highly unsatisfactory as they tend to turn every drop of honey into brood. These light coloured varieties are likewise as already stated unusually susceptible to Acarine. The reason for this is not known in spite of all the work spent on trying to find it. It is all the more surprising when we consider that the dark, leather-coloured Ligustica has over a period of more than 60 years proved to be one of the most resistant to Acarine.

The almost exclusive concentration of these light-coloured Italian strains in North America seems to be due to the fact that in sub-tropical Southern and Western States the large queen-rearing centres are concerned mainly with the sale of bees, where honey production plays a secondary role. Hence they need a bee which is given to brood rearing to an extreme degree, something which in entirely different climatic conditions constitutes a serious drawback.

— Brother Adam, "Breeding the Honeybee" (Northern Bee Books: Mytholmroyd, 1987), pp. 97-98.

Strengths

• shows strong disposition to breeding and very prolific^[2]
• cleanliness/excellent housekeeper (which some scientists think might be a factor in disease resistance)
• uses little propilis
• excellent foragers
• superb comb builder (writing in Switzerland in 1862, H. C. Hermann stated the comb of an Italian bee-cell occupied only 15 cells for every 16 of the common black bee, and the cubic content was larger by 30%)
• covers the honey with brilliant white cappings
• shows lower swarming tendency than other Western honey bee races
• for areas with continuous nectar flow and favorable weather throughout the summer
• industry
• gentleness
• a willingness to enter supers
• tendency to collect flower honey rather than honey dew (of value only in countries where the colour of the honey determines the price)^[3]

Weaknesses

• lacks vitality
• inclined to excessive brood rearing
• susceptibility to disease
• high consumption of stores^[3]
• more prone to drifting and robbing than the other principal races of Europe.
• the strong brood rearing disposition often results in large food consumption in late winter or early spring that causes spring dwindling and hence slow or tardy spring development
• brood rearing starts late and lasts long into late summer or autumn, irrespective of nectar flow
• tends to forage over shorter distances than either carnica or mellifera, and may therefore be less effective in poorer nectar flows
• apparently, it lacks the ability to ripen heather honey before sealing
• for cool maritime regions
• for areas with strong spring flow
• for areas with periods of dearth of nectar in the summer

Foraging behavior

A. m. ligustica are more concerned with nectar processing behaviors, honey storage, and adult maintenance over brood expansion when compared to the African honey bee, A. m. scutellata.^[4]

Selective breeding

Breeders of Italian bees, as well as other honey bee races, look for certain beneficial characteristics. Depending on the breeding goal, one or more of the following characteristics may be emphasized:

1. Gentleness or excitability
2. Resistance to various diseases including tracheal mite and Varroa mite
3. Early spring buildup in population
4. Wintering ability
5. Tendency to limited swarming
6. Ability to ripen honey rapidly
7. Honeycomb cappings are white
8. Minimal use of propolis
9. Availability and queen cost
10. Color

Source: George Imrie's pink pages

Worldwide distribution

• 1853? introduced to Germany
• 1854 introduced into the Poland by Dr. Jan Dzierżon^[5]
• 1854 introduced into the United Kingdom
• 1859 introduced to the USA
• 1862 introduced to Australia, on 9 December into Victoria aboard the steam ship Alhambra There is strong evidence this introduction failed as the emerging Italian virgin queens hybridised with the English 'black' bee (source: Barrett, P. "The Immigrant Bees, 1788 to 1898", Vol. IV). Wilhelm Abram brought several queens from Italy to Sydney in December 1880 but it's probable they reached New South Wales through other hands earlier on.
• 1866 introduced to Finland
• 1880 introduced to New Zealand
• 1884 (Easter) introduced to Kangaroo Island in South Australia, sourced from Brisbane where they were previously imported in 1880 from Italy by Chas. Fullwood. Jas. Carroll received a hive of Italian bees in Brisbane, Queensland, in 1877 when Angus Mackay accompanied a hive aboard the City of New York, packaged by Harbison in California. After a week's stopover in Sydney, the bees arrived in Brisbane.^[6] Honey from Kangaroo Island is marketed (in 2014) as being from the only pure Ligurian bees in the world.

References

1. ↑ Franck, P; Garnery, L.; Celebrano G.; Solignac M.; Cornuet J. Hybrid origins of honeybees from Italy (Apis mellifera ligustica) and Sicily (A. m. sicula) Article first published online: 25 DEC 2001; Molecular Ecology Volume 9, Issue 7, pages 907–921, July 2000
2. ↑ Tarpy, David R.; Lee, Jeffrey A comparison of Russian and Italian Honey bees [North Carolina State University] Extension Service
3. 1 2 Brother Adam, "Breeding the Honeybee" (Northern Bee Books: Mytholmroyd, 1987), pp. 96-98.
4. ↑ Fewell, Jennifer H.; Susan M. Bertram (2002). "Evidence for genetic variation in worker task performance by African and European honeybees". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 52: 318–25. doi:10.1007/s00265-002-0501-3. 
5. ↑ "14 Aug 1914 - BEE CULTURE.". nla.gov.au. Retrieved 20 August 2015. 
6. ↑ Barrett, P. "The Immigrant Bees, 1788 to 1898", Vols. I-III)

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Apis mellifera ligustica.

External links

• THE LIGURIAN OR ITALIAN ALP-BEE The Sydney Morning Herald 30th Oct 1862
• BEE CULTURE The Sydney Morning Herald 14 Aug 1914
• bch.umontreal.ca list of organisms with sequenced genome [Retrieved 2011-12-22]