Institute for the Works of Religion

Institute for the Works of Religion
Istituto per le Opere di Religione
Private
Industry Financial services
Founded 27 June 1942 (absorption of the Administration of the Works of Religion)
Headquarters Vatican City
Key people
 Jean-Baptiste de Franssu (President)
Website www.ior.va

The Institute for the Works of Religion (Italian: Istituto per le Opere di Religione – IOR), commonly known as the Vatican Bank, is a privately held institute situated exclusively on the sovereign territory of the Vatican City and run by a Board of Superintendence which reports to a Supervisory Commission of Cardinals and the Pope. The Bank Identifier Code of the Institute for the Works of Religion is IOPRVAVX. Since 9 July 2014, its president is Jean-Baptiste de Franssu. The IOR is regulated by the Vatican's financial supervisory body AIF (Autorità di Informazione Finanziaria).[1]

The institute was founded by papal decree of Pope Pius XII in June 1942. Its assets are not the property of the Holy See, and therefore it is outside the jurisdiction of the Prefecture for the Economic Affairs of the Holy See.[2][note 1]

In June 2012, the IOR gave a first presentation of its operations. In July 2013, the Institute launched its own website.[3] On 1 October 2013 it also published its first-ever annual report which has been available for download since then.[4][5][6]

On 24 June 2013, Pope Francis created a special investigative Pontifical Commission (CRIOR) to study IOR reform.[7] On 7 April 2014, Pope Francis approved respective recommendations on the IOR's future which were jointly developed by the CRIOR and COSEA commissions and the IOR's management. "The IOR will continue to serve with prudence and provide specialized financial services to the Catholic Church worldwide", as the Vatican release stated.[8]

On 7 April 2014, Pope Francis approved a proposal on the Institute's future, "reaffirming the importance of the IOR’s mission for the good of the Catholic Church, the Holy See and the Vatican City State".[8] On 25 May 2015, the IOR published its Annual Report for 2014.[9][10]

Origin and mission

The Istituto per le Opere di Religione (IOR) was founded on 27 June 1942 by Pope Pius XII. It absorbed the Amministrazione per le Opere di Religione (Administration of the Works of Religion), which had originated in the Commission for Works of Charity (Commissione ad pias causas) established by Pope Leo XIII on 11 February 1887.[11][12] The IOR is not a department of the Roman Curia, the central administrative structure of the Roman Catholic Church.[13] Nor is it a central bank.[note 2] With the creation of the Secretariat for the Economy on 24 February 2014, the Administration of the Patrimony of the Apostolic See's role as the central bank of the Vatican was consolidated.[14]

The purpose of the IOR is "to provide for the safekeeping and administration of movable and immovable property transferred or entrusted to it by physical or juridical persons and intended for works of religion or charity".[11][12] The Institute does not use deposits to lend money and does not issue securities for resale or other financial products.[15] The IOR's surplus is at the disposal of the Holy See, to which the Institute in 2012 made a contribution of €50 million.[16]

In 2014, the Vatican officially confirmed the IOR's mission as provider of "specialized financial services to the Catholic Church worldwide." Furthermore, it was affirmed by the Vatican that the "valuable services that can be offered by the Institute assist the Holy Father in his mission as universal pastor and also aid those institutions and individuals who collaborate with him in his ministry".

Organization

According to its statutes, in effect since 1990,[11] the IOR is composed of five elements:

A Supervisory Commission of Cardinals with 5 members, appointed for renewable five-year terms, who elect their president. They are:[17]

A Prelate, appointed by the Supervisory Commission of Cardinals with approval by the Pope, who acts as secretary of the Commission and attends meetings of the Board of Superintendence

A Board of Superintendence, defining the strategy and ensuring oversight of operations. The mandate of the current members of the Board of Superintendence expires in December 2015.[18][17][19]

A Directorate, in charge of operational activities and accountable to the Board of Superintendence

A Board of Auditors, charged with the internal audit of the IOR books and reporting to the Board of Superintendence

