Bloomberg L.P.

Bloomberg L.P.
Limited partnership
Industry Financial services, Mass media, Technology
Founded October 1, 1981 (1981-10-01)[1]
Founder Michael Bloomberg
Thomas Secunda
Duncan MacMillan
Charles Zegar[2]
Headquarters Bloomberg Tower
731 Lexington Avenue
New York, NY 10022
U.S.
Number of locations
 192 offices [3]
Key people
 Peter Grauer (Chairman)
Michael Bloomberg (President & CEO)
Revenue Increase US$9 billion (2014)[4]
Owner Michael Bloomberg (88%)[5]
Number of employees
 15,500 (2014)[6]
Website www.bloomberg.com
Bloomberg Tower on Lexington Avenue in Midtown Manhattan

Bloomberg L.P. is a privately held financial software, data, and media company headquartered in Midtown Manhattan, New York City. Bloomberg L.P. was founded by Michael Bloomberg in 1981 with the help of Thomas Secunda, Duncan MacMillan, Charles Zegar,[7] and a 30% ownership investment by Merrill Lynch.[8] Bloomberg L.P. provides financial software tools such as an analytics and equity trading platform, data services, and news to financial companies and organizations through the Bloomberg Terminal (via its Bloomberg Professional Service), its core revenue-generating product.[9] Bloomberg L.P. also includes a wire service (Bloomberg News), a global television network (Bloomberg Television), digital websites, a radio station (WBBR), subscription-only newsletters, and three magazines: Bloomberg Businessweek, Bloomberg Markets, and Bloomberg Pursuit.[10] In 2014, Bloomberg L.P. launched Bloomberg Politics, a multiplatform media property that will merge the company's political news teams, and has recruited two veteran political journalists, Mark Halperin and John Heilemann, to run it.[11]

In 1981, the former Wall Street investment bank Salomon Brothers was acquired, and Michael Bloomberg, a general partner, was given a $10 million partnership settlement.[12] Bloomberg, having designed in-house computerized financial systems for Salomon, used his $10 million severance check to start Innovative Market Systems (IMS).[13] Bloomberg developed and built his own computerized system to provide real-time market data, financial calculations and other financial analytics to Wall Street firms. In 1983, Merrill Lynch invested $30 million in IMS to help finance the development of "the Bloomberg" terminal computer system and by 1984 IMS was selling machines to all of Merrill Lynch's clients.[13]

In 1986, the company was renamed Bloomberg L.P., and 5,000 terminals had been installed in subscribers' offices.[14] Within a few years, ancillary products including Bloomberg Tradebook (a trading platform), the Bloomberg Messaging Service, and the Bloomberg newswire were launched. Bloomberg launched its news services division in 1990. Bloomberg.com was first established on September 29, 1993 as a financial portal with information on markets, currency conversion, news and events, and Bloomberg Terminal subscriptions.[15]

In late 1996, Bloomberg bought back one-third of Merrill Lynch's 30 percent stake in the company for $200 million, increasing the company's market value to $2 billion. In 2008, facing losses during the financial crisis, Merrill Lynch agreed to sell its remaining 20 percent stake in the company back to Bloomberg, Inc., the trust that manages Michael Bloomberg's assets, for a reported $4.43 billion. After the sale, Bloomberg L.P. was valued at approximately $22.5 billion.[16][17]

Bloomberg L.P. has remained a private company since its founding; the majority of which is owned by Michael Bloomberg.[16] To run for the position of Mayor of New York against Democrat Mark Green in 2001, Bloomberg gave up his position of CEO and appointed Lex Fenwick as CEO in his stead.[18] Peter Grauer is the chairman.[19] In 2008, Fenwick became the CEO of Bloomberg Ventures, a new venture capital division. Daniel Doctoroff, former deputy mayor in the Bloomberg administration, now serves as president and CEO.[20] In September 2014 it was announced that Michael Bloomberg would be taking the reins of his eponymous market data company from Doctoroff, who was chief executive of Bloomberg for the past six years after his term as deputy mayor.[21]

History

In 1981, Salomon Brothers was acquired, and Michael Bloomberg, a general partner, was given a $10 million partnership settlement.[12] Bloomberg, having designed in-house computerized financial systems for Salomon, used his $10 million severance check to start Innovative Market Systems (IMS).[13] Bloomberg developed and built his own computerized system to provide real-time market data, financial calculations and other financial analytics to Wall Street firms. In 1983, Merrill Lynch invested $30 million in IMS to help finance the development of "the Bloomberg" terminal computer system and by 1984, IMS was selling machines to all of Merrill Lynch's clients.[13]

