Irving, Texas

Irving, Texas
City
City of Irving

Clockwise from top left: Urban Towers at Las Colinas, the former Texas Stadium, Irving Convention Center at Las Colinas, Downtown Las Colinas Skyline, The Mustangs at Las Colinas

Flag
Motto: "Delivering Exceptional Services"[1]

Location of Irving in Dallas County, Texas
Irving, Texas

Location in the United States

Coordinates: 32°49′N 96°57′W / 32.817°N 96.950°W / 32.817; -96.950Coordinates: 32°49′N 96°57′W / 32.817°N 96.950°W / 32.817; -96.950
Country  United States
State  Texas
County Dallas
Incorporated (city) April 14, 1914[2]
Government
 • Type Council-Manager
 • City Council Mayor Beth Van Duyne
John C. Danish
Allan E. Meagher
Dennis Webb
Phil Riddle
Oscar Ward
Brad LaMorgese
Gerald Farris
Wm. David Palmer[3]
 • City Manager Chris Hillman[4]
Area
 • City 67.7 sq mi (175.3 km2)
 • Land 67.9 sq mi (174.1 km2)
 • Water 0.4 sq mi (1.1 km2)
Elevation 482 ft (147 m)
Population (2010)[5]
 • City 216,290
 • Estimate (2013)[6] 228,653
 • Rank (US: 94th)
 • Density 3,227/sq mi (1,246/km2)
 • Urban 5,121,892 (6th)
 • Metro 6,810,913 (4th)
 • CSA 7,206,144 (7th)
Time zone CST (UTC-6)
 • Summer (DST) CDT (UTC-5)
ZIP codes 75000–75099
Area code(s) 972, 817, 469, 214,
FIPS code 48-37000[7]
GNIS feature ID 1338507[8]
Website cityofirving.org

Irving (/ɜːrvɪŋ/ UR-ving) is a city located in Dallas County in the U.S. state of Texas. According to a 2013 estimate from the United States Census Bureau, the city population was 228,653[9] making it the thirteenth most populous city in Texas. Irving is part of the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex.

Irving includes the Las Colinas community, one of the first master-planned developments in the United States and once the largest mixed-use development in the Southwest with a land area of more than 12,000 acres (4,856 ha). Las Colinas is home to the Mustangs at Las Colinas, which is the largest equine sculpture in the world, as well as many Fortune 500 companies, such as ExxonMobil, Kimberly-Clark and Fluor Corporation. In January 2011 the city completed the Irving Convention Center at Las Colinas and continues to develop the area into a mixed-use complex including a special entertainment district.

Part of Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport lies inside the city limits of Irving.

History

Texas Stadium, the now-demolished former home of the Dallas Cowboys in Irving.

Irving was founded in 1903 by J.O. "Otto" Schulze and Otis Brown. It is believed that literary author Washington Irving was a favorite of Netta Barcus Brown, and consequently the name of the town site, Irving, was chosen. Irving originally began in 1889 as an area called Gorbit, and in 1894 the name changed to Kit.[10] Irving was incorporated April 14, 1914, with Otis Brown as the first mayor.

By the late nineteenth century the Irving area was the site of churches, two cotton gins, a blacksmith shop and a general store. The Irving district public school system dates back to the 1909 establishment of Kit and Lively schools. Population growth was slow and sometimes halting, with only 357 residents in 1925, but a significant increase began in the 1930s.

By the early 1960s the city had a population of approximately 45,000. A number of manufacturing plants operated in Irving, along with transportation, retail and financial businesses. The University of Dallas in Irving opened in 1956, and Texas Stadium was completed in 1971 as the home field of the Dallas Cowboys.

Delta Air Lines Flight 191 crashed in Irving on August 2, 1985.[11]

Irving's population reached 155,037 in 1990 and the United States Census estimated 228,653 residents in 2013, a 1.4 percent population increase over 2012 census estimates.[9]

Joseph Rice recorded the history of Irving in his 1989 book, Irving: A Texas Odyssey (Northridge, California: Windsor Publications ISBN 978-0-89781-300-6). Rice explored Irving's past and culture in his treatment of the city.

