Isfahan rug
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The Iranian city of Isfahan (also spelt Esfahan) has long been one of the centres for production of the famous Persian carpet (or rug). Isfahani carpets are known for their high quality. The most famous workshop in Isfahan is Seirafian.
Ispahan carpets are generally old and belong to the time of Shah Abbas the Great, when Ispahan was the capital of Persia; they are known as 'the Shahs' carpets'. Very finely worked, often in silk, gold and silver, they have a background of a magnificent wine red color. Their production ended in the early 18th century, when Afghan's destroyed the city. Newer carpets have been made, but they cannot compare with the early ones.
"Oriental Carpets, by Michele Campana, 1966," from the library of Elizabeth Delson.
History
Weaving in Isfahan flourished in the Safavid era. But when the Afghans invaded Iran, ending the Safavid dynasty, the craft also became stagnant.
Some Isfahani rugs became known in Western Europe as "Polish rugs". This name refers to carpets woven with silk, golden and silver threads in Persia during the 16th-18th centuries and exported to the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. They were commissioned by wealthy Polish noblemen and decorated with their coats of arms. Some of them were later resold to West European buyers who were often convinced of their Polish origin, hence their name.[1]
Not until the 1920s, between two world wars, was weaving again taken seriously by the people of Isfahan. They started to weave Safavid designs and once again became one of the most important nexus of the Iranian Carpet weaving industry.
The city of Isfahan (Eşfahan) is now a world heritage site and produces what are arguably the most consistently fine wool pile rugs made anywhere in the world today. Their quality may be matched by individual items from the other major Persian workshop groups, but Isfahan produces far fewer poor quality rugs. Isfahani carpets today are among the most wanted in world markets, having many customers in western countries.
Technique
Isfahan rugs are knotted on either silk or cotton foundations, with 500-700 Persian knots per square inch, using exceptionally good quality (often Kurk) wool for the pile, which is normally clipped quite low. Very fine museum grade, Isfahan rugs could reach to 900 knots per square inch and even more (e.g., masterpiece by Mohammad Seirafian permanently exhibited in the United Nation Headquarters in New York has around 1350 knots per square inch).
A range of traditional designs are still used including allover Shãh Abbãsi, vase, Tree of Life and pictorial schemes but by far the most popular composition is based on a circular central medallion (derived from the famous mosque of Shah Lutf Allah in Esfahan) set against an elegantly sculpted field decorated with intricately purling vine palmette and floral motifs. In contemporary items the palette is normally more pastel, and technical perfection is generally of greater importance than artistic flair.
Makers
The most famous name in Isfahan rugs is the Seirafian workshop, which was co-founded by late Haj Agha Reza Seirafian and his seven sons (The Late Mohammad Ali, Mohammad, The Late Mohammad Sadegh,The Late Ahmad, Ali, The Late Hossien, and Mohammad Hassan). Mohammad Seirafian is the most notable Seirafian and arguably the greatest designer and master of Isfahan rug. His rugs are exhibited worldwide. His masterpiece, The Oneness of Mankind Rug, is permanently exhibited in the United Nations in New York. This 25 square meter rug contains the famous verse from the 12th-century Iranian poet, Saadi Shirazi. The verses of the famous poem, "Oneness of Mankind" is woven into the rug in pure gold. His other notable works are permanently exhibited in the Astan Quds Razavi museum, Carpet Museum of Iran, and Niavaran Palace. Mohammad Seirafian is also an author, social commentator, and a philanthropist.
Other noted contemporary masters of Isfahan rugs are Master Faizollah Safdarzaadeh Haghighi, Yadollah Safdarzaadeh Haghighi, Mehdi Haghighi, Gholaam-Ali Haghighi, Assachi, Akbar Mahdei, Shahabpur, Dardahsti, Enteshari, Ghaffarian, Ahmad Zojaji,Mahani, and the Majnoonies (Hekmat Nejad family). The most famous and desirable older Isfahan rugs were produced by Shooreshi, Ahmad (Haj Ahmad Kashi), and Emami.
The most famous designers of Isfahan rugs are Ahmad Archang and Haj Hossein Mossavar-Almolki who both collaborated extensively with Seirafian workshop and produced some of the most beautiful rugs. Famous medallion and swirls designs created by Ahmad Archang are the most copied and reproduced design. However, the original designs produced by Seirafian workshop are among the most beautiful examples of Archang's designs. Haj Mosavar produces some of the most beautiful pictorial designs, most famously produced by Seirafian workshop and some by Feizollah Safdarzaadeh Haghighi. The most famous examples of the pictorial designs my Haj Mosavar are Gol-o-bolbol (flowers and birds or garden design) and Shekargah (hunting scene).
Other notable designers of Isfahan are:
Issa Bahaadori, Hooshang Jazi-Zadeh, Javaad Rostami Shirazi, Mahmoud Farsh-Chian, Ahmad Daadkhah, Ahmad Kushesh, Hadj Mirza Agha Imami, Jafar Rashtian, Abbas Karbaasioon, Ruhollah Minaian, Rahmatollah Shaadman, Akbar Mahdei, Asqhar Rassouli (Ghomi), Abbas Maleki, Mehdi Alamdaari, Reza Shaakeri, Asghar Bayaat, and Ahmad Shokraaniin.
References
- ↑ (Polish) Wielka Encyklopedia Powszechna PWN