In 1986, the company was renamed Bloomberg L.P., and 5,000 terminals had been installed in subscribers' offices.[14] Within a few years, ancillary products including Bloomberg Tradebook (a trading platform), the Bloomberg Messaging Service, and the Bloomberg newswire were launched. Bloomberg launched its news services division in 1990. Bloomberg.com was first established on September 29, 1993 as a financial portal with information on markets, currency conversion, news and events, and Bloomberg Terminal subscriptions.[15]

In late 1996, Bloomberg bought back one-third of Merrill Lynch's 30 percent stake in the company for $200 million, increasing the company's market value to $2 billion. In 2008, facing losses during the financial crisis, Merrill Lynch agreed to sell its remaining 20 percent stake in the company back to Bloomberg, Inc., the trust that manages Michael Bloomberg's assets, for a reported $4.43 billion. After the sale, Bloomberg L.P. was valued at approximately $22.5 billion.[16][17]

Bloomberg L.P. has remained a private company since its founding; the majority of which is owned by Michael Bloomberg.[16] To run for the position of Mayor of New York against Democrat Mark Green in 2001, Bloomberg gave up his position of CEO and appointed Lex Fenwick as CEO in his stead.[18] Peter Grauer is the chairman.[19] In 2008, Fenwick became the CEO of Bloomberg Ventures, a new venture capital division. Daniel Doctoroff, former deputy mayor in the Bloomberg administration, now serves as president and CEO.[20] In September 2014 it was announced that Michael Bloomberg would be taking the reins of his eponymous market data company from Doctoroff, who was chief executive of Bloomberg for the past six years after his term as deputy mayor.[21]

In September 2014, Bloomberg sold its Bloomberg Sports analysis division to the data analysis firm STATS LLC for a fee rumored to be between $15 million and $20 million.[22]

Acquisitions

Since its founding, Bloomberg L.P. has made several acquisitions including the radio station WNEW, BusinessWeek magazine, research company New Energy Finance, the Bureau of National Affairs and the financial software company Bloomberg PolarLake. On July 9, 2014, Bloomberg L.P. acquired RTS Realtime Systems, a global provider of low-latency connectivity and trading support services.[23]

WNEW

In 1992, Bloomberg L.P. purchased New York Radio station WNEW for $13.5 million. The station was converted into an all-news format, known as Bloomberg Radio, and the call letters were changed to WBBR.[24]

BusinessWeek

Bloomberg L.P. bought weekly business magazine, BusinessWeek, from McGraw-Hill in 2009. The company acquired the magazine - which was suffering from declining advertising revenue and limited circulation numbers - to attract general business to its media audience composed primarily of terminal subscribers.[25] Following the acquisition, BusinessWeek was renamed Bloomberg Businessweek. Ellen Pollok edits the magazine.

Eagle Eye Publishing

In 2010, Bloomberg L.P acquired Eagle Eye Publishing, a Fairfax, VA based company that publishes data about procurement by the Federal Government. This acquisition became part of Bloomberg Government which was launched in early 2011.

New Energy Finance

Guy Turner, director of Carbon Markets Research at Bloomberg New Energy Finance

In 2009, Bloomberg L.P. purchased New Energy Finance, a data company focused on energy investment and carbon markets research based in the United Kingdom.[26] New Energy Finance was created by Michael Liebreich in 2004 to provide news, data and analysis on carbon and clean energy markets. Bloomberg L.P. acquired the company to become an industry resource for information to support low-carbon energy solutions. Liebreich continued to lead the company, serving as the chief executive officer[27] until 2014, when he stepped down as CEO but remained involved as Chairman of the Advisory Board.[28]

Bureau of National Affairs (BNA)

Bloomberg L.P. purchased Arlington, Virginia-based Bureau of National Affairs in August 2011 for $990 million to bolster its existing Bloomberg Government and Bloomberg Law services.[29] BNA publishes specialized online and print news and information for professionals in business and government. The company produces more than 350 news publications in topic areas that include corporate law and business, employee benefits, employment and labor law, environment, health and safety, health care, human resources, intellectual property, litigation, and tax and accounting.[30]

Bloomberg PolarLake

In May 2012, Bloomberg LP acquired Dublin-based software provider PolarLake and launched a new enterprise data management (EDM) service to help companies acquire, manage and distribute data across their organizations.[31]

Barclay Business Index

December 16,2015 - Barclays have agreed to sell its risk analytics and index solutions business to Bloomberg L.P. for £520 million, or about $787 million.