Geography

Irving, Texas
Climate chart (explanation)
JFMAMJJASOND
 
 
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Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
Precipitation totals in inches
Source: Weather.com / NWS

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 67.7 square miles (175 km2), of which 67.2 square miles (174 km2) of it is land and 0.4 square miles (1.0 km2) of it (0.65%) is water.

Climate

The warmest month on average is July, and the highest recorded temperature was 112 °F (44 °C) in 1980. The average coolest month is January, and the lowest recorded temperature was −8 °F (−22 °C) in 1899.[12] Irving is considered to be part of the humid subtropical region.

May is the average wettest month.

Demographics

Historical population
Census Pop. %±
1920357—
1930731104.8%
19401,08949.0%
19502,621140.7%
196045,9851,654.5%
197097,260111.5%
1980109,94313.0%
1990155,03741.0%
2000191,61523.6%
2010216,29012.9%
Est. 2014232,406[13]7.5%
U.S. Decennial Census[14]
2013 Estimate[15]

2000 Census

As of the census[7] of 2000, there were 191,615 people, 76,241 households, and 46,202 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,850.2 people per square mile (1,100.4/km²). There were 80,293 housing units at an average density of 1,194.3 per square mile (461.1/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 64.2% White, Hispanic or Latino of any race were 31.2% of the population, 10.2% African American, 0.7% Native American, 8.24% Asian, 0.13% Pacific Islander, 13.4% from other races, and 3.20% from two or more races. Non-Hispanic Whites were 48.2% of the population,[16] down from 88.9% in 1980.[17]

There were 76,241 households out of which 31.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.1% were married couples living together, 11.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 39.4% were non-families. 31.3% of all households were made up of individuals and 3.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.50 and the average family size was 3.19.

In the city the population was spread out with 25.2% under the age of 18, 11.9% from 18 to 24, 39.4% from 25 to 44, 17.4% from 45 to 64, and 6.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 30 years. For every 100 females there were 104.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 102.9 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $44,956, and the median income for a family was $50,172. Males had a median income of $35,852 versus $30,420 for females. The per capita income for the city was $23,419. About 8.0% of families and 10.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 14.2% of those under age 18 and 6.3% of those age 65 or over.

2010 Census

As of the census[7] of 2010,[18] there were 216,290 people, 82,538 households, and 51,594 families residing in the city. The population density was 3,218.6 people per square mile (1,242.1/km²). There were 91,128 housing units at an average density of 1,356 per square mile (523.3/km²).[19] The racial makeup of the city was 53.1% White (30.8% Non-Hispanic White), 12.3% African American, 0.9% Native American, 14.0% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 16.2% from other races, and 3.5% from two or more races.[19] Hispanic or Latino of any race were 41.1% of the population.[16]

There were 82,538 households out of which 33.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43.1% were married couples living together, 13.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.5% were non-families.[19] 30.1% of all households were made up of individuals and 4.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.61 and the average family size was 3.31.[19]

In the city, 29% of the population was under the age of 19, 8% was between ages 20 to 24, 35.8% from 25 to 44, 20.3% from 45 to 64, and 6.9% were 65 years of age or older.[19] The median age was 31.3 years. For every 100 females there were 99.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.6 males.

The 2012[20] median income for a household in the city was $49,303, and the median income for a family was $54,755. Males had an estimated median income of $40,986 versus $36,518 for females.[21] The per capita income for the city was $26,970.[20] About 13.2% of families and 16.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 24.5% of those under age 18 and 9.4% of those age 65 or over.[20]

Foreign-born population

As of 2007, about 33% of the population was not born in the United States.[22]

Major ethnic groups

In 2010, 41% of the city's population was of Hispanic or Latino origin. The largest group is those of Mexican origin, while those of Salvadoran heritage form the second largest group; in 2009 they formed 11.8% of those born outside of the United States. The Hispanic and Latino residents have moved into areas of eastern Irving, which contain older neighborhoods than other areas of Irving.[23]

The largest Asian ethnic group in Irving is the Asian Indians.[23] As of 2009 the Indians have mainly settled in proximity to high technology companies,[24] into an area in western Irving along Texas State Highway 114,[25] In order to absorb the Indian population, dense condominium and rental properties have opened in western Irving.[24]

Economy

According to the City's 2012-13 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report,[26] the top employers in the city are:

# Employer # of Employees
1 Citigroup, Inc. 5,700
2 Verizon 3,260
3 Irving Mall 2,100
4 Aegis Communications 2,000
5 Allstate Insurance 2,000
6 YRC Worldwide 1,941
7 Nokia 1,700
8 NEC Corporation of America 1,515
9 Microsoft 1,351
10 Neiman Marcus Direct 1,339

Several large businesses have headquarters in Irving, including Chuck E. Cheese's,[27] Commercial Metals,[28] ExxonMobil,[29] Gruma,[30] H.D. Vest,[31] Kimberly-Clark,[32] La Quinta Inns and Suites,[33] Michaels Stores,[34] Southern Star Concrete, Inc.,[35] Stellar,[36] a global contact center provider, Zale Corporation,[37] Fluor Corporation,[38] NCH Corporation,[39] ITW Polymers Sealants North America,[40] Celanese Corporation, a leading producer of specialty chemicals,[41] and LXI Enterprise Storage.[42]

The city is also home to the national headquarters of the Boy Scouts of America.[43]

Subsidiaries of foreign companies

The headquarters of Nokia America[44] and NEC Corporation of America[45] are located in Irving. The American headquarters of BlackBerry is located in Irving.[46]

Perhaps as a result of the Nokia-Irving connection, Irving is twinned with Nokia's headquarters city, Espoo in Finland.

Sports

Irving was the home of Texas Stadium, the former home stadium of the Dallas Cowboys. The stadium was demolished on April 11, 2010. Irving Independent School District (IISD) high schools play football and other sports at Irving Schools Stadium. Irving sponsors a citywide high-school age ice hockey team, the Irving Wolfpack of the D/FW Junior Varsity GOLD league. Also, in the spring, the Four Seasons Resort in Las Colinas hosts the AT&T Byron Nelson Championship, an annual PGA Tour event. The Las Colinas Country Club hosts the LPGA North Texas Shootout each spring as well.

Irving is the home of two Football Bowl Subdivision conferences: the Big 12 Conference[47] and Conference USA.[48]

Government and infrastructure

Local government

Prior to the November 2008 elections, Irving banned the sale of alcoholic beverages in stores, making it the largest in population dry suburb in North Texas. In 2004 the pro-alcohol measure failed with 63% of voters opposing the measure. In 2006, 52% voted against the measure. On the third attempt, with heavy monetary backing by retailers, voters narrowly voted in favor of the measure in 2008.[49] People in favor of changing Irving's liquor laws saw the interest in the 2008 United States Presidential Election as a catalyst for changing the laws in their favor.[50]

In 2009 Irving had a city council that was entirely at-large. While Irving has a large population of racial minorities, the entire city council and the mayor's office, was entirely non-Hispanic White. Manny Benavidez, a resident of Irving, filed a lawsuit against the city in federal court in November 2007, saying that the voting system was not in compliance with the 1965 Voting Rights Act. On July 15, 2009, a federal judge ruled that Irving is required to create a new electoral system so that racial minority representatives may be voted into office.[51] In 2010 elections, which included one at-large seat and two district-seats, three new council members were elected, replacing two incumbents and adding a newly created seat. Among the three new council members were two minority council members.[52][53]

The city of Irving is a voluntary member of the North Central Texas Council of Governments association, the purpose of which is to coordinate individual and collective local governments and facilitate regional solutions, eliminate unnecessary duplication, and enable joint decisions.

County government

The Parkland Health & Hospital System (Dallas County Hospital District) operates the Irving Health Center.[54]

Federal representation

The United States Postal Service operates post offices in Irving. The Irving Main Post Office is located at 2701 West Irving Boulevard.[55]

Other post offices in the city include Central Irving, Las Colinas, and Valley Ranch.[56]

Education

Primary and secondary schools

Public schools

Most of Irving is served by the Irving Independent School District (IISD). Other portions are served by the Carrollton-Farmers Branch Independent School District (CFBISD), and Coppell Independent School District (CISD).[57]

The major high schools serving the Irving area are:

In 2014, 3,821 of CFBISD's 26,239 students resided in the City of Irving.[58]

Uplift Education, a charter school operator, has its administrative offices in Irving.[59] Uplift has two charter school campuses in Irving: Infinity Preparatory[60] (K-5, 6-8, and 9-10, with a plan to build out to K-12) and North Hills Preparatory (K-12).[61]

Winfree Academy Charter School[62] and Manara Academy Elementary[63] are located in Irving.

