Irony punctuation

Irony punctuation is any proposed form of notation used to denote irony or sarcasm in text. Written English lacks a standard way to mark irony, and several forms of punctuation have been proposed. Among the oldest and most frequently attested are the percontation point proposed by English printer Henry Denham in the 1580s, and the irony mark, used by Marcellin Jobard and French poet Alcanter de Brahm during the 19th century. Both marks take the form of a reversed question mark, "⸮".

Irony punctuation is primarily used to indicate that a sentence should be understood at a second level. A bracketed exclamation point or question mark as well as scare quotes are also sometimes used to express irony or sarcasm.

Percontation point

The percontation point (⸮), a reversed question mark later referred to as a rhetorical question mark, was proposed by Henry Denham in the 1580s and was used at the end of a question that does not require an answer—a rhetorical question. Its use died out in the 17th century.^[1] This character can be represented using the reversed question mark (⸮) found in Unicode as U+2E2E; another character approximating it is the Arabic question mark (؟), U+061F.

The modern question mark (? U+003F) is descended from the "punctus interrogativus" (described as "a lightning flash, striking from right to left"),^[2] but unlike the modern question mark, the punctus interrogativus may be contrasted with the punctus percontativus—the former marking questions that require an answer while the latter marks rhetorical questions.^[3]

Irony mark

In 1688, John Wilkins in his famous Essay Towards a Real Character and a Philosophical Language proposed using an inverted exclamation mark to punctuate ironic statements.^[4] Marcellin Jobard, a Belgian newspaper publisher, introduced an irony mark in the shape of an oversize arrow head with small stem (rather like an ideogram of a Christmas Tree) in 1841. The next year he expanded his idea, suggesting the symbol could be used in various orientations (on its side, upside down, etc.) too as "a point of irritation, an indignation point, a point of hesitation."^[5]

Irony mark as designed by Alcanter de Brahm in a French encyclopedia from 1905^[6]

The irony point (⸮) (French: point d’ironie) was proposed by the French poet Alcanter de Brahm (alias Marcel Bernhardt) in his 1899 book L'ostensoir des ironies to indicate that a sentence should be understood at a second level (irony, sarcasm, etc.). It is illustrated by a glyph resembling but not identical to a small, elevated, backward-facing question mark.^[3] The same mark was used earlier by Marcellin Jobard in an article dated June 11, 1841, and commented in an 1842 report.^[7]

Hervé Bazin in his 1966 essay Plumons l’Oiseau ("Let's pluck the bird"), used the Greek letter psi with a dot below for the same purpose.^[8] In the same work, the author proposed five other innovative punctuation marks: the "doubt point" (), "certitude point" (), "acclamation point" (), "authority point" (), and "love point" ().^[9]

In March 2007, the Dutch foundation CPNB (Collectieve Propaganda van het Nederlandse Boek) presented another design of an irony mark ().^[10][11]

Reverse italics

Tom Driberg recommended that ironic statements should be printed in italics that lean the other way to conventional italics.^[12]

Scare quotes

Scare quotes are a particular use of quotation marks. They are placed around a word or phrase to indicate that it is not used in the fashion that the writer would personally use it. In contrast to the nominal typographic purpose of quotation marks, the enclosed words are not necessarily quoted from another source. When read aloud, various techniques are used to convey the sense, such as prepending the addition of "so-called" or a similar word or phrase of disdain, using a sarcastic or mocking tone, or using air quotes, or any combination of the above.

Temherte slaqî

In certain Ethiopic languages, sarcasm and unreal phrases are indicated at the end of a sentence with a sarcasm mark called temherte slaqî or temherte slaq, a character that looks like the inverted exclamation point (U+00A1) ( ¡ ).^[13]

Other typography

Rhetorical questions in some informal situations can use a bracketed question mark, e.g. "Oh, really[?]" — The equivalent for an ironic or sarcastic statement would be a bracketed exclamation mark, e.g. "Oh, really[!]". Subtitles, such as in Teletext, sometimes use an exclamation mark within brackets or parentheses to mark sarcasm.

It is common in online conversation among some Internet users to use an XML closing tag: </sarcasm>. The tag is often written only after the sarcasm so as to momentarily trick the reader before admitting the joke. Over time, it has evolved to lose the angle brackets (/sarcasm) and has subsequently been shortened to /s.

Another example is bracketing text with the symbol for the element iron (<Fe> and </Fe>) to denote irony. Typing in all-capital letters, and emoticons like "Rolling eyes," ":>", ":^)" and ":P" are often used as well, particularly in instant messaging, while a Twitter-style hashtag, #sarcasm, is also gaining currency.

On Twitch.tv, users often use emotes to denote sarcastic messages, typically Kappa, depicting the face of former employee Josh "Kappa" DeSeno ^[14] with a smug look. This usage has spread to sites where the Kappa emote is not implemented.

A "SarcMark" symbol requiring custom computer font software was proposed in 2010.^[15]

The sports blog Card Chronicle has a standardized means to show the preceding text is intended sarcastically: inserting a tilde (~) after the period at the end of the sentence.^[16]

See also

• Emoticon
• Inverted question and exclamation marks (¿¡)
• Poe's law
• Mirrored question mark

References

External links

• Ironic Serif: A Brief History of Typographic Snark and the Failed Crusade for an Irony Mark