Controversies

Historical allegations

When the Holy See, whose tax-exempt status on income from Italian investments was revoked in 1968, decided to diversify its holdings, it employed as financial adviser Michele Sindona. Once among the country's most powerful businessmen, subsequent investigations into his business affairs brought to light questionable associations with the Mafia as well as the secret P2, a bogus "Masonic" lodge that the Italian Parliament branded as a subversive organization.[20] The 1974 failure of Sindona's Franklin National Bank and the subsequent collapse of his financial empire, into which he had channeled part of the Holy See's investments, entailed losses for the Vatican estimated by one source at 35 billion Italian lire (£20 million).[21][22][23][24]

In 1982, a political and financial scandal connected with the collapse of Banco Ambrosiano involved the head of IOR from 1971 to 1989, Archbishop Paul Marcinkus, who allegedly had given "letters of patronage" on behalf of the IOR in support of the failed bank.[25][26] In 1987, an Italian court issued a warrant against Marcinkus, whom they accused of being an accessory to fraudulent bankruptcy. Marcinkus evaded arrest by staying inside Vatican City until the warrant was dismissed in 1991, whereupon he returned to his home country, the United States. Chairman of the Banco Ambrosiano and member of the illegal Masonic lodge P2, Roberto Calvi was convicted of violating Italian currency laws and fled on a false passport to London where he was found murdered under Blackfriars Bridge in London some days after he went missing from Milan.[27] The Istituto per le Opere di Religione, then a 10% shareholder of Banco Ambrosiano,[28] denied legal responsibility for the Banco Ambrosiano's downfall but acknowledged "moral involvement", and paid US$224 million to creditors.[29][30]

Several books published during the 1980s and 1990s were highly critical of the Institute for the Works of Religion's historical relations with anti-communist governments.[31][32] Tony Abse, writing in The Weekly Worker, an organ of the Communist Party of Great Britain, has said that the CIA used the Institute for the Works of Religion to funnel funds to the Solidarity Polish trade union "as part of the final offensive against the Soviet Union".[33] The organization American Atheists says covert United States funds were channelled in the same way both to Solidarity and to Contra guerrillas.[34]

Alperin v. Vatican Bank is a class action suit by Holocaust survivors against the Institute for the Works of Religion and Franciscan Order ("Order of Friars Minor") filed in San Francisco, California on 15 November 1999. The case was dismissed as a political question by the District Court for the Northern District of California in 2003, but reinstated in part by the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals in 2005. That ruling has attracted attention as a precedent at the intersection of the Alien Tort Claims Act (ATCA) and the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act (FSIA). The complaint against the Vatican Bank was dismissed in 2007 on the basis of sovereign immunity, but the case against the Franciscan Order continues as of 2009. According to one analysis, "the case is extremely complicated and potentially massive, considering the large class spread across many countries".[35]

Judicial events and reorganisation (2010–2014)

In September 2010, Italian magistrates seized €23 million from the IOR, on the grounds that the anti-money laundering laws in force had been violated. The money was originally to be transferred from the Italian Credito Artigiano to JPMorgan Chase and another Italian bank, Banca del Fucino.[36][37] Both the origin and destination of the funds were accounts under the control of the IOR.[38] It was furthermore declared that Gotti Tedeschi and another IOR manager were under investigation for money laundering charges.[39] On 31 May 2011, Rome's attorney general released the €23 million in assets which had been seized in September, apparently in acknowledgment of the steps taken in the following months to conform the Institute to international standards.

On 24 May 2012, Ettore Gotti Tedeschi was ousted as Head of the Vatican Bank because of his alleged "failure to fulfill the primary functions of his office".[40] In July 2013, the money laundering case against Gotti Tedeschi was dropped.[41] In March 2014, he was again acquitted by the Roman court that followed the public prosecutor's position and relieved Gotti Tedeschi from any responsibility in that operation.[42][43]

