Itaipu Dam

Itaipu Dam Presa Itaipu Barragem de Itaipu
Location of the Dam
Official name	Central Hidroeléctrica Itaipú Binacional Usina Hidrelétrica Itaipu Binacional
Country	Brazil Paraguay
Location	Foz do Iguaçu Hernandarias
Coordinates	25°24′29″S 54°35′20″W / 25.40806°S 54.58889°W / -25.40806; -54.58889Coordinates: 25°24′29″S 54°35′20″W / 25.40806°S 54.58889°W / -25.40806; -54.58889
Status	Operational
Construction began	January 1975
Opening date	5 May 1984
Construction cost	US$19.6 billion
Owner(s)	Itaipu Binacional
Dam and spillways
Type of dam	Combination gravity, buttress and embankment sections
Impounds	Paraná River
Height	196 m (643 ft)
Length	7,919 m (25,981 ft)
Dam volume	12,300,000 m3 (430,000,000 cu ft)
Spillway capacity	62,200 m3/s (2,200,000 cu ft/s)
Reservoir
Creates	Itaipu Reservoir
Total capacity	29 km3 (24,000,000 acre·ft)
Catchment area	1,350,000 km2 (520,000 sq mi)
Surface area	1,350 km2 (520 sq mi)
Max. length	170 km (110 mi)
Max. width	12 km (7.5 mi)
Power station
Type	Conventional
Hydraulic head	118 m (387 ft)
Turbines	20 × 700 MW (940,000 hp) Francis-type
Installed capacity	14 GW (19,000,000 hp)
Annual generation	89.5 TWh (322 PJ) (2015)[1][2]
Website www.itaipu.gov.br www.itaipu.gov.py

The Itaipu Dam (Guarani: Presa Itaipu, Portuguese: Barragem de Itaipu, Spanish: Represa de Itaipú; Portuguese pronunciation: [itɐjˈpu], locally: [ita.iˈpu], Spanish pronunciation: [itaiˈpu]) is a hydroelectric dam on the Paraná River located on the border between Brazil and Paraguay. The name "Itaipu" was taken from an isle that existed near the construction site. In the Guarani language, Itaipu means "the sounding stone".^[3][4] It is a binational undertaking run by Brazil and Paraguay at the Paraná River on the border section between the two countries, 15 km (9.3 mi) north of the Friendship Bridge. The project ranges from Foz do Iguaçu, in Brazil, and Ciudad del Este in Paraguay, in the south to Guaíra and Salto del Guairá in the north. The installed generation capacity of the plant is 14 GW, with 20 generating units providing 700 MW each with a hydraulic design head of 118 metres (387 ft). In 2013 the plant generated a record 98.6 TWh, supplying approximately 75% of the electricity consumed by Paraguay and 17% of that consumed by Brazil.^[5]

Of the twenty generator units currently installed, ten generate at 50 Hz for Paraguay and ten generate at 60 Hz for Brazil. Since the output capacity of the Paraguayan generators far exceeds the load in Paraguay, most of their production is exported directly to the Brazilian side, from where two 600 kV HVDC lines, each approximately 800 kilometres (500 mi) long, carry the majority of the energy to the São Paulo/Rio de Janeiro region where the terminal equipment converts the power to 60 Hz.

History

Negotiations between Brazil and Paraguay

The concept behind the Itaipu Power Plant was the result of serious negotiations between the two countries during the 1960s. The "Ata do Iguaçu" (Iguaçu Act) was signed on July 22, 1966, by the Brazilian and Paraguayan Ministers of Foreign Affairs, Juracy Magalhães and Raúl Sapena Pastor, respectively. This was a joint declaration of the mutual interest in studying the exploitation of the hydro resources that the two countries shared in the section of the Paraná River starting from, and including, the Salto de Sete Quedas, to the Iguaçu River watershed. The Treaty that gave origin to the power plant was signed in 1973.