Products and services

Bloomberg Professional Service

In 2011, sales from the Bloomberg Professional Service, also known as the Bloomberg terminal, accounted for more than 85 percent of Bloomberg L.P.'s annual revenue.[32] The financial data vendor's proprietary computer system, starting at $24,000 per user per year,[33] allows subscribers to access the Bloomberg Professional service to monitor and analyze real-time financial data, search financial news, obtain price quotes and send electronic messages through the Bloomberg Messaging Service.[34]

Bloomberg News

Bloomberg News was co-founded by Michael Bloomberg and Matthew Winkler in 1990 to deliver financial news reporting to Bloomberg terminal subscribers. In 2010, Bloomberg News included more than 2,300 editors and reporters in 72 countries.[35] Content produced by Bloomberg News is disseminated through the Bloomberg terminal, Bloomberg Television, Bloomberg Radio, Bloomberg Businessweek, Bloomberg Markets and Bloomberg.com. Co-founder Matthew Winkler still serves as editor-in-chief.[35]

Bloomberg Radio

see article Bloomberg Radio

Bloomberg Television

Bloomberg Television, a service of Bloomberg News, is a 24-hour financial news television network. It was introduced in 1994 as a subscription service transmitted on satellite television provider DirecTV, 13 hours a day, 7 days a week.[36] Soon after, the network entered the cable television market and by 2000, Bloomberg's 24-hour news programming was being aired to 200 million households.[37] Justin B Smith serves as CEO of Bloomberg Multimedia Group which includes Bloomberg Radio, Bloomberg Television and online components of Bloomberg's multimedia offerings.[38]

Bloomberg Markets

Bloomberg Markets is a monthly magazine launched in 1992 that provides in-depth coverage of global financial markets for finance professionals.[39] In 2010, the magazine was redesigned in an effort to update its readership beyond Bloomberg terminal users.[40] Michael Dukmejian has served as the magazine's publisher since 2009.[41]

Bloomberg Government

Launched in 2011, Bloomberg Government is an online service that provides news and information about politics, along legislative and regulatory coverage.[42] The service is sold via subscription for $5,700 a year and provides access to a database offering information such as campaign contributions breakdowns, analysis of federal contracting, directories of agency and congressional staff members and detailed analysis of legislation and regulation.[43]

Bloomberg Law

In 2009, Bloomberg L.P. introduced Bloomberg Law, a subscription service for real-time legal research.[44] A subscription to the service provides access to law dockets, legal filings, and reports from Bloomberg legal analysts as well as business news and information.[45]

Bloomberg View

Bloomberg View is an editorial division of Bloomberg News which launched in May 2011.[46] Bloomberg View provides editorial content from columnists, authors and editors about news issues and is available for free on the company's website.[47] David Shipley, former Op-Ed page editor at The New York Times, serves as Bloomberg View's executive editor.[48]

Bloomberg Tradebook

Bloomberg Tradebook is an electronic agency brokerage for equity, futures, options and foreign exchange trades.[49] Its "buyside" services include access to trading algorithms, analytics and marketing insights, while its "sellside" services include connection to electronic trading networks and global trading capabilities.[50] Bloomberg Tradebook was founded in 1996 as an affiliate of Bloomberg L.P.[49]

Bloomberg Beta

Bloomberg Beta is a venture capital firm capitalized by Bloomberg L.P.[51] Founded in 2013, the $75 million fund is focused on investments in areas broadly of interest to Bloomberg L.P., and invests purely for financial return. It is headquartered in San Francisco.[52]

Bloomberg Innovation Index

The Bloomberg Innovation Index is an annual ranking of how innovative countries are. It is based on six criteria: research and development, manufacturing, high-tech companies, post-secondary education, research personnel, and patents.[53][54] Bloomberg uses data from the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, the World Intellectual Property Organization, the United States Patent and Trademark Office, the OECD and UNESCO to compile the ranking.[55]