On 15 June 2013, with the approval of Pope Francis, the Cardinals' Commission appointed Monsignor Battista Mario Salvatore Ricca as the Institute's Prelate ad interim.[44] Following the nomination, the Italian media published reports that Ricca in the past allegedly was involved in consensual homosexual acts.[45] There was also speculation that opponents of reform might have withheld information about possible scandals in Ricca's past or that they might have made up unfounded rumours about Ricca's past.[46][47] It was reported that Ricca had offered his resignation because of the controversy,[48][49][50] but the head of the Holy See's Press Office declared the accusations as "not credible"[46] and Pope Francis himself informed journalists that an inquiry "found nothing".[51]

On 28 June 2013, three persons were arrested by the Italian police on suspicion of corruption and fraud. Allegedly, they had planned to smuggle €20 million in cash from Switzerland into Italy. One of the arrested was Monsignore Nunzio Scarano, previously senior accountant at APSA, the Vatican's Administration of the Patrimony of the Apostolic See.[52] Subsequently, he was indicted with corruption and slander and set under house arrest.[53] On 21 January 2014, he was further charged with money laundering through IOR accounts in yet another investigation.[54] According to a police statement, millions of euros in "false donations" from offshore companies had moved through Scarano's accounts. Already in July 2013, the IOR had frozen the money in Scarano's accounts. As news agency Reuters reported, Elena Guarino, the Salerno magistrate who led the investigation, told reporters "the Vatican was fully cooperative and gave her much information on Scarano's bank movements."[55]

Process of reform

Institutional Milestones

In June 1990, the IOR was re-structured by a Chirograph of Pope John Paul II,[11] which established the IOR's present Statutes. According to Article 4 of the Chirograph, the Institute consists of five bodies: A Supervisory Commission of Cardinals, a Board of Superintendence, a Prelate, a Directorate and Board of Auditors. (see section 2 - Organisation)

Reform Steps 2010/2011

On 1 January 2010, a renegotiated monetary agreement between the EU and the Vatican City State entered into force, supplementing the monetary agreement between the Vatican City State and Italy from the year 2000. Having signed the agreement, the Vatican transposed EU legislation on euro counterfeiting and money laundering by the end of 2010 and accepted the European Court of Justice as the only jurisdiction responsible for settling disputes under the agreement.[56]

On 30 December 2010, Pope Benedict XVI established the Vatican's independent Financial Intelligence Authority (Autorità di Informazione Finanziaria, AIF) to oversee the monetary and commercial activities of all Vatican-related institutions, including the IOR. The Vatican's so-called "financial watchdog" monitors all Vatican financial operations and ensures they conform with international norms against money-laundering and the financing of terrorism.[57]

In June 2011, the Roman prosecutors ordered the release of the seized €23 million that should have been transferred via an IOR account at Credito Artigiano. According to the prosecutors, this request of release was due to the newly instituted mechanisms that should help the Institute to conform to international anti-money laundering and antiterrorist financing standards, such as the AIF's establishment.[58]

Reform steps 2012

In July 2012, Moneyval, the Council of Europe's Committee of Experts on the Evaluation of Anti-Money Laundering Measures and the Financing of Terrorism, published and issued a report on the Vatican City State, by request of the Vatican itself.[59] This was the first time that the Holy See had submitted its institutions and laws to the judgment of an international external auditor. The Italian news magazine l'Espresso called this "an historic watershed".[60] The Vatican received grades of "compliant" or "largely compliant" on 22 out of 45 guidelines and adhered to international standards in 9 out of the 16 core points.[61]

Moneyval stated that the Vatican "has come a long way in a very short period of time" and stated that the City State met the international requirements in 9 out of 16 core topics. At the same time, Moneyval requested further reforms to be enacted[60][61] The Vatican expressed a goal to get into the so-called OECD white list which includes countries that comply with international anti-money laundering standards and regulations against tax offences.[62]

In November 2012, a Swiss anti-money laundering expert, René Brülhart, was appointed director of the AIF. Previously, he had worked for the Financial Intelligence Unit (FIU) in Liechtenstein as well as for the Egmont Group of Financial Intelligence Units.[63]

Reform steps 2013

On 15 February 2013, Ernst von Freyberg was appointed the IOR's President. Since the beginning of his tenure at the IOR, von Freyberg has focused on comprehensively reforming the Institute, stating he would[64] focus on transparency [65] and a "zero tolerance" approach to any suspicious transactions.[65][66]