The terms of the treaty, which expires in 2023, have been the subject of widespread discontent in Paraguay. The government of President Lugo vowed to renegotiate the terms of the treaty with Brazil, which long remained hostile to any renegotiation.^[6]

In 2009, Brazil agreed to a fairer payment of electricity to Paraguay and also allowed Paraguay to sell excess power directly to Brazilian companies instead of solely through the Brazilian electricity monopoly.^[7][8]

Construction starts

In 1970, the consortium formed by the companies IECO (from the United States),^[9] and ELC Electroconsult S.p.A. (from Italy) won the international competition for the realization of the viability studies and for the elaboration of the construction project. Design studies began in February 1971. On April 26, 1973, Brazil and Paraguay signed the Itaipu Treaty, the legal instrument for the hydroelectric exploitation of the Paraná River by the two countries. On May 17, 1974, the Itaipu Binacional entity was created to administer the plant's construction. The construction began in January of the following year. Brazil's (and Latin America's) first electric car was introduced in late 1974; it received the name Itaipu in honor of the project.^[10]

Paraná River rerouted

On October 14, 1978, the Paraná River had its route changed, which allowed a section of the riverbed to dry so the dam could be built there.

Agreement by Brazil, Paraguay, and Argentina

An important diplomatic settlement was reached with the signing of the Acordo Tripartite by Brazil, Paraguay and Argentina, on October 19, 1979. This agreement established the allowed river levels and how much they could change as a result of the various hydroelectrical undertakings in the watershed that was shared by the three countries. At that time, the three countries were ruled by military dictatorships. Argentina was concerned that, in the event of a conflict, Brazil could open the floodgates, raising the water level in the Río de la Plata and consequently flood the capital city of Buenos Aires.

Formation of the lake

The reservoir began its formation on October 13, 1982, when the dam works were completed and the side canal's gates were closed. Throughout this period, heavy rains and flooding accelerated the filling of the reservoir as the water rose 100 meters (330 feet) and reached the gates of the spillway at 10:00 on October 27.

Start of operations

On May 5, 1984, the first generation unit started running in Itaipu. The first 18 units were installed at the rate of two to three a year; the last two of these started running in the year 1991.

Capacity expansion in 2007

The dam undergoes expansion work.

The last two of the 20 electric generation units started operations in September 2006 and in March 2007, thus raising the installed capacity to 14 GW and completing the power plant. This increase in capacity will allow for 18 generation units to remain running all of the time while two stay down for maintenance. Due to a clause in the treaty signed between Brazil, Paraguay and Argentina, the maximum number of generating units allowed to operate simultaneously cannot exceed 18 (see the agreement section for more information).

The rated nominal power of each generating unit (turbine and generator) is 700 MW. However, because the head (difference between reservoir level and the river level at the foot of the dam) that actually occurs is higher than the designed head (118 m), the power available exceeds 750 MW half of the time for each generator. Each turbine generates around 700 MW; by comparison, all the water from the Iguaçu Falls would have the capacity to feed only two generators.

November 2009 power failure

On November 10, 2009, transmission from the plant was totally disrupted, possibly due to a storm damaging up to three high-voltage transmission lines.^[11] Itaipu itself was not damaged. This caused massive power outages in Brazil and Paraguay, blacking out the entire country of Paraguay for 15 minutes, and plunging Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo into darkness for more than 2 hours. 50 million people were reportedly affected.^[12] The blackout hit at 22:13 local time. It affected the southeast of Brazil most severely, leaving São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro and Espírito Santo completely without electricity. Blackouts also swept through the interior of Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Mato Grosso do Sul, Mato Grosso, the interior of Bahia and parts of Pernambuco, energy officials said.^[13] By 00:30 power had been restored to most areas.