Open Bloomberg

Bloomberg has openly licensed its symbology system (Bloomberg Open Symbology, (BSYM)), and financial data API (Bloomberg Programming API, (BLPAPI)).[56]

Offices

Locations

Bloomberg L.P.'s headquarters is located in 731 Lexington Avenue (informally known as Bloomberg Tower) in Midtown Manhattan, New York City.[57] As of 2011, Bloomberg L.P. occupied 900,000 sq ft (84,000 m2) of office space at the base of the tower. The company's New York offices also include 400,000 sq ft (37,000 m2) located at 120 Park Avenue.[58] It maintains offices in more than 192 locations around the world.[3]

Corporate culture

The Bloomberg L.P. offices are non-hierarchical – even executives do not have private offices.[30] All employees sit at identical white desks each topped with a custom-built Bloomberg computer terminal. The office space also includes rows of flat-panel monitors overhead that display news, market data, the weather and Bloomberg customer service statistics.[59]

Leadership

Bloomberg L.P.'s Management Committee includes Michael Bloomberg, Peter Grauer, and Thomas Secunda.[60]

Litigation

EEOC v. Bloomberg L.P.

In September 2007, the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission filed a class-action lawsuit against Bloomberg L.P. on behalf of more than 80 female employees who argued that Bloomberg L.P. engaged in discrimination against women who took maternity leave.[61] In August 2011, Judge Loretta A. Preska of the Federal District Court in Manhattan dismissed the charges, writing that the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission did not present sufficient evidence to support their claim.[62]

In September 2013, Preska dismissed an EEOC lawsuit on behalf of 29 pregnant employees of Bloomberg L.P.[63] In addition, she dismissed pregnancy bias claims from five individual plaintiffs, and allowed part of the case from a sixth plaintiff to proceed.[64]

Bloomberg L.P. v. Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve

Bloomberg L.P. brought a lawsuit against the Board of Directors of the Federal Reserve System (Bloomberg L.P. v. Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System) to force the Fed to share details about its lending programs during the U.S. Government bailout in 2008.[65] The records documented Federal Reserve loans issued to financial firms and revealed the identities of the firms, the amounts borrowed and the collateral posted in return.[66] Bloomberg, L.P. won at the trial court level.[67] The Second Circuit Court ruled in favor of Bloomberg L.P. in March 2010, but the case was appealed to the Supreme Court by a group of large U.S. commercial banks in October. In March 2011, the Supreme Court let stand the Second Circuit Court ruling mandating the release of Fed bailout details.[68]