In May 2013, the international consulting and auditing firm Promontory was assigned a forensic review and screening of the Institute's client relationships. In this context, all accounts of the IOR's 19,000 customers were being checked if they meet the respective criteria.[67]

On 24 June 2013, Pope Francis created a Pontifical Commission, often referred to as the CRIOR commission, to review the IOR's status and activities.[68] Its task was to "gather accurate information on the legal status and various activities of the Institute to permit, when necessary, a better harmonization of the said Institute with the universal mission of the Apostolic See". Its five members were Raffaele Farina (President) Jean-Louis Pierre Tauran, Juan Ignacio Arrieta Ochoa de Chinchetru, Peter Brian Wells (secretary) and Mary Ann Glendon.[69] The commission terminated its work in May 2014.[70]

In July 2013, the Holy Sees's Financial Intelligence Authority (AIF), charged with monitoring the monetary and commercial activities of Vatican agencies, was admitted as a full member of the Egmont Group, an international network of Financial Intelligence Units.[71][72]

On 1 October 2013, the IOR published its first ever annual report.[73] The annual report is available for download on the Institute's homepage which was launched in July 2013.[74] The report's figures were audited by the global accounting firm KPMG.[75] According to the report, the Institute in 2012 had a net profit of €86.6 million, of which it has transferred €54.7 million to the budget of the Holy See to help the pope carry out the church’s global mission. Both measures - the annual report's publication and the launch of the website - were reviewed as remarkable signs of enhanced transparency and compliance: The Guardian called the website launch a "giant leap"[74] and Reuters named it a "transparency drive".[76]

Also in October 2013, newspapers reported that the IOR had requested around 1,300 customers to close their IOR accounts. Allegedly, this request was directed at lay account holders, who do not fit into any of the five categories of clients the IOR is legally allowed to have.[77] The closures are said to be a result of the review process conducted by Promontory.[78]

On 12 December 2013, Moneyval published its Progress Report that assessed the Holy See's progress made on measures to combat money laundering.[79] It was stated that the IOR has made significant progress but at the same time needed more institutionalized internal controls, especially with regard to the AIF's watchdog function.[80] Overall, the report was rated as the approval of the economic and financial reforms enacted since Pope Francis’ taking office.[81]

Reform steps 2014

On 22 January 2014, the IOR published a report on the progress of the compliance and transparency program.[82] IOR President Ernst von Freyberg commented on the release, stating that "it is very possible to reform an institution like the IOR" and that the Institute has "used the past year to create the system and to analyse our customers for possible irregularities". Von Freyberg also stated much work needs to be done as regards transparency and compliance.[83]

On 7 April 2014, Pope Francis ruled the IOR will stay operative and approved recommendations on the Institute's future, which were drawn up jointly by the papal commissions CRIOR and COSEA, by the IOR's management and by Australian Cardinal George Pell, head of the Vatican's Secretariat for the Economy. The decision was interpreted as a "backing" of the process of reform that had been intensified under Pope Francis and von Freyberg.[84] The IOR itself stated that the Pope's decision "represents a powerful endorsement of our very mission and the hard work accomplished over the past 12 months."[85]

In September 2014 the Cardinals’ Commission of the IOR appointed Mauricio Larraín (Chile) and Carlo Salvatori (Italy) as members to the IOR Board of Superintendence. Other members include Jean-Baptiste de Franssu (France), President of the Board, Clemens Boersig (Germany), Mary Ann Glendon (USA) and Michael Hintze (UK). In addition to these six lay members of the Board, Monsignor Alfred Xuereb, Secretary-General of the Secretariat for the Economy, serves as its non-voting Secretary.[86]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ The Annuario Pontificio lists it under neither "Holy See" nor "Vatican City State", placing it among charitable foundations. Annuario Pontificio 2012, pp. 1796-1803. John Paul II Foundation for the Sahel from global-mechanism.org
  2. ↑ This central banking function of the Vatican is regulated by the Monetary Agreement between the European Union and the Vatican City State, Monetary Agreement between the European Union and the Vatican City State authorizing the use of the euro as the official currency of Vatican City. Implementation of that Agreement and oversight of the Vatican law against money laundering and financing of terrorism is in the hands of the Financial Information Authority established by Pope Benedict XVI on 30 December 2010. Motu proprio for the prevention and countering of illegal activities in the area of financial dealings, Pope requires full transparency of transactions in the Vatican