Wonder of the Modern World

In 1994, the American Society of Civil Engineers elected the Itaipu Dam as one of the seven modern Wonders of the World. In 1995, the American magazine Popular Mechanics published the results.^[14]

Panoramic view of the Itaipu Dam, with the spillways (closed at the time of the photo) on the left

This Diagram shows in detail the heights:

325 m, entire dam including the 100 m high Power Line 4 Pylons atop the Barrage
260 m, dam + the foundation inside water until the river floor
247 m, 196 m high of roof reinforcement concrete dam + Cranes atop the Barrage
225 m, Elevation End Main Concrete Barrage

196 m, The official Roof given from Itaipú Binacional Webpage

Social and environmental impacts

When construction of the dam began, approximately 10,000 families living beside the Paraná River were displaced, because of construction.^[15][16]

The world's largest waterfall by volume, the Guaíra Falls, was drowned by the newly formed Itaipu reservoir. The Brazilian government liquidated the Guaíra Falls National Park, and dynamited the submerged rock face where the falls had been, facilitating safer navigation, thus eliminating the possibility of restoring the falls in the future. A few months before the reservoir was filled, 80 people died when an overcrowded bridge overlooking the falls collapsed, as tourists sought a last glimpse of the falls.^[17]

The American composer Philip Glass has also written a symphonic cantata named Itaipu, in honour of the structure.

Statistics

Central Control Room (CCR)

Itaipu penstocks

The dam at night

Construction

• The course of the seventh biggest river in the world was shifted, as were 50 million tons of earth and rock.
• The amount of concrete used to build the Itaipu Power Plant would be enough to build 210 football stadiums the size of the Estádio do Maracanã.
• The iron and steel used would allow for the construction of 380 Eiffel Towers.
• The volume of excavation of earth and rock in Itaipu is 8.5 times greater than that of the Channel Tunnel and the volume of concrete is 15 times greater.
• Around forty thousand people worked in the construction.^[18]
• Itaipu is one of the most expensive objects ever built.

Generating station and dam

• The total length of the dam is 7,235 metres (23,737 ft). The crest elevation is 225 metres (738 ft). Itaipu is actually four dams joined together — from the far left, an earth fill dam, a rock fill dam, a concrete buttress main dam, and a concrete wing dam to the right.
• The spillway has a length of 483 metres (1,585 ft).
• The maximum flow of Itaipu's fourteen segmented spillways is 62.2 thousand cubic metres per second (2.20×10^⁶ cu ft/s), into three skislope formed canals. It is equivalent to 40 times the average flow of the nearby natural Iguaçu Falls.
• The flow of two generators (700 cubic metres per second (25,000 cu ft/s) each) is roughly equivalent to the average flow of the Iguaçu Falls (1,500 cubic metres per second (53,000 cu ft/s)).
• If Brazil were to use Thermal Power Generation to produce the electric power of Itaipu, 434,000 barrels (69,000 m³) of petroleum would have to be burned every day.
• The dam is 196 metres (643 ft) high, equivalent to a 65-story building.^[19]
• Though it is the seventh largest reservoir in size in Brazil, the Itaipu's reservoir has the best relation between electricity production and flooded area. For the 14,000 MW installed power, 1,350 square kilometres (520 sq mi) were flooded. The reservoirs for the hydroelectric power plants of Sobradinho Dam, Tucuruí Dam, Porto Primavera Dam, Balbina Dam, Serra da Mesa Dam and Furnas Dam are all larger than the one for Itaipu, but have a smaller installed generating capacity. The one with the largest hydroelectric production, Tucuruí, has an installed capacity of 8,000 MW, while flooding 2,430 km² (938 sq mi) of land.
• Electricity is 55% cheaper when made by the Itaipu Dam than the other types of power plants in the area.

Generation

Inside the dam structure

See also

• Engineer Souza Dias Dam
• Eng Sérgio Motta (Porto Primavera) Dam
• Ilha Solteira Dam
• List of largest hydroelectric power stations
• List of largest power stations in the world
• List of conventional hydroelectric power stations
• List of dam megaprojects
• List of power stations in Brazil
• Megaproject
• Three Gorges Dam
• List of hydroelectric power station failures

References

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Itaipu Dam.

• Itaipu Company Site (Portuguese) (English) (Spanish)
• Introduction
• Power conversion
• Power conditioning
• The Itaipu Transmission System
• ELC-Electroconsult
• Voith-Siemens Hydro Power Generation, one of the hydro turbines and generators manufacturer for this project
• Article on Brazil`s Thermoelectric Priority Program Author`s updated contact information