Interference engine

This article needs updating by an automobile mechanical engineer.

An interference engine is a type of 4-stroke internal combustion piston engine in which one or more valves in the fully open position extends into any area that the piston may travel into. By contrast, in a non-interference engine the piston does not travel into any area into which the valves open. Interference engines rely on timing gears, chains, or belts to prevent the piston from striking the valves by ensuring that the valves are closed when the piston is near top dead center. Interference engines are prevalent among modern production automobiles and many other 4-stroke engine applications; the main advantage is that it allows engine designers to maximize the engine's compression ratio. However, such engines risk major internal damage if the piston strikes the valve(s) due to failure or poor maintenance of the timing components and/or camshaft(s).^[1]

Timing gear failure

A pair of valves bent by collision with a piston after timing belt breakage. The engine was running at 4500 RPM.

In interference engine designs, regular belt or chain service is especially important as incorrect timing may result in the pistons and valves colliding and causing extensive engine damage and therefore costly repairs. The piston will likely bend the valves or if a piece of valve or piston is broken off within the cylinder, the broken piece may cause severe damage within the cylinder, possibly affecting the connecting rods.

Belt versus chain

Many manufacturers who were using belts for valve timing have gone back to using chains on new engine offerings, especially on interference designs. During the peak popularity of the belt, chains or cogwheels were used almost exclusively on overhead valve (OHV) engines (which rarely are equipped with belts, regardless of the manufacturer and time of design) and almost all overhead camshaft (OHC) engines received belts. However, chains are lately becoming more popular for OHC designs.

Intake valves bent during a timing belt failure incident.

Belt advantages

Some non-interference designs have retained belts due to the risk of engine damage from a belt failure being minimal. Some manufacturers liked the belt's quietness compared to the chain, and the ability to make additional profits from routine belt service.

Chain advantages

Chains, in many cases, last the life of the engine, rarely requiring maintenance and helping to lower the cost of ownership for car buyers who are conscious of that statistic. Also, it was discovered that the sound difference between the two was negligible.

References

List of vehicles with interference engines that use a timing belt.