References

Specific citations
  1. ↑ SPIEGEL ONLINE, Hamburg, Germany (18 March 2013). "Interview With Vatican Financial Oversight Director Ren Brlhart". SPIEGEL ONLINE.
  2. ↑ Pollard, 2005, p. 2
  3. ↑ IOR launches website, Vatican Radio, 31 July 2013
  4. ↑ IOR: IOR Annual Report 2012 Archived 8 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine
  5. ↑ Vatican bank publishes first ever annual report, BBC News, 1 October 2013
  6. ↑ Nicole Winfield: Secretive Vatican bank takes step to transparency, AP, 1 October 2013
  7. ↑ "Vatican Radio". radiovaticana.va.
  8. 1 2 "Communique: Holy Father approves recommendations on the future of the Ior". vatican.va.
  9. ↑ "Profits jump at Vatican Bank amid reforms". ANSA news agency.
  10. ↑ "IOR releases Annual Report 2014" (PDF). www.ior.va.
  11. 1 2 3 4 "Chirografo con il quale viene data nuova configurazione all'Istituto per le Opere di Religione". vatican.va.
  12. 1 2 Annuario Pontificio 2012, p. 1908
  13. ↑ "The Roman Curia - Index". vatican.va.
  14. ↑ "New Coordination Structure For Economic And Administrative Affairs Of The Holy See And The Vatican State". vatican.va.
  15. ↑ Vatican bank launches website in effort to increase transparency, Catholic Herald, 1 August 2013
  16. ↑ Vatican Bank Discloses Annual Earnings Report for First Time, Bloomberg, 1 October 2013
  17. 1 2 "New Economic Framework for the Holy See". Vatican Information Service. 9 July 2014. Retrieved 13 July 2014.
  18. ↑ "IOR > Governance". ior.va. Archived from the original on 3 August 2013.
  19. ↑ "Two New Members Appointed to Board of Vatican Bank". Zenit. 16 September 2014. Retrieved 26 September 2014.
  20. ↑ Saxon, Wolfgang. "Michele Sindona, Jailed Italian Financier, Dies Of Cyanide Poisoning At 65", The New York Times, 23 March 1986
  21. ↑ Spotts, Frederic and Wieser, Theodor. Italy: A Difficult Democracy, Cambridge University Press, 1986, ISBN 9780521315111
  22. ↑ Sidona's World. New York Magazine.
  23. ↑ Lombardi, Mark; Hobbs, Robert Carleton and Richards, Judith. Global Networks, Independent Curators, 2003 ISBN 0-916365-67-0, pp. 61-65
  24. ↑ The Banker.
  25. ↑ International Economic Integration in Historical Perspective.
  26. ↑ "1971 Agreement between IOR's Paul Casimir Marcinkus and Banco Ambrosiano's Roberto Calvi Invisible-Dog.com" (PDF).
  27. ↑ "BBC News - The Vatican Bank is rocked by scandal again". BBC News.
  28. ↑ Bank Failures in the Major Trading Countries of the World.
  29. ↑ The Catholic Church: What Everyone Needs to Know.
  30. ↑ "IOR - AMBROSIANO Settlement Agreement" (PDF). Invisible-Dog.com.
  31. ↑ Paris, Edmond. Genocide in Satellite Croatia 1941–1945. The American Institute for Balkan Affairs, 1990.
  32. ↑ Manhattan, Avro (1986). The Vatican's Holocaust. Ozark Books.
  33. ↑ "Vatican: Rotten to the Core". American Atheists. 4 July 2013. Retrieved 22 July 2013.
  34. ↑ "Gelli arrest is another chapter in sordid Vatican bank scandal". American Atheists. 16 September 1998. Archived from the original on 4 September 2005.
  35. ↑ Reuben Hart. 2006. "Property, War Objectives, and Slave Labor Claims: The Ninth Circuit's Political Question Analysis in Alperin v. Vatican Bank". 36 Golden Gate U.L. Rev. 19.