Private schools

Irving is home to Cistercian Preparatory School,[64] a university-preparatory school for boys, grades 5 through 12. Irving is also home to The Highlands School, a university-preparatory school for pre-kindergarten through 12th grade.[65]

Two Catholic Pre-K through 8th grade schools, St. Luke[66] and Holy Family of Nazareth,[67] are located in Irving. Irving also is home to the Islamic School of Irving[68] (Pre-K to 12). The Sloan School[69] (Pre-K to 5) and StoneGate Christian Academy[70] (K4 to 12) are Christian private schools operating in Irving.

Colleges and universities

The city is the site of the University of Dallas[71] and North Lake College,[72] a campus of the Dallas County Community College District. In addition, DeVry University[73] has a campus in Irving.

Transportation

Irving is traversed by numerous highways. The Airport Freeway, SH 183, runs east-west in the center of the city, while LBJ Freeway or I-635 crosses the northern edge of the city in the same direction. John Carpenter Freeway, SH 114, and the President George Bush Turnpike create an X running northwest-to-southeast and southwest-to-northeast respectively. The Las Colinas area is centered near the intersection of 114 and the Bush turnpike.

Irving is one of 13 member-cities of the Dallas region's transit agency, Dallas Area Rapid Transit (DART). Currently, Irving is served by numerous bus routes and has two stops along the Trinity Railway Express route.[74] In addition, DART's Orange Line through runs through Irving and Las Colinas to DFW Airport.[75] This connects northern Irving with Dallas through rail in addition to existing bus routes.

The Las Colinas Urban Center is served by the Las Colinas APT System,[76] a people-mover connecting businesses and entertainment areas.