Bloomberg L.P. v. Bloomberg Ltd

On October 22, 2008, Bloomberg L.P. applied for a change of name of Bloomberg Ltd, under s.69(1)(b) of the Companies Act 2006. Bloomberg L.P. then amended its name to Bloomberg Finance Three L.P. Bloomberg Ltd was ordered at the Company Names Tribunal on May 11, 2009 to change its name so as to not have a name that would likely interfere, by similarity, with the goodwill of Bloomberg Finance Three L.P. as well as to pay costs.[69]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ "Washington Friday Journal". C-SPAN. April 26, 1996. Retrieved January 20, 2010. Started the company the day after I left Salomon Brothers, October 1, 1981, so we're coming on our fifteenth year – anniversary.
  2. ↑ "The Bloomberg Bunch". CNN Money. Retrieved December 13, 2011.
  3. 1 2 "Press Room – At A Glance". Bloomberg. Retrieved April 8, 2013.
  4. ↑ Doctoroff says 2014 revenue 9 billion, Business Insider, September 6, 2014]
  5. ↑ "The 400 Richest Americans: #8 Michael Bloomberg". Forbes. September 17, 2008. Retrieved September 17, 2008.
  6. ↑ [l "The 400 Richest Americans: #8 Michael Bloomberg"] Check |url= value (help). Forbes. September 17, 2008. Retrieved September 17, 2008.
  7. ↑ "Facebook's Zuckerberg Joins Gates, Buffett in Pledge". Bloomberg. December 9, 2010. Retrieved January 3, 2012.
  8. ↑ "Bloomberg LP History". FundingUniverse. Retrieved July 17, 2010.
  9. ↑ "What is a Bloomberg Terminal or Bloomberg Machine?". About.com. Retrieved July 17, 2010.
  10. ↑ "The Bloomberg Juggernaut". American Review Journal. Retrieved October 26, 2011.
  11. ↑ "Bloomberg Launches Political News Venture Spanning Web, TV and Other Platforms", Variety, 4 May 2014.
  12. 1 2 Whitford, David (May 12, 1997). "Fire in His Belly, Ambition in His Eyes, Michael Bloomberg Could Have Sat on the Millions He Made at Salomon. Instead He Built a Media Empire That Gives Wall Streeters Crucial Information in a Flash". CNN Money. Retrieved April 11, 2013.
  13. 1 2 3 4 Make It New. iUniverse. Retrieved April 11, 2013.
  14. 1 2 "Bloomberg L.P. – Swot Analysis". Datamonitor Company Profiles. Retrieved August 6, 2007.
  15. 1 2 "Decision: Bloomberg, L.P. v. David Cohen". National Arbitration Forum. Retrieved April 11, 2013.
  16. 1 2 3 4 "Bloomberg Expected to Buy Merrill's Stake in His Firm". The New York Times. July 17, 2008. Retrieved October 26, 2011.
  17. 1 2 "Merrill posts $4.9 billion loss, sells Bloomberg stake". The New York Times. July 18, 2008. Retrieved October 26, 2011.
  18. 1 2 "Leadership – Lex Fenwick". Dow Jones. Retrieved April 11, 2013.
  19. 1 2 "Chairman – Chairman of Bloomberg L.P.". Bloomberg. Retrieved April 11, 2013.
  20. 1 2 Stelter, Brian (July 12, 2011). "Doctoroff Named Chief Executive of Bloomberg L.P.". The New York Times. Retrieved December 20, 2011.
  21. 1 2 "Bloomberg to take helm at data group". Financial Times. Retrieved September 4, 2014.
  22. ↑ "Bloomberg sells sports analysis division to STATS" (Press release). Reuters. September 4, 2014.
  23. ↑ "Bloomberg Acquires RTS Realtime Systems". Bloomberg Now. Retrieved July 9, 2014.
  24. ↑ Fabrikant, Geraldine (August 15, 1992). "COMPANY NEWS; Bloomberg to Pay $13 Million for WNEW-AM". The New York Times. Retrieved October 27, 2011.
  25. ↑ "Bloomberg to take over BusinessWeek". MSNBC. Retrieved July 22, 2011.
  26. ↑ "Bloomberg Acquires New Energy Finance". Sustainable Business. Retrieved July 26, 2011.
  27. ↑ "Bloomberg Bets on Carbon Markets". The Green Economy. Retrieved July 26, 2011.
  28. ↑ "Bloomberg New Energy Finance founder to chair advisory board, joined by Tanaka, Rogers". Bloomberg New Energy Finance.
  29. ↑ Roose, Kevin (August 25, 2011). "Bloomberg L.P. To Buy BNA for $990 Million". The New York Times. Retrieved December 12, 2011.
  30. 1 2 "Bloomberg's Plan for World Domination". Newsweek. Retrieved December 12, 2011.
  31. ↑ "Bloomberg Acquires PolarLake and Launches EDM Services". Bloomber Polarlake. Retrieved October 10, 2013.
  32. ↑ "Inside the Bloomberg Machine". Wall Street and Technology. Retrieved October 27, 2011.
  33. ↑ "This is how much a Bloomberg terminal costs". Quartz. Retrieved December 10, 2015.
  34. ↑ "How Bloomberg Will Fare in the Financial Crisis". BusinessWeek. Retrieved October 28, 2011.