  36. ↑ "IOR: GOTTI TEDESCHI UNDER INVESTIGATION, 23 MLN EURO SEIZED". agi.it. 21 September 2010. Retrieved 21 September 2010.
  37. ↑ "Vatican Bank 'investigated over money-laundering'". BBC News Online. 21 September 2010. Retrieved 22 September 2010.
  38. ↑ Donadio, Rachel (21 September 2010). "Money-Laundering Inquiry Touches Vatican Bank". The New York Times. Retrieved 22 September 2010.
  39. ↑ "Ior: Gotti Tedeschi verso archiviazione". ansa.it.
  40. ↑ John Hooper. "Vatican bank's former president accused of negligence". the Guardian.
  41. ↑ Italian prosecutors drop inquiry into former Vatican bank chief, Reuters, 6 July 2013
  42. ↑ "IOR: Gotti Tedeschi’s counter-attack". lastampa.it.
  43. ↑ "Vatican bank's ousted president comes out swinging". Mail Online.
  44. ↑ Pope Francis appoints prelate to oversee Vatican bank , BBC News, 15 June 2013
  45. ↑ The Prelate of the Gay Lobby, L'Espresso, 18 July 2013
  46. 1 2 "Vaticanista Publishes Lurid Tale Surrounding Vatican Bank Appointee". National Catholic Register.
  47. ↑ Pope Francis's judgment in question after priest named in gay sex scandalGay scandal at the heart of the Vatican: Pope Francis faces his first crisis Prelate Battista Ricca's 'gay romance' rocks Vatican
  48. ↑ "Prelate of Vatican bank reportedly offers resignation". catholicculture.org.
  49. ↑ "Romans always love a Vatican scandal. But what if this time they're right?". The Spectator.
  50. ↑ "Pope Francis: Style and substance - The Economist". The Economist.
  51. ↑ "Post-WYD Surprise: Pope Francis Gives Wide-Ranging In-Flight Press Conference". National Catholic Register.
  52. ↑ "Spy, monsignor and banker arrested in Vatican bank fraud 'plot'". Telegraph.co.uk. 28 June 2013.
  53. ↑ news.com, 04.12.2013: Vatican official Monsignor Nunzio Scarano on trial for corruption, alleged plot to smuggle US$30 million
  54. ↑ "BBC News - Vatican cleric Scarano charged with money-laundering". BBC News.
  55. ↑ "Arrested Vatican prelate in new money laundering charge". Reuters.
  56. ↑ ec.europa.eu: Monetary agreement between the European Union and the Vatican City State
  57. ↑ The Vatican Creates a Financial Watchdog, The New York Times, 30 December 2013
  58. ↑ New York Times online, 01.06.2011: Italy: Money Seized From Vatican Bank Is Released
  59. ↑ "Vatican reacts to Moneyval Report". news.va.
  60. 1 2 Elemedia S.p.A. - Area Internet. "Vatican and Money. The Moneyval Earthquake Isn't Over". repubblica.it.
  61. 1 2 "Moneyval Report Urges Vatican to Improve Oversight". WSJ.
  62. ↑ Jeffrey Donovan and Sonia Sirletti (28 September 2010). "Vatican Keeps OECD Waiting on Transparency as Italy Magistrates Probe Bank". Bloomberg.
  63. ↑ "MondayVatican – Holy See » The Vatican is steadily becoming more and more transparent. Proof of it is the appointment of an international expert to head its Authority for Financial Information. - MondayVatican". mondayvatican.com.
  64. ↑ "New Vatican bank head says mission is total transparency". reuters.com.
  65. 1 2 "Vatican Radio". radiovaticana.va.
  66. ↑ "God’s new banker brings Teutonic thoroughness to Vatican". Financial Times.