Notable people

Sister cities

Irving has a sister city relationship with six cities:[95]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "City of Irving Texas". City of Irving Texas. Retrieved October 19, 2012.
  2. ↑ "Education and Tax Information". cityofirving.org. Retrieved 21 September 2015.
  3. ↑ "Meet Your Mayor and Council Members". cityofirving.org. Retrieved 21 September 2015.
  4. ↑ "Meet the City Manager". cityofirving.org. Retrieved 21 September 2015.
  5. ↑ "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved September 10, 2014.
  6. ↑ "Population Estimates". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 19, 2015.
  7. 1 2 3 "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
  8. ↑ "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. 2007-10-25. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
  9. 1 2 "Irving (city) QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau". census.gov.
  10. ↑ "Between the Forks". City of Irving - Irving Archives.
  11. ↑ "After 25 years, D/FW Airport unveils memorial to Delta Flight 191". Fort Worth Star Telegram.
  12. ↑ "Dallas/Fort Worth - All-Time Maximum and Minimum Temperatures". Retrieved 2015-09-17.
  13. ↑ "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2014". Retrieved June 4, 2015.
  14. ↑ United States Census Bureau. "Census of Population and Housing". Retrieved April 27, 2015.
  15. ↑ "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2013". Retrieved April 27, 2015.
  16. 1 2 "Irving (city), Texas". State & County QuickFacts. U.S. Census Bureau.
  17. ↑ "Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places: Earliest Census to 1990". U.S. Census Bureau.
  18. ↑ Data Access and Dissemination Systems (DADS). "American FactFinder - Community Facts". census.gov.
  19. 1 2 3 4 5 Data Access and Dissemination Systems (DADS). "American FactFinder - Results". census.gov.
  20. 1 2 3 Data Access and Dissemination Systems (DADS). "American FactFinder - Results". census.gov.
  21. ↑ Data Access and Dissemination Systems (DADS). "American FactFinder - Results". census.gov.
  22. ↑ "Hispanics in Irving feeling disheartened - Dallas Morning News - News for Dallas, Texas - News: Local News". archive.org. Archived from the original on 11 October 2007.
  23. 1 2 Brettell, Caroline B. '"Big D" Incorporating New Immigrants in a Sunbelt Suburban Metropolis' (Chapter 3). In: Singer, Audrey, Susan Wiley Hardwick, and Caroline Brettell. Twenty-First Century Gateways: Immigrant Incorporation in Suburban America (James A. Johnson metro series). Brookings Institution Press, 2009. ISBN 0815779283, 9780815779285. Start p. 53. CITED: p.60.
  24. 1 2 Brettell, Caroline B. '"Big D" Incorporating New Immigrants in a Sunbelt Suburban Metropolis' (Chapter 3). In: Singer, Audrey, Susan Wiley Hardwick, and Caroline Brettell. Twenty-First Century Gateways: Immigrant Incorporation in Suburban America (James A. Johnson metro series). Brookings Institution Press, 2009. ISBN 0815779283, 9780815779285. Start p. 53. CITED: p.-61
  25. ↑ Brettell, Caroline B. '"Big D" Incorporating New Immigrants in a Sunbelt Suburban Metropolis' (Chapter 3). In: Singer, Audrey, Susan Wiley Hardwick, and Caroline Brettell. Twenty-First Century Gateways: Immigrant Incorporation in Suburban America (James A. Johnson metro series). Brookings Institution Press, 2009. ISBN 0815779283, 9780815779285. Start p. 53. CITED: p. 60-61.
  26. ↑ "City of Irving Comprehensive Annual Financial Report for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2013" (PDF).
  27. ↑ "Investor Information" (PHP). Chuck E. Cheese's official site. CEC Entertainment, Inc. Retrieved 2009-03-03.
  28. ↑ "CMC Corporate Headquarters Information". Retrieved 5 February 2015.
  29. ↑ "Contact our business headquarters - ExxonMobil". ExxonMobil.
  30. ↑ "Contact an office". Retrieved 5 February 2015.
  31. ↑ "HD Vest Financial Services". Retrieved 5 February 2015.
  32. ↑ "Kimberly-Clark Corporation Company Information". Retrieved 5 February 2015.
  33. ↑ "http://www.lq.com/lq/about/mediakit/factsheet/index.jsp
  34. ↑ "City of Irving Comprehensive Annual Financial Report for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2008" (PDF). Retrieved July 20, 2009.
  35. ↑ "Plant Listing". southernstarconcrete.com. Retrieved 21 September 2015.
  36. ↑ "Stellar Global Inc.: Private Company Information". Bloomberg. Retrieved 5 February 2015.
  37. ↑ "Zale Corporation: Contact Zale Corporation". zalecorp.com. Retrieved 21 September 2015.
  38. ↑ http://www.fluor.com/about_fluor/locations/Pages/default.aspx
  39. ↑ NCH Corporation > Contact Us
  40. ↑ "Contact Us". itwsealants.com. Retrieved 21 September 2015.
  41. ↑ "Celanese - The chemistry inside innovation™". celanese.com. Retrieved 21 September 2015.
  42. ↑ "LXI :: Contact Us". lxicorp.com.