  35. 1 2 "Bloomberg Editor Casts a Wider Net". Financial Times. Retrieved October 27, 2011.
  36. ↑ Clifford, Stephanie; Creswell, Julie (November 14, 2009). "At Bloomberg, Modest Strategy to Rule the World". The New York Times. Retrieved October 27, 2011.
  37. ↑ Hakim, Danny (September 18, 2000). "Bloomberg Unit To Announce A Cable Deal". The New York Times. Retrieved October 28, 2011.
  38. ↑ "BLOOMBERG LP NAMES JUSTIN B. SMITH CEO OF BLOOMBERG MEDIA GROUP". Bloomberg LP. Retrieved November 20, 2013.
  39. ↑ "Bloomberg Markets". Business & Finance Magazines. Retrieved April 17, 2013.
  40. ↑ Moses, Lucia. "Bloomberg Strikes Again". AdWeek. Retrieved September 15, 2011.
  41. ↑ "Michael Dukmejian Joins BLOOMBERG MARKETS Magazine As Publisher". Reuters. Retrieved December 20, 2011.
  42. ↑ Peters, Jeremy W. (October 10, 2010). "Bloomberg Plans a Data Service on the Business of Government". The New York Times. Retrieved July 26, 2011.
  43. ↑ Rainey, James (May 28, 2011). "Bloomberg's news venture is good news for those willing to pay". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved December 20, 2011.
  44. ↑ "Bloomberg Hangs New Shingle". MarketWatch. Retrieved October 28, 2011.
  45. ↑ "About Bloomberg Law". Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved October 28, 2011.
  46. ↑ "Bloomberg View reveals columnists, editorial board". Politico. Retrieved October 28, 2011.
  47. ↑ "Bloomberg View Launches New opinion site is part of Bloomberg.com redesign". AdWeek. Retrieved October 28, 2011.
  48. ↑ Bercovici, Jeff. "Bloomberg View: Opinions, Yes, But Only Factual Ones". Forbes. Retrieved October 28, 2011.
  49. 1 2 "Bloomberg Tradebook Overview". Bloomberg Tradebook. Retrieved August 23, 2011.
  50. ↑ "Bloomberg Expands Tradebook Offering to Brokers". Traders Magazine Online. Retrieved August 23, 2011.
  51. ↑ "BLOOMBERG BETA LAUNCHES WITH $75 MILLION TECHNOLOGY VENTURE FUND". Bloomberg NOW (press release). Retrieved June 2, 2014.
  52. ↑ Perloth, Nicole (June 5, 2013). "Bloomberg Begins Fund to Invest in Start-Ups". New York Times. Retrieved September 25, 2015.
  53. ↑ "The Bloomberg Innovation Index". Bloomberg.com.
  54. ↑ "Bloomberg’s Global Innovation Index ranks S. Korea 1st, snubs U.S. at 6th place". Geektime.
  55. ↑ "30 Most Innovative Countries: Who Took Home the Gold?". Bloomberg.
  56. ↑ "Open Market Data Initiative" (PDF). Bloomberg. February 1, 2002. Retrieved January 12, 2014.
  57. ↑ Gregor, Alison (April 23, 2006). "SQUARE FEET: INTERVIEW -- WITH BARRY M. GOSIN; Trained in Manhattan, Graduating to the World". The New York Times. Retrieved July 28, 2011.
  58. ↑ Bagli, Charles V. (February 9, 2011). "Growing Bloomberg L.P. To Rent Half of a Tower". The New York Times. Retrieved August 3, 2011.
  59. ↑ "Towers of Babble". The New Yorker. Retrieved October 28, 2011.
  60. ↑ "Company Overview of Bloomberg L.P.". Businessweek. Retrieved April 18, 2013.
  61. ↑ Chen, David W. (May 15, 2009). "Bloomberg Is Deposed in Bias Suit Against Firm". The New York Times. Retrieved October 28, 2011.
  62. ↑ Chen, David W. (August 17, 2011). "Discrimination Suit Against Bloomberg L.P. Is Rejected". The New York Times. Retrieved December 13, 2011.
  63. ↑ Stempel, Jonathan; Jennifer Saba (September 9, 2013). "U.S. judge tosses pregnancy bias lawsuit against Bloomberg LP". Reuters. Retrieved September 11, 2013.
  64. ↑ Beekman, Daniel (September 9, 2013). "Judge tosses most plaintiffs in discrimination suit against Bloomberg, L.P.". New York Daily News. Retrieved September 11, 2013.
  65. ↑ "The Fed's Secret Liquidity Lifelines". Bloomberg. Retrieved March 17, 2012.
  66. ↑ "Bloomberg Wins Its Lawsuit Against the Federal Reserve". Columbia Journalism Review. Retrieved August 25, 2009.
  67. ↑ Docket entry 31, Bloomberg, L.P. v. Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, case no. 1:08-cv-09595-LAP, U.S. District Court for the District of New York.
  68. ↑ "Fed's Court-Ordered Disclosure Shows Americans' 'Right to Know'". Bloomberg Businessweek. March 22, 2011. Retrieved October 28, 2011.
  69. ↑ Bloomberg LP v Bloomberg Ltd Retrieved September 18, 2014

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