  67. ↑ "Overhaul of Vatican bank gathers pace". Telegraph.co.uk. 21 July 2013.
  68. ↑ CHIROGRAPH OF THE HOLY FATHER FRANCIS ESTABLISHING A PONTIFICAL COMMISSION FOR REFERENCE ON THE INSTITUTE FOR WORKS OF RELIGION, vatican.va, 24 June 2013
  69. ↑ "Pope sets up Pontifical Commission to study IOR reform". news.va.
  70. ↑ Conclusi lavori Commissioni referenti, il grazie del Papa (Italian) News.va. Retrieved 27 May 2014
  71. ↑ "Vatican Financial Intelligence Authority Admitted to Global Network of Financial Intelligence Units". Zenit News Agency. 3 July 2013. Retrieved 4 July 2013.
  72. ↑ "Despite setbacks, Vatican Bank undergoing important evolution". Catholic News Agency. 4 July 2013. Retrieved 7 July 2013.
  73. ↑ ior.va: Annual Report 2012
  74. 1 2 Lizzy Davies. "Vatican bank launches a website". the Guardian.
  75. ↑ New York Times online, 01.10.2013: Vatican Bank Publishes Its First Annual Report
  76. ↑ "Vatican bank opens website in transparency drive". Reuters.
  77. ↑ SPIEGEL ONLINE, Hamburg, Germany (9 October 2013). "Officials Order Clients to Close Accounts as Part of Vatican Bank Cleanup". SPIEGEL ONLINE.
  78. ↑ "IOR continues the process of closing down lay clients' bank accounts". lastampa.it.
  79. ↑ "Home - Conseil de l'Europe". coe.int.
  80. ↑ "Finance watchdog welcomes Vatican reform, urges bank oversight". Reuters.
  81. ↑ "Moneyval okays Vatican financial transparency reforms". lastampa.it.
  82. ↑ ior.va, 22.01.2014: Press release
  83. ↑ "Vatican Radio". radiovaticana.va.
  84. ↑ "Vatican bank gets pope's blessing to keep going". Mail Online.
  85. ↑ AP, 08.04.2014. Pope lets Vatican Bank stay open
  86. ↑ "Comunicato dell’Istituto per le Opere di Religione (IOR)". vatican.va.
General references
  • John F. Pollard: Money and the Rise of the Modern Papacy: Financing the Vatican, 1850–1950 ISBN 0-521-81204-6
  • Mark Aarons and John Loftus: Unholy Trinity: How the Vatican's Nazi Networks Betrayed Western Intelligence to the Soviets. New York: St.Martin's Press, 1992. 372 pages. ISBN 0-312-07111-6
  • Malachi Martin: Rich Church, Poor Church (Putnam, New York, 1984) ISBN 0-399-12906-5
  • Malachi Martin: Vatican (Jove (1 August 1988)) ISBN 978-0-515-09654-5
  • Charles Raw: The Moneychangers: How the Vatican Bank Enabled Roberto Calvi to Steal 250 Million Dollars for the Heads of the P2 Masonic Lodge (Harvill Press, 1992) ISBN 0-00-217338-7
  • Giancarlo Galli: Finanza bianca. La Chiesa, i soldi, il potere (Mondadori, 2004) ISBN 88-04-51262-8
  • David A. Yallop: In God's Name: An Investigation into the Murder of Pope John Paul I
  • Mark Lombardi: Global Networks. Mark Lombardi, Robert Carleton Hobbs, Judith Richards; Independent Curators, 2003 (published for the travelling exhibition of his work, "Mark Lombardi Global Networks"). ISBN 0-916365-67-0
  • Jonathan Levy, "The Vatican Bank", in Russ Kick (Ed.), Everything You Know is Wrong (Disinformation Press, 2002) ISBN 1-56731-701-4
  • Michael Phayer: Pius XII: The Holocaust and the Cold War, 2008, ISBN 978-0-25334-930-9.

External links

Criticism

Coordinates: 41°54′14″N 12°27′24″E / 41.90378°N 12.45669°E / 41.90378; 12.45669

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