  43. ↑ "Website Terms and Conditions of Use". scouting.org.
  44. ↑ "U.S". Nokia Solutions and Networks. Retrieved 21 September 2015.
  45. ↑ "USA". nec.com. Retrieved 21 September 2015.
  46. ↑ "Contact Information". blackberry.com. Retrieved 21 September 2015.
  47. ↑ "Big 12 Conference Staff Directory". Big12Sports.com. Retrieved 21 September 2015.
  48. ↑ "Conference USA Official Athletic Site - Athletics". conferenceusa.com. Retrieved 21 September 2015.
  49. ↑ Archived May 23, 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  50. ↑ Kesmodel, David (3 November 2008). "Irving, Texas, Alcohol Ban Faces Nov. 4 Challenge". The Wall Street Journal.
  51. ↑ "White Man's Burden - The Texas Observer". The Texas Observer.
  52. ↑ "Still Segregating Voters". The Wall Street Journal. 14 May 2010.
  53. ↑ "Live blog: Voters oust Spink, send Smith to runoff, reject 3 charter measures". Irving Blog.
  54. ↑ "System Error". parklandhospital.com. Archived from the original on May 16, 2008.
  55. ↑ "Whitepages – Find People, Businesses & More". whitepages.com.
  56. ↑ https://tools.usps.com/go/POLocatorAction.action. Retrieved 5 February 2015. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  57. ↑ Archived May 6, 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  58. ↑ http://www.edlinesites.net/pages/CFBISD/About_Us/Demographics. Retrieved 5 February 2015. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  59. ↑ "Uplift Education - Charter Schools - Dallas / Overview". uplifteducation.org. Retrieved 21 September 2015.
  60. ↑ "Uplift Campuses / Uplift Infinity Prep". uplifteducation.org. Retrieved 21 September 2015.
  61. ↑ "Uplift North Hills Prep - Uplift Education - Irving / Overview". uplifteducation.org. Retrieved 21 September 2015.
  62. ↑ "Irving Campus News". Winfree Academy Charter Schools. Retrieved 21 September 2015.
  63. ↑ "Irving Elementary School". Manara Academy. Retrieved 21 September 2015.
  64. ↑ Cistercian Preparatory School: Home
  65. ↑ "The Highlands School - PK - 12 Catholic College Preparatory School - Irving, TX, 75062". thehighlandsschool.org. Retrieved 21 September 2015.
  66. ↑ "St Luke Catholic School - Irving, Dallas, TX". stlukeschool.us. Retrieved 21 September 2015.
  67. ↑ http://www.hfns.com/. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  68. ↑ Home | Islamic School of Irving
  69. ↑ "Welcome to The Sloan School". thesloanschool.com. Retrieved 21 September 2015.
  70. ↑ "StoneGate Christian". StoneGate Christian. Retrieved 21 September 2015.
  71. ↑ "University of Dallas". udallas.edu. Retrieved 21 September 2015.
  72. ↑ "Home - North Lake College". northlakecollege.edu. Retrieved 21 September 2015.
  73. ↑ "DeVry University Irving (Dallas) Campus". www.devry.edu. 4 August 2015. Retrieved 21 September 2015.
  74. ↑ http://www.dart.org/riding/tre.asp. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  75. ↑ http://www.dart.org/riding/dartrailorangeline.asp. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  76. ↑ "Las Colinas Area Personal Transit System (APT) link at the Las Colinas Urban Center Station". Retrieved 5 February 2015.
  77. ↑ "Chris Adams (1955 - 2001) - Find A Grave Memorial". findagrave.com.
  78. ↑ "Welcome - J.R.'s Family Bar-B-Q". jrsbarbq.com.
  79. ↑ "Star Telegram: Search Form". newsbank.com. 21 August 1995.
  80. ↑ Archived October 21, 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  81. ↑ ZZ Top has deep Dallas roots, Dallas Morning News, July 28, 2008
  82. ↑ "Jim Beaver Biography (1950-)". filmreference.com.
  83. ↑ "b-upK[YQ҂̉ɂ‚". biographyinfo.org. C1 control character in |title= at position 12 (help)
  84. ↑ "Official Site of the Houston Texans". houstontexans.com.
  85. ↑ El Paso Music Scene, June 28, 2005, http://www.elpasomusicscene.com/interviews/david-garza.html
  86. ↑ Paul Hill (flight director)
  87. ↑ Archived July 16, 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  88. ↑ "Search". Mahalo.com. Retrieved 21 September 2015.
  89. ↑ Hill, Gladwin (24 November 1963). "Evidence Against Oswald Described as Conclusive - Dallas Police Describe the Evidence Against Oswald as Enough to 'Clinch' the Case OFFICIAL EXPECTS NEW INFORMATION But Prosecutor Is Confident of Data for a Conviction-- Suspect Still Questioned Reports Photographs Had Rifle in Garage Wants to Talk Questioning Resumed - Front Page - NYTimes.com". nytimes.com.
  90. ↑ "About Matt Rinaldi". mattrinaldi.com. Retrieved December 10, 2014.
  91. ↑ "Gwyn Shea". cemetery.state.tx.us. Retrieved October 12, 2009.
  92. ↑ "1999". USA Today.
  93. ↑ "USA Track and Field - Features, Events, Results - Team USA". Team USA.
  94. ↑ "Kerry Wood Baseball Stats by Baseball Almanac". baseball-almanac.com.
  95. ↑ "Interactive City Directory". Sister Cities International. Retrieved 12 March 2014.